詞法-名詞基礎知識主要知識點

1.名詞概念和分類

2.名詞單復數

3.名詞全部格

4.名詞修飾詞

5.名詞在句中所作成份

6.構詞法

1.名詞概念：表示人或事物名稱，與漢語中名詞含義相同，但使用有不一樣之處。

按詞匯

意義分類專有名詞：專門用于指代某事物普通名詞可數名詞cn不可數名詞un普通名詞可數名詞cn不可數名詞un個體名詞：指單個事物或個人book,gun,country,集合名詞：指一群人或一些事物總稱：people人民，family家人，audience聽眾，物質名詞：無法區分個體物質、材料等：air,sand,water,抽象名詞：指品質、情感、狀態名詞：peace,anger,freedom,confidence,knowledge,注：集合名詞也可叫做集體名詞2.名詞數可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。單數變復數規則改變：1）+s：perent,step,side,friend,change,horse2)以s/x/sh/ch結尾+es：glass,brush,watch,3)以o結尾，無生命+s,有生命+es：piano,photo,zoo,hero,tomato,potato,negro黑人,4)以y結尾，以輔音+y結尾:把y變成i再+es：factory,study書房,injury,

以元音+y結尾，直接+s:toy,boy,way,day,5）以f/fe結尾，把f變成v，+es:wolf,wife,thief,life生命，規則改變例外：1.stomach+s,∵ch發音/k/，而不是/t/.2.以下單詞+s/es都可：zero零,mosquito蚊子,volcano火山.3.以f/fe結尾+s:gulf海灣,roof屋頂,cliff懸崖,chief首領,serf農奴,belief信仰,proof證據,handkerchief手帕（f變v+es也可）不規則改變：1.改變內部元音：foot-feet,man-men,woman-women,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,goose-geese鵝,gentleman-gentlemen,2.單復數同形：sheep綿陽,deer鹿,spacecraft太空船,aircraft飛行器,Chinese中國人,Japanese日本人,means方法,crossroads十字路口,series種類,3.其它：criterion-criteria標準,phenomenon-phenomena,analysis-analyses分析,basis-bases基礎,crisis-crises危機，thesis-theses論文,bacterium-bacteria細菌，medium-media/+s媒體4.同一名詞不一樣含義復數改變：1）works表工廠，單復同形；表著作，單數work，復數+s;2)fish表魚種類復數：fishes;表條數時復數：fish3)penny表便士價值時復數：pence;表便士數量時復數：pennies4.people表人、人們時是集合名詞，沒有單數；表民族時，復數+s;5.一些以s結尾表學科名詞，不是復數，做主語謂語動詞用單數:maths,physics,economics經濟學,politics政治學,statistics統計學6.集合名詞數1）同時有單復數形式：普通情況下，當視為一個整體時，謂語動詞用單數，也有復數形式，表多個群體；表該群體中全部些人時，謂語動詞慣用復數；class班級，audience觀眾,army軍隊,crew機組人員,group組,enemy敵人,team隊,government政府,committee委員會,crowd人群,2)只有復數含義集合名詞：不能用詳細數字修飾，只能在前面+the表全體：police,English,cattle,某國人表示方法：a/twoChinese,a/twoJapanese,I'mChinese.=I'maChinese.I'mEnglish.=I'manEnglishboy.I'manEnglish.×3）只有單數形式：常與定冠詞連用，能夠表示單數和復數概念，作主語，謂語v用單數/復數；majority多數，minority少數，publlic公眾，4)只有復數形式，表示一些由兩部分（對稱）組成物體，不能用詳細數字直接修飾，普通也不用不定冠詞a/an，能夠用apairof,many等修飾：trousers褲子，shorts短褲，jeans牛仔褲，glasses眼鏡，stockings長襪，pants褲子，socks短襪，scissors剪刀，compasses圓規，chopsticks筷子，shoes鞋5）總以復數形式出現，但不用詳細數字修飾，也不用apairof,a/an等(明確數量）修飾，只用(agreat)many,alotof等修飾：arms武器,damages賠償金,goods商品,greens綠色蔬菜,spirits情緒,stairs樓梯,thanks謝謝,wages工資,belongings財務,earnings收入,findings調查結果,leavings剩下物,savings存款,surroundings環境,ashes灰燼,7.復合名詞復數：1）中間沒有連字符，也沒有間隔復合名詞，只將最終一個名詞變成復數：housewife-housewives家庭主婦bookshelf-bookshelves書架2）中間有連字符或間隔，將其中主要詞變成復數：passer-by——passers-by路人duaghter-in-law——duaghters-in-law兒媳editorinchief——editorsinchief主編3）復合名詞中沒有名詞，在最終+s：go-between——go-betweens中間人grown-up——grown-ups成年人4)由man，woman組成復合名詞第一部分，將兩部分都變成復數：mancook-mencooks男廚師womancook-womencooks女廚師1.不可數名詞un:表不能夠計數事物，普通不區分單復數，不與a/an直接連用，謂V用單數形式：1）常見不可數名詞：news,information,work工作,advice,progress,fun,weather,luck,music,health,change零錢,baggage,luggage行李,equipment,furniture,jewellery,2)可轉化為可數名詞不可數名詞：（1）一些un在表示不一樣含義時，可作cn:awind/coffee/glass/paper一陣風、一杯咖啡、一個玻璃杯、一份試卷foods各種各樣食物fruits各種各樣水果（2）一些物質n復數有特殊含義：arms武器,waters水域,ashes廢墟,sands沙灘,spirits心情,forces武裝力量,customs海關,goods貨物,manners禮貌,contents目錄,snows降雪量,woods森林,rains雨季,regards問候,(3)可轉化為cn抽象n：抽象n表詳細事物時是可數，可+a/an，有有復數形式：anhonour一個令人感到榮耀人或事apleasure/success/failure/comfort/surprise一件令人高興/成功/失敗/撫慰/詫異人或事3.全部格表示所相關系，修飾另一n，作定語；形式：1)n+'s;2)of+n1)n+'s組成：（1，普通在單數n后+'s：theboy'smother(2,以s結尾單數n或專有n+'或's：theboss'(s)order,theUnitedStates'policy(3,以s或es結尾+'：twohours'walk(4,不規則復數n+'s:men'sroom(5,復合名詞在最終+'s：passers-by'shelp注：and連接兩個名詞時，表共同擁有時，只在最終一個名詞+'s；表各自全部時，每個n+'s:JohnandMary'sschool,共同學校John'sandMary'sschool各自學校3.2-'s使用：1）表示人或其它有生命n，表：……：Mr.Black'soffice,myfather'scompany2）用于表時間、距離、價格n后：today'snewspaper,aweek'svacation,anhour'sdrive,100dollar'sworthofbooks3）用于國家、城市、天體n后：China'sindustry,thecity'senvironment,4)組成節日：Children'sDay,Mother'sDay,Teachers'Day,5)用于表醫院、店鋪、學校、住宅、公共建筑時，n全部格后常省略所修飾n:atthebarber's(shop)在剪發店atDick's(home)在迪克家atthedoctor's(office)在醫院atthetailor's(shop)在裁縫店6）用于學位：abachelor'sdegree學士學位，amaster's/doctor'sdegree7)為了防止重復，單獨使用全部格（后不加n）代指上文出現過n:Myviewsaredifferentfrommyfather's.MycameraisthesameasJane's.3.3.of全部格：n1+of+n2，使用方法：1)表無生命事物：thewindowoftheroom,2)表相關、關于：astoryoflove,3）表同位關系：thecityofBeijing,4)表部分與整體關系：themajorityofpeople5）表抽象概念：thecostofliving6）of+n+后置定語：thenameoftheboycryingunderthetree7）of+theadj（表一類人或事物）:thehousingofthepoor3.4.雙重全部格：n1+of+n全部格/n性物主代詞，其中n1前常有表數量限定詞：a,an,one,some,several,afew,many,...Somefriendsofmybrother'swillcome.4.n修飾詞：常見修飾詞、其它修飾詞4.1.常見修飾詞：1）只+cn:each,every,manya很多,both,few,acoupleof,quiteafew,adozen,dozensof,ascoreof二十個,scoresof,several,many,agreat/largemany,anumberof,a(good/very)few,agreat/large/smallnumberof,(large/great)numbersof,2)只+un:little,alittle,(too)much,abitof,alarge/small/slightamountof,agood/greatdealof,3)可+cn/un:some,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,most,all,aquantityof,quantitiesof,therestof,massesof,tonsof,4.2.其它修飾詞：1）n作定語修飾n:aclothesshop,agoodstrain,ashoesrepairer,sportsclothes,aboxoffice票房2）adj作定語修飾n:anamazingstudent,afreezingnight,3)adv作后置定語修飾n：theweatherhere,thequestionsabove,4)介短作后置定語修飾n:booksonthetopshelf,agirlincleanclothes,5)(定語）從句修飾n(常后置）:Therearetimeswhenteenagersfeelgreatlypressed.青少年有時感覺壓力非常大。5.n在句中可作成份：主賓表補同定狀1）主：Honestyisthebestpolicy.Knowledgeispower.2)賓：Teenagerstodayarefacinglotsofpressure.Youaresupposedtofocusyourattentiononyourownwork.3)賓補：We'resparingnoefforttomakeourcountryadevelopedcountry.主補：Heisconsideredagreatactor,directorandeditor.4)表:Thereseemsnoreasontodelaytheexam.WatershortageisstillthebiggestprobleminthewesternChina.5)同：Birdflu,anewdisease,hasnoeffectivecure.6)定：Therearemanybananatrees.7)狀：Themeetinglastedanhour.Comethisway.注：n主要用單數形式作定語，表材料、類別、用途等：asilkhandkerchief,afamilydinner,afootballplayer,amoviestar,acarpark,ashoefactory,ajeansshop,aclothesshop,asportsmeeting,aglassesstore,asalesmanager,asavingsbank,acustomsoffical一名海關官員waterpollution,healthproblemman,woman作定語時有單復數改變：amanengineer,menengineers,twowomenassistants,6.構詞法：常見n后綴：1）-er/or/ar:表人或用具farmer,baker,cooker,cutter,container,fighter,gardener,foreigner,laughter,butcher屠夫,heater,hunter,cashier,sttranger,typewriter,trader,trainer,designer,consumer,traveller,visitor,editor,educator,inventor,governer,actor,sailor,creator,beggar乞丐,liar,2）-ance/ence:表行為、情況、過程、動作existence,reference,difference,appearence,occurence,preference,acceptance,performance,resistance,entrance,guidance,insurance,assistance,endurance,tolerance3)-ce:表狀態、行為，由adj變n:absence,abundance,presence,competence,justice,distance,excellence,dependence,offence,violence,intelligence,romance,confidence,convenience,diligence,ecidence,importance,innocence,patience,silence,defence/defense,4)-tion/sion,表行為、狀態、動作、過程、結果：production,consumption,assumption,supposition,destruction,interruption,prevention,solution,intention,edition,protection,instruction,injection,rejection,connection,correction,selection,addition,attrction,reservation,civilization,examination,imagination,invitation,preparation,consideration,decoration,introduction,reducition,adoption,exhibition,suggestion,collection,direction,5)-ment,表……行為，結果，過程，組織：advertisement,amazement,announcement,assessment,encouragement,disappointment,entertainment,amusement,development,government,equipment,improvement,involvement,punishment,retirement,statement,basement,ahievement,accomplishment,appointment,judgement,argument,commitment,agreement,astonishment,arrangement,investment,management,requirement,settlement,treatment,adjustment,excitement,movement,empolyment,6)-ness,表狀態、性質，adj變n:awareness,bitterness,calmness,craziness,fairness,fitness,illness,laziness,quietness,seriousness,steadiness,tiredness,coldness,homesickness,selfishness,dryess,darkness,blindness,cleverness,eagerness,foolishness,silliness,happiness,kindness,loneliness,sadness,sweetness,thickness,weakness,7)-age，表動作、結果、狀態、過程、地方、場所：marriage,storage,carriage,percentage,postage,shortage,package,passage,usage8)-th,表動作、過程、性質、狀態：warmth,growth,width,,truth,youth,strength,death,depth,length,9)-dom，表狀態、職位、地位、領域、群體：freedom,kingdom,wisdom10)-hood,表性質、時期、區域：childhood,boyhood,neighborhood11)-ship,表狀態、情況、關系、資格、職位、技藝：ownership,scholarship,relationship,spaceship,championship,leadership,citizenship,friendship,hardship,warship,12)-ing,表動作、職業、結果、材料：farming,schooling,drawing,clothing,aging,bowling,blessing,sailing,fighting,spelling,warming,painting,training,feeling,housing,washing,beginning,smoking,hearing,writing,greetings,meaning,garden