科技英語文體特征StylisticFeaturesofEST

科技英語文體特征StylisticFeaturesofWhatisEST?TheEnglishofscienceandtechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.WhatisEST?TheEnglishofsciOfallthescientificfields,weusuallysubdividethemintotwomainvarieties:theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology(ESST),專門用途科技英語andtheEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology(ECST)科普英語Ofallthescientificfields,ESTisusedinscientificworks,academicthesis,researchpapers,experimentalreports,thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena.InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish,dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology.ESTisusedinscientificworkBut,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.ThecommonelementsinvariousESTarticles,papersandthesiscanbeanalyzedintermsoftheirsimilaritiesinlinguisticfeatures.But,generallyspeaking,theEThiskindofwritingisusuallyformalinstyleandseriousintone.Itdoesnottakeartisticbeautyoflanguageasitsgoal,instead,ittriestoachieveclarityinlogicandaccuracyinmeaning.Ittiestoavoidsubjectiveopinionsorevaluations,ambiguouswordorexpressions.ThiskindofwritingisusuallGeneralstylisticfeaturesofESTIttendstoemploywordswiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Thesentencesareusuallylongandcompleteandsubordinateappositive(同位語從句)andparentheticalclauses（插入語從句）

areoftenused.Logicalconnectors,suchashence,insummary,asaresult,appearinESTmorefrequentlythaninothertypesofwriting.GeneralstylisticfeaturesofFirst,letuscomparethefollowingtwoparagraphsabout“man”:

Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties（天賦）!informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!inaction,howlikeanangel!inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagon(典范)ofanimals.………WilliamShakespeare:HamletFirst,letuscomparethefollManismetazoan[met?`z?u?n]（后生動物,多細胞動物）,triploblastic[tripl?’bl?stik]（三胚層的）,vertebrate[‘v?:tibrit]（脊椎動物）pentadactyl[pent?d?ktil]（adj.有五指的）,mammalian[m?‘meilj?n]（哺乳動物）,eutherian[ju:θi?ri?n]（真哺乳亞綱的(動物),primate[‘praimit]（靈長目動物）....Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.FromatextbookofbiologyManismetazoan[met?`z?u?n]（Ofthetwopassages,thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork,andthesecond,EST.Bycomparison,wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatter---humanbeing.Ofthetwopassages,thefirstLexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,suchas,noble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutheran,primate,etc.

Lexically,inthefirstpassagSyntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentences（感嘆句）

aswellastwoshortsentencefragments（片語）inordertoexpressfeelings;Whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentences(陳述句)withthepurposeofgivinginformation.Syntactically,inthefirstpa

Graphologically,inthefirstpassagethetypicalfeatureisthefrequentuseofexclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings);whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation).Graphologically,inthefirst

Semantically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageisusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthemetaphor(pieceofwork),hyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.Semantically,inthefirstpaWhileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Asaresult,theinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.Whileinthesecondpassage,a科技英語文體特征分析模版

ModelofStylisticAnalysisofEST1、GraphologicalFeatures語相特征2、LexicalFeatures詞匯特征3、Syntactic∕GrammaticalFeatures

句法∕語法特征4、SemanticFeatures語篇特征科技英語文體特征分析模版

ModelofStylist1.GraphologicalFeaturesGenerallyspeaking,ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicaldevices.First,scientiststendtousevisualaidsmorethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.語相特征：包括標點，圖表，大小寫，段落的劃分，空格等。1.GraphologicalFeaturesGeneraAsfaraspunctuation（標點）isconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop（句號）,thecomma（逗號）,andtheparentheses（括號）.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.Asfaraspunctuation（標點）iscAsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.Parenthesesareusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.AsthebasicfunctionofESTi2.LexicalFeaturesESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:1)commonwords（withspecificmeaning）;2)highlytechnicalwords;3)semi-technicalwords;4)nominalization5)nouncompounds6)newlycoinedwords.2.LexicalFeaturesESTmonwords普通詞英語科技文體中的普通詞或稱非技術詞是屬于語言共核部分的詞,通用于各類文體,包括代詞、連詞、數詞、動詞,以及無技術意義的形容詞、副詞、名詞等。在專用語中,非技術詞既有結構上的關聯作用,又有語義上的補充作用:1.commonwords普通詞英語科技文體中的普通詞或稱【例句】Theprincipleoftheelectronmicroscopeisasfollows;Electronsfromahotcathodeareacceleratedbyapositivepotentialonananode（陽極）

andarefocusedsoastoformabeamofhigh-speedelectronswhichfalluponasampletobeobserved.Electronsemergingfromthissamplearefocusedbyanotherelectronlensand,mayformamagnifiedimageonafluorescentscreen.【例句】Theprincipleoftheelect[譯文]電子顯微鏡的原理如下:從熱陰極發射的電子受到陽極上正電位的加舉作用,并聚集形成一束高速電子,落到要觀察的樣品上。從這個樣品上出來的電子又有另一個電子透鏡聚焦并可在螢光屏上形成一個極大的物像。從上面英文斜體詞可知,這些非技術詞或是連詞造句、連句成段的功能詞,或是具有普通意義的常用詞,即使在正式程度很高的語篇中,非技術詞對其構成也是極為重要的。[譯文]電子顯微鏡的原理如下:從熱陰極發射的電子受到陽極上正在專用語文體中,非技術詞的主要特點是除了本身的結構意義或概念意義外,詞義色彩中性,即既沒有貶褒色彩,也沒有感倩色彩。這與文學語體截然不同,如以escape一詞為例:【例句】Thehigh-ceilingedrooms,thelittlebalconies,alcoves,nooksandanglesallsuggestssanctuary,escape,creaturecomfort.[譯文]天花板高高的房間,小巧的樓廳,凹進的斗室,僻靜的角落,這一切都使人聯想到靜謐的圣殿，遁世避俗的處所和舒適的享受。在專用語文體中,非技術詞的主要特點是除了本身的結構意義或概念escape原意為“逃遁”含義較抽象,此處聯系上下文,譯作逃遁之事物與處所,這就使人聯想到遠離塵世喧囂和煩惱的意境。這種聯想正是文學創作和欣賞所必不可少的條仵。而同樣一個詞(盡管詞性不),用在科技英語中決不可能引起如此的聯想。【例句】Thefirstbubblestoescapefromtheliquidareamixtureofairandhydrogen.escape原意為“逃遁”含義較抽象,此處聯系上下文,譯作[譯文]最初從液體中溢出的氣體是空氣和氫的混合物。這里,escape只表示一種狀態，別無其他附加意義。又如beam一例:【例句】Hebeamedwelcomeatthedistinguishedvisitorsandcomplimentedthemontheirlooks.

[譯文]他滿面春風地向貴客們表示歡迎,恭維他們氣色好。[譯文]最初從液體中溢出的氣體是空氣和氫的混合物。beam原意為“發光”“發熱”“發射”,此處喻義為臉上露出高興、微笑等神情,譯為“滿面春風”形象地傳達了beam的含義。beam在這里帶有濃重的感倩色彩,但在下列科技英語例句中,卻只有單一的“發射”之意了。beam原意為“發光”“發熱”“發射”,此處喻義為臉上露出高Arobotmightcarryitspower,forexample,storagebatteries,andhasitsinstructionsbeamedbyshort-waveshort-rangeelectromagneticwaves（短波短程電磁波）.[譯文]機器人可以攜帶電源,例如蓄電池,并用短波短程電磁波發射信號。Arobotmightcarryitspower,2.technicalwords技術詞（術語）Highlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline,usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin,suchasthewordslikemetazoen,triploblastic,chodal,vertebrate,pentadactyletc.usedintheexampleoftheIntroductionofthischapter.Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakers.2.technicalwords技術詞（術語）Highl3.semi-technicalwords半技術詞Semi-technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines,buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon-technicaluse,suchasenergy,force,mass,matter,power,movement,solution,etc.3.semi-technicalwords半技術詞Sem半技術詞(semi-technicalwords)是科技文體中應用最廣的詞,科學思想和技術內容的展開主要依靠半技術詞來實現。半技術詞亦稱次技術詞(sub-technicalwords)。半技術詞大部分來自英語詞匯的共核部分,具有一定的技術含義,且各科通用。（context–independentwordswhichoccurwithhighfrequencyacrossdisciplines.）半技術詞(semi-technicalwords)是科技文半技術詞的主要文體特征為:1詞頻高：任何高級復雜的科學技術,往往可通過基本規律或基礎技未概念加以闡述。一般專著的主題或跟主題詞密切相關的詞多用技術詞,而表示基本規律或基礎技術的詞則多用半技術詞。正是通過這些半技術詞表示的基本技術概念,加上普通詞的輔助與銜接,使之上下貫通,專門技術思想才得以體現。因此,半技術詞的詞頻比技術詞要高得多,但又低于普通詞。半技術詞的主要文體特征為:2、跨學科半技術詞的詞義隨專業、學科的不同而有變化。例如:power在日常用語中有“能力、動力、權力、國家、政權”等詞義,在科技文獻中則有“功率、電源、電力、信率、乘方、率、價”等詞義。2、跨學科current:在水力學方面譯作“水流”,而在電學中譯為“電流”。cable:可以是電纜”,也可以是“光纜”。parallel:在數學上,為“平行”而在電學上為“并聯”。level:在電氣通信中為“電平”,而在光通信中為“光平”。current:在水力學方面譯作“水流”,而在電學中譯為“電3、多義性：許多半技術詞搭配靈活,即使在同一專業內,因詞的聯立關系不同,詞義也有差別。有一篇譯文僅6000字的文章,facility這個詞,就用了近20次,譯者須得體地處理同詞異義的現象:3、多義性：【例1】.Inordertoperformaneffectiveauditor（檢驗）,theauditor(s)mustbefamiliarwithallaspectsofafacilityoperation.【譯文】為了進行有效的檢驗,檢驗人員必須熟悉設備的操作。【例2】Regulaionregardingthehandlingofhazardouswasteshavebecomemorestringentandcomplex.Facilitiescannolongerignoretheirwastes.【例1】.Inordertoperformane[譯文]處理有害廢物的規程變得更嚴格、更復雜。工廠不能再忽視所產生的廢物。【例3】Regulationsrequirethatanyreactiveandignitablewastebestoredatleast500metersfromthefacility’spropertyline.[譯文]處理有害廢物的規程變得更嚴格、更復雜。工廠不能再忽視[譯文]條例要求,凡是會發生反應和可燃的廢物,應存放于離廠家財產至少500米的地方。【例4】Thesiteideallyshouldhavesufficientlandtoprovideabufferzonebetweenthefacilityandthepublicsurroundingit.[譯文]理想的處理現場應該有足夠的土地,以便在設施及其周圍環境之間有一緩沖區。[譯文]條例要求,凡是會發生反應和可燃的廢物,應存放于離廠家以上四例中將facility分別譯為“設備、工廠、廠家、設施”如將譯詞任意替換是不得體的。半技術詞沒有嚴格的體系性,其詞義取決于專業內容和詞的聯立關系。有的半技術詞由于用法不同，還可以有不同的詞性,如上述power一詞,除用作名詞外,也可用作動詞,并可由過去分詞轉化為形容詞。以上四例中將facility分別譯為“設備、工廠、廠家、設施4、語義負荷低半技術詞雖有多義性,但比起普通詞來,它們的詞義負荷要低得多。如work一詞,作為普通詞,一般辭典對它的釋義都寫得較長，甚至多達數頁。它的詞性靈活,搭配很多,詞的意義很大程度上取決于上下文。例如，work作為普通詞,還有許多固定的配搭,產生出無數的詞義,而如作為半技術詞,其詞義負荷就小得多。與其他半技術詞一樣,在科技英語中增添了新義,詞義帶上不同的專業色彩,詞的用法與搭配獲得相對穩定,例如:4、語義負荷低【例句】Pushingorpulling,however,doesnotnecessarilymeandoingwork.[譯文l然而,推或拉未必意味著作功。(物理學)【例句】Theworksofthesewatchesarehome-producedandwearwell.[譯文]這些表的機件是國產的,耐磨的。(機械)【例句】Pushingorpulling,howeve【例句】Temperaturerequiredforannealingisafunctionoftwofactors,(1)thenatureofthematerial,and(2)theamountofworkthathasbeendonepriortoannealing.[譯文]回火所需溫度隨兩個因素而變:(1)材料特性;(2)退火前的加工量。（機械，冶金）【例句】Temperaturerequiredfora4.

Nominalization名詞化Nominalizationreferstothegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech,usuallyverbsoradjectives.Nominalizationismoreformalthanitscounterpart,thereforemorefrequentlyoccurinEST.4.Nominalization名詞化Nominaliza名詞化指名詞性轉化,如起名詞作用的非謂語動詞和與動詞同根或同形的名詞;也包括一些形容詞來源的名詞。這些詞可起到名詞的作用,也可表達謂語動詞或形容詞所表達的內容,常伴有修飾成分或附加成分,構成短語。這種短語稱為名詞化結構。名詞化結構的組合方式多,意義容量大,適宜于表達精細復雜的思想,使文章具有莊重感和嚴肅感。名詞化指名詞性轉化,如起名詞作用的非謂語動詞和與動詞同根或同名詞化的詞主要是指表示動作或狀態的抽象名詞,或起名詞作用的非謂語動詞:它們一般由動詞派生,但也包括由形容詞加后綴-ability,-ity,-ness等構成的名詞,例如possible—possibility,available-availability,clean-cleaness.名詞化的詞主要是指表示動作或狀態的抽象名詞,或起名詞作用的非例句：a)Thedependence(todepend)oftherateofevaporation(toevaporate)ofaliquidontemperatureisenormous.b)Theaddition(toadd)andremoval(toremove)ofheatmaychangethestateofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.例句：名詞化的功能：1、句法簡單2、表述客觀3、突出重點名詞化的語義特征：1、抽象性2、包容性名詞化的功能：名詞化的語義轉化：名詞化的詞(不定式除外)還經常可轉化為具體名詞,轉化的方式是加冠詞,復數加詞尾(e)s。轉化的結果是:(1)變抽象意義為具體詞義;(2)功能改變,可以用普通名詞特有的修飾語來修飾,也可作名詞定語。名詞化的語義轉化：如一些名詞化的詞加冠詞后,即取得具體意義:Institution(建立)→aninstitution(機構)construction(建筑)→aconstruction(建筑物)mixture(混合)→amixture(混合物)selection(選擇)→aselection(選集)building(建筑)→abuilding(建筑物)drawing(繪圖)→adrawing(圖)如一些名詞化的詞加冠詞后,即取得具體意義:

有些詞的復數形式即為具體名詞:

agreement(同意)→agreements(契約)connection(連接)→connections(結合處)development(發展)→developments(發展成果)Instruction(指示)→Instructions(說明書)translation(翻譯)→translations(譯作)

有些詞的復數形式即為具體名詞:

agreementuse(使用)→uses(用途)finding(尋找)→findings(調查結果)surrounding(環繞)→surroundings(環境)beginning(開始)→beginnings(早期階段)reading(讀)→readings(讀數)use(使用)3.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatures(1)moredeclarativesentences多陳述句Asfarassentencetypeisconcerned,therearemoredeclarativesentences,sincetheprimarypurposeofESTistosupplyinformation,andtoachieveclarity,concisenessandaccuracy.3.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatur（2）morelongsentences.多長句Asfarassentencelengthisconcerned,therearemorelongsentences.Sentencesofmorethan30wordsarebynomeansrareinESTwritings,andtheyoftencontainseveralclausesandnon-finiteverbphrasesaspre-andpost-modifiersandtheseclausesandphrasesareusuallyinterwovenwitheachother,thusformingverylongsentences.（2）morelongsentences.多長句（3）frequentuseof“it”introducedsentences。it引導的無人稱句

Anothertypicalsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentuseof“it”introducedsentenceswhichaddasenseofimpersonalityandformality.Forexample:a)Itispossibletomakeconcreteofanyrequiredstrengthwithinreasonablelimits.b)Itisnecessarytouseamorereliablemethodofinspectionintheformofasuitabletest.（3）frequentuseof“it”introd（4）ThefrequentuseofprepositionalphrasesandparticiplephrasesarealsocommoninESTwritings.介詞短語和分詞結構的普遍使用Allthesemakethesentencestructuremorelogical.Forexample:a)theactionofaironanairplaneinflightatlowaltitudeisgreaterthanthatathighaltitude.b)Travellingatthespeedoflight,ittakestwomillionyearstoreachthenextgalaxy星系.（4）Thefrequentuseofpreposi（5）frequentuseofpassivevoice.被動語態的廣泛使用ThemostconspicuousgrammaticalfeatureofESTisthefrequentuseofpassivevoice.Aboutone-thirdoftheverbsinESTwritingsareinthepassivevoice.Thisindicatesthatscientistsandengineersusethepassivevoicemuchmorefrequentlythanmostotherwriters.（5）frequentuseofpassivevoiThereasonsare:a)Scientistsaremoreinterestedintheactionorfactsratherthanthedoers;b)Passivesentencesareusuallyshorterandmoreconcisethanactiveones;c)Passivesentencesappearmoreobjectiveintone.Thereasonsare:被動語態的使用場合：1、不提動作的執行者2、以客體為話題3、便于句子結構安排被動語態的使用場合：被動語態的翻譯1.ComputersandPeopleInfuture,cashwillbeusedlessandless.Wemayliveinacashlesssocietywhereallfinancialtransactionsareprocessedbycomputerswithouttheuseofcash.Transferenceofmoneywillbethroughelectronicfundtransfer.被動語態的翻譯1.Compute電腦與人將來,現金將會用得越來越少。我們很可能會生活在一個無現金的社會里,一切金錢交易都由電腦來操作。金錢往來可以通過電子轉賬。Unemploymentmayberesult.Manyworkerswillbereplacedbymachines.Peoplewillneedtobecomputer-literateandre-trainingisrequiredforthepeopleinvolved.

(6)一般現在時simplepresenttense.AnothertypicalgrammaticalfeatureofESTisthefrequentuseofsimplepresenttense.Sincethesimplepresenttenseisoftenusedtoshowageneraltruth,ortoindicateastate,orregularactionsorprocess,itismostcommonlyusedinESTwritings(6)一般現在時simplepresenttense.Apartfromthesimplepresenttense,thesimplepast,thesimplefuture,thepresentperfectandthepresentcontinuousarealsousedinESTwritings,butnotasfrequentlyasthesimplepresent.Apartfromthesimplepresent5.SemanticFeatures1.ThemostconspicuoussemanticfeatureofESTistheuseofalanguageinwhichmostofthewordsareintheirconceptualmeaning.Inotherwords,rhetoricaldevices,figuresofspeechcanhardlyfindtheirplaceshere,sincethemainpurposeofESTistogiveinformation,nottoshowfeelings.5.SemanticFeatures1.Themos2.wideuseofconnectivesClarityandfactualityaremoreimportantinESTthaninothervarieties,whichresultedinthefrequentuseofconnectives(transations).(1)logicalconnectors:hence,therefore,thus,but,however,and,inaddition,nevertheless......(2)backwardreferencewithuseofit,this(回指)(3)nounrepetition2.wideuseofconnectives科技英語文體特征課件科技英語文體特征StylisticFeaturesofEST

科技英語文體特征StylisticFeaturesofWhatisEST?TheEnglishofscienceandtechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.WhatisEST?TheEnglishofsciOfallthescientificfields,weusuallysubdividethemintotwomainvarieties:theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology(ESST),專門用途科技英語andtheEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology(ECST)科普英語Ofallthescientificfields,ESTisusedinscientificworks,academicthesis,researchpapers,experimentalreports,thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena.InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish,dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology.ESTisusedinscientificworkBut,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.ThecommonelementsinvariousESTarticles,papersandthesiscanbeanalyzedintermsoftheirsimilaritiesinlinguisticfeatures.But,generallyspeaking,theEThiskindofwritingisusuallyformalinstyleandseriousintone.Itdoesnottakeartisticbeautyoflanguageasitsgoal,instead,ittriestoachieveclarityinlogicandaccuracyinmeaning.Ittiestoavoidsubjectiveopinionsorevaluations,ambiguouswordorexpressions.ThiskindofwritingisusuallGeneralstylisticfeaturesofESTIttendstoemploywordswiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Thesentencesareusuallylongandcompleteandsubordinateappositive(同位語從句)andparentheticalclauses（插入語從句）

areoftenused.Logicalconnectors,suchashence,insummary,asaresult,appearinESTmorefrequentlythaninothertypesofwriting.GeneralstylisticfeaturesofFirst,letuscomparethefollowingtwoparagraphsabout“man”:

Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties（天賦）!informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!inaction,howlikeanangel!inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagon(典范)ofanimals.………WilliamShakespeare:HamletFirst,letuscomparethefollManismetazoan[met?`z?u?n]（后生動物,多細胞動物）,triploblastic[tripl?’bl?stik]（三胚層的）,vertebrate[‘v?:tibrit]（脊椎動物）pentadactyl[pent?d?ktil]（adj.有五指的）,mammalian[m?‘meilj?n]（哺乳動物）,eutherian[ju:θi?ri?n]（真哺乳亞綱的(動物),primate[‘praimit]（靈長目動物）....Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.FromatextbookofbiologyManismetazoan[met?`z?u?n]（Ofthetwopassages,thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork,andthesecond,EST.Bycomparison,wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatter---humanbeing.Ofthetwopassages,thefirstLexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,suchas,noble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutheran,primate,etc.

Lexically,inthefirstpassagSyntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentences（感嘆句）

aswellastwoshortsentencefragments（片語）inordertoexpressfeelings;Whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentences(陳述句)withthepurposeofgivinginformation.Syntactically,inthefirstpa

Graphologically,inthefirstpassagethetypicalfeatureisthefrequentuseofexclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings);whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation).Graphologically,inthefirst

Semantically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageisusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthemetaphor(pieceofwork),hyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.Semantically,inthefirstpaWhileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Asaresult,theinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.Whileinthesecondpassage,a科技英語文體特征分析模版

ModelofStylisticAnalysisofEST1、GraphologicalFeatures語相特征2、LexicalFeatures詞匯特征3、Syntactic∕GrammaticalFeatures

句法∕語法特征4、SemanticFeatures語篇特征科技英語文體特征分析模版

ModelofStylist1.GraphologicalFeaturesGenerallyspeaking,ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicaldevices.First,scientiststendtousevisualaidsmorethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.語相特征：包括標點，圖表，大小寫，段落的劃分，空格等。1.GraphologicalFeaturesGeneraAsfaraspunctuation（標點）isconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop（句號）,thecomma（逗號）,andtheparentheses（括號）.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.Asfaraspunctuation（標點）iscAsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.Parenthesesareusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.AsthebasicfunctionofESTi2.LexicalFeaturesESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:1)commonwords（withspecificmeaning）;2)highlytechnicalwords;3)semi-technicalwords;4)nominalization5)nouncompounds6)newlycoinedwords.2.LexicalFeaturesESTmonwords普通詞英語科技文體中的普通詞或稱非技術詞是屬于語言共核部分的詞,通用于各類文體,包括代詞、連詞、數詞、動詞,以及無技術意義的形容詞、副詞、名詞等。在專用語中,非技術詞既有結構上的關聯作用,又有語義上的補充作用:1.commonwords普通詞英語科技文體中的普通詞或稱【例句】Theprincipleoftheelectronmicroscopeisasfollows;Electronsfromahotcathodeareacceleratedbyapositivepotentialonananode（陽極）

andarefocusedsoastoformabeamofhigh-speedelectronswhichfalluponasampletobeobserved.Electronsemergingfromthissamplearefocusedbyanotherelectronlensand,mayformamagnifiedimageonafluorescentscreen.【例句】Theprincipleoftheelect[譯文]電子顯微鏡的原理如下:從熱陰極發射的電子受到陽極上正電位的加舉作用,并聚集形成一束高速電子,落到要觀察的樣品上。從這個樣品上出來的電子又有另一個電子透鏡聚焦并可在螢光屏上形成一個極大的物像。從上面英文斜體詞可知,這些非技術詞或是連詞造句、連句成段的功能詞,或是具有普通意義的常用詞,即使在正式程度很高的語篇中,非技術詞對其構成也是極為重要的。[譯文]電子顯微鏡的原理如下:從熱陰極發射的電子受到陽極上正在專用語文體中,非技術詞的主要特點是除了本身的結構意義或概念意義外,詞義色彩中性,即既沒有貶褒色彩,也沒有感倩色彩。這與文學語體截然不同,如以escape一詞為例:【例句】Thehigh-ceilingedrooms,thelittlebalconies,alcoves,nooksandanglesallsuggestssanctuary,escape,creaturecomfort.[譯文]天花板高高的房間,小巧的樓廳,凹進的斗室,僻靜的角落,這一切都使人聯想到靜謐的圣殿，遁世避俗的處所和舒適的享受。在專用語文體中,非技術詞的主要特點是除了本身的結構意義或概念escape原意為“逃遁”含義較抽象,此處聯系上下文,譯作逃遁之事物與處所,這就使人聯想到遠離塵世喧囂和煩惱的意境。這種聯想正是文學創作和欣賞所必不可少的條仵。而同樣一個詞(盡管詞性不),用在科技英語中決不可能引起如此的聯想。【例句】Thefirstbubblestoescapefromtheliquidareamixtureofairandhydrogen.escape原意為“逃遁”含義較抽象,此處聯系上下文,譯作[譯文]最初從液體中溢出的氣體是空氣和氫的混合物。這里,escape只表示一種狀態，別無其他附加意義。又如beam一例:【例句】Hebeamedwelcomeatthedistinguishedvisitorsandcomplimentedthemontheirlooks.

[譯文]他滿面春風地向貴客們表示歡迎,恭維他們氣色好。[譯文]最初從液體中溢出的氣體是空氣和氫的混合物。beam原意為“發光”“發熱”“發射”,此處喻義為臉上露出高興、微笑等神情,譯為“滿面春風”形象地傳達了beam的含義。beam在這里帶有濃重的感倩色彩,但在下列科技英語例句中,卻只有單一的“發射”之意了。beam原意為“發光”“發熱”“發射”,此處喻義為臉上露出高Arobotmightcarryitspower,forexample,storagebatteries,andhasitsinstructionsbeamedbyshort-waveshort-rangeelectromagneticwaves（短波短程電磁波）.[譯文]機器人可以攜帶電源,例如蓄電池,并用短波短程電磁波發射信號。Arobotmightcarryitspower,2.technicalwords技術詞（術語）Highlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline,usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin,suchasthewordslikemetazoen,triploblastic,chodal,vertebrate,pentadactyletc.usedintheexampleoftheIntroductionofthischapter.Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakers.2.technicalwords技術詞（術語）Highl3.semi-technicalwords半技術詞Semi-technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines,buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon-technicaluse,suchasenergy,force,mass,matter,power,movement,solution,etc.3.semi-technicalwords半技術詞Sem半技術詞(semi-technicalwords)是科技文體中應用最廣的詞,科學思想和技術內容的展開主要依靠半技術詞來實現。半技術詞亦稱次技術詞(sub-technicalwords)。半技術詞大部分來自英語詞匯的共核部分,具有一定的技術含義,且各科通用。（context–independentwordswhichoccurwithhighfrequencyacrossdisciplines.）半技術詞(semi-technicalwords)是科技文半技術詞的主要文體特征為:1詞頻高：任何高級復雜的科學技術,往往可通過基本規律或基礎技未概念加以闡述。一般專著的主題或跟主題詞密切相關的詞多用技術詞,而表示基本規律或基礎技術的詞則多用半技術詞。正是通過這些半技術詞表示的基本技術概念,加上普通詞的輔助與銜接,使之上下貫通,專門技術思想才得以體現。因此,半技術詞的詞頻比技術詞要高得多,但又低于普通詞。半技術詞的主要文體特征為:2、跨學科半技術詞的詞義隨專業、學科的不同而有變化。例如:power在日常用語中有“能力、動力、權力、國家、政權”等詞義,在科技文獻中則有“功率、電源、電力、信率、乘方、率、價”等詞義。2、跨學科current:在水力學方面譯作“水流”,而在電學中譯為“電流”。cable:可以是電纜”,也可以是“光纜”。parallel:在數學上,為“平行”而在電學上為“并聯”。level:在電氣通信中為“電平”,而在光通信中為“光平”。current:在水力學方面譯作“水流”,而在電學中譯為“電3、多義性：許多半技術詞搭配靈活,即使在同一專業內,因詞的聯立關系不同,詞義也有差別。有一篇譯文僅6000字的文章,facility這個詞,就用了近20次,譯者須得體地處理同詞異義的現象:3、多義性：【例1】.Inordertoperformaneffectiveauditor（檢驗）,theauditor(s)mustbefamiliarwi