Chapter4WordFormation1

Chapter4WordFormation1Word-formationmajoraffixationprefixationsuffixationcompoundingcharacteristics

formationconversionconversiontonounsconversiontoverbsconversiontoadjectivesminorblendingclippingacronymyback-formationsoundredupllicationcommonizationofpropernames22022/11/16Word-formationmajoraffixationp4.1Affixation

Whatisaffixation?Itistheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formationorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,andwordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionsaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixationandsuffixation.32022/11/164.1Affixation

Whatisaffixat4.1.1Prefixation

Definition:itistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixtostems.Features:non-classchangingExceptions:class-changingprefixesInmodernEnglish,therearesmallpartofprefixesthatdochangethepartofspeech,eg.ainasleep,eninencourage.42022/11/164.1.1Prefixation

Definition:Nowlookatthefollowingwords.Canyouseparatetheirprefixedfromtheirrootorstem?Anexamplehasbeendoneforyou.Wordprefixrootretellretellex-wifemisleadingmultimediaautomobilemicrocomputervice-chairmanObservethewordsandtheirrootsorstems,doyouthinkeverywordenjoysthesamepartofspeechwithitsrootorstem?52022/11/16NowlookatthefollowingwordOnsemanticbasis,prefixesaredividedintotengroups:NegativePrefixes否定前綴Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前綴Pejorativeprefixes貶義前綴Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范圍和程度的前綴Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和態度的前綴Locativeprefixes方位前綴Prefixesoftimeandorder表時間和順序的前綴Numberprefixes數字前綴Conversionprefixes轉化前綴Miscellaneousprefixes其他類型的前綴62022/11/16Onsemanticbasis,prefixesar4.1.2Suffixation

Definition:suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Features:unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangesthemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.Classification:onagrammaticalbasis,suffixesaredividedintonounsuffixes,verbsuffixes,adjectivesuffixes,etc.72022/11/164.1.2Suffixation

Definition:WordPartofspeechsuffixNewwordPartofspeechteachv.-domchildn.-lityfreeadj..-esesocialadj.-essinterviewv.-erteacherprincen.-ismrealadj.-tiontranslatev.-eecookv.-hoodJapann.-eryfreedomrealityJapaneseprincesssocialismtranslationintervieweechildhoodcookeryn.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.Inthefollowingtable,thereare12wordsofdifferentpartsofspeech.Matchthewordswiththecorrespondingsuffixestoformanewword.Writeoutthenewwordanditspartofspeech.Anexamplehasbeendoneforyou.82022/11/16WordPartofspeechsuffixNewwComparethetwolistsofwords.Couldyoutellhowthepartsofspeecharechanged?Thedifferentpartsofspeechinlistonearechangedtonounsinlisttwo.So,whenasuffixisaddedtoastem,whateverpartofspeechithasbeen,thenewwordwillbeanoun.Thuswecallthissuffixnounsuffix.Itisthesamecasewithadjectivesuffix,adverbsuffix,andverbsuffix.Asforthenewword,ifitisoriginallyanoun,byaddinganounsuffix,itisstillanoun,butwecallitadenominalnoun,whileifitisoriginallyaverb,thenewnouniscalledadeverbalnoun.Itisthesamecasewithde-adjectivenoun.92022/11/16Comparethetwolistsof4.2Compoundingpigtaildog-ear102022/11/164.2Compoundingpigtaildog-ear1Definition:Itistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.Whatisacompound?Itisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.Types:solid:easygoing,necklace

hyphenated:honey-bee,go-between

open:easychair112022/11/16Definition:112022/11/12Phonologicalfeatures:

compoundvs.freephrasesSemanticfeatures:e.g.Frenchleave;Chinesecopy;DutchtreatTheirmeaningsdonotjustfollowthe“1+1Principle”,thatistosay,theirmeaningsarenotthecombinationofthemeaningsofthetwoelementsinthecompound.Grammaticalfeaturese.g.bad-mouthed/s;new-bornsOrthographicalfeaturesPersonalpreference

Characteristics:122022/11/16Phonologicalfeatures:CharactFormation:Nouncompounds;Adjectivecompounds;Verbcompounds;132022/11/16Formation:132022/11/124.3ConversionDefinition:

Itistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.142022/11/164.3ConversionDefinition:14202Readthefollowingsentences;trytomakethepartofspeechoftheword”up”.Canyouliftthatboxupontotheshelfforme?Weclimbedslowlyupthehill.IssomethingupwithJohn?Helooksreallysad.Withoutsayinganotherword,heuppedandleft.Susanseemstobeon

anupatthemoment.Ihopeitlasts.

Wordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs.Themostproductive,however,istheconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbs.Itdeservesnotingthatconversionisnotonlyachangeofgrammaticalfunctionofthelexicaliteminvolvedbutwithitthedifferentrangeofmeaningthatitoriginallycarried.152022/11/16Readthefollowingsentences;ItisthesamecaseinEnglish.conversionConversiontonounsVerbtonounAdjectivetonounMiscellaneousconversionsConversiontoverbsNountoverbAdjectivetoverbMiscellaneousconversionsConversiontoadjectives162022/11/16ItisthesamecaseinEnglishMorewordsaboutconversion:

Insomecases,conversionisaccompaniedbycertainchangesthataffectpronunciationsorspellingorstressdistributions.Themostcommonchangesare:VoicelesstovoicedconsonantInitialtoendstress172022/11/16Morewordsaboutconversion:174.4BlendingWhatisblending?Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombingparts

oftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblendsorportmanteauwords.182022/11/164.4BlendingWhatisblending?1Trytodrawoutthemajorformationoftheblends.brunch,Oxbridge,motel,smog---sitcom,telex---telequiz,medicare---eggwich,videophone---head+tailhead+headhead+wordword+tail192022/11/16Trytodrawoutthemajorform4.5ClippingDefinitionClippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.e.g.planeandexamareoftenusedinplaceofaeroplaneandexaminationrespectively.202022/11/164.5ClippingDefinition202022/1ClippingwordsFullformfridgegastecfluzoopoprefrigeratorgasolineinfluenzadetectivepopular

musiczoologicalgarden212022/11/16ClippingwordsFullformfridgeTosumup,therearefourcommontypesofclipping:FrontclippingBackclippingFrontandbackclippingPhraseclipping222022/11/16Tosumup,therearefourcomm4.6AcronymyDoyouknowwhatarethefullnamesofthefollowingwordsinChinese.人大，政協，婦聯，高考，英專，鄧論，超市，中青旅，公交232022/11/164.6AcronymyDoyouknowwhataNow,let’slookatsomepictures,payattentiontotheEnglishwordsonthepicture.Pickoutthosewordsformedbycapitalletters.242022/11/16Now,let’slookatsomepicturWhatisacronymy?Itistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.WhatarethewordscalledbyAcronymycalled?Initialisms:pronouncedletterbyletterAcronyms:pronouncedasanormalword252022/11/16Whatisacronymy?252022/11/124.7Back-formationWhatisback-formation?Itisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.Itisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.262022/11/164.7Back-formationWhatisback4.8Soundreduplication語音重疊法4.9Commonizationofpropernames專有名詞轉化的詞272022/11/164.8Soundreduplication語音重疊法27Chapter4WordFormation28

Chapter4WordFormation1Word-formationmajoraffixationprefixationsuffixationcompoundingcharacteristics

formationconversionconversiontonounsconversiontoverbsconversiontoadjectivesminorblendingclippingacronymyback-formationsoundredupllicationcommonizationofpropernames292022/11/16Word-formationmajoraffixationp4.1Affixation

Whatisaffixation?Itistheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formationorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,andwordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionsaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixationandsuffixation.302022/11/164.1Affixation

Whatisaffixat4.1.1Prefixation

Definition:itistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixtostems.Features:non-classchangingExceptions:class-changingprefixesInmodernEnglish,therearesmallpartofprefixesthatdochangethepartofspeech,eg.ainasleep,eninencourage.312022/11/164.1.1Prefixation

Definition:Nowlookatthefollowingwords.Canyouseparatetheirprefixedfromtheirrootorstem?Anexamplehasbeendoneforyou.Wordprefixrootretellretellex-wifemisleadingmultimediaautomobilemicrocomputervice-chairmanObservethewordsandtheirrootsorstems,doyouthinkeverywordenjoysthesamepartofspeechwithitsrootorstem?322022/11/16NowlookatthefollowingwordOnsemanticbasis,prefixesaredividedintotengroups:NegativePrefixes否定前綴Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前綴Pejorativeprefixes貶義前綴Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范圍和程度的前綴Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和態度的前綴Locativeprefixes方位前綴Prefixesoftimeandorder表時間和順序的前綴Numberprefixes數字前綴Conversionprefixes轉化前綴Miscellaneousprefixes其他類型的前綴332022/11/16Onsemanticbasis,prefixesar4.1.2Suffixation

Definition:suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Features:unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangesthemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.Classification:onagrammaticalbasis,suffixesaredividedintonounsuffixes,verbsuffixes,adjectivesuffixes,etc.342022/11/164.1.2Suffixation

Definition:WordPartofspeechsuffixNewwordPartofspeechteachv.-domchildn.-lityfreeadj..-esesocialadj.-essinterviewv.-erteacherprincen.-ismrealadj.-tiontranslatev.-eecookv.-hoodJapann.-eryfreedomrealityJapaneseprincesssocialismtranslationintervieweechildhoodcookeryn.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.Inthefollowingtable,thereare12wordsofdifferentpartsofspeech.Matchthewordswiththecorrespondingsuffixestoformanewword.Writeoutthenewwordanditspartofspeech.Anexamplehasbeendoneforyou.352022/11/16WordPartofspeechsuffixNewwComparethetwolistsofwords.Couldyoutellhowthepartsofspeecharechanged?Thedifferentpartsofspeechinlistonearechangedtonounsinlisttwo.So,whenasuffixisaddedtoastem,whateverpartofspeechithasbeen,thenewwordwillbeanoun.Thuswecallthissuffixnounsuffix.Itisthesamecasewithadjectivesuffix,adverbsuffix,andverbsuffix.Asforthenewword,ifitisoriginallyanoun,byaddinganounsuffix,itisstillanoun,butwecallitadenominalnoun,whileifitisoriginallyaverb,thenewnouniscalledadeverbalnoun.Itisthesamecasewithde-adjectivenoun.362022/11/16Comparethetwolistsof4.2Compoundingpigtaildog-ear372022/11/164.2Compoundingpigtaildog-ear1Definition:Itistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.Whatisacompound?Itisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.Types:solid:easygoing,necklace

hyphenated:honey-bee,go-between

open:easychair382022/11/16Definition:112022/11/12Phonologicalfeatures:

compoundvs.freephrasesSemanticfeatures:e.g.Frenchleave;Chinesecopy;DutchtreatTheirmeaningsdonotjustfollowthe“1+1Principle”,thatistosay,theirmeaningsarenotthecombinationofthemeaningsofthetwoelementsinthecompound.Grammaticalfeaturese.g.bad-mouthed/s;new-bornsOrthographicalfeaturesPersonalpreference

Characteristics:392022/11/16Phonologicalfeatures:CharactFormation:Nouncompounds;Adjectivecompounds;Verbcompounds;402022/11/16Formation:132022/11/124.3ConversionDefinition:

Itistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.412022/11/164.3ConversionDefinition:14202Readthefollowingsentences;trytomakethepartofspeechoftheword”up”.Canyouliftthatboxupontotheshelfforme?Weclimbedslowlyupthehill.IssomethingupwithJohn?Helooksreallysad.Withoutsayinganotherword,heuppedandleft.Susanseemstobeon

anupatthemoment.Ihopeitlasts.

Wordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs.Themostproductive,however,istheconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbs.Itdeservesnotingthatconversionisnotonlyachangeofgrammaticalfunctionofthelexicaliteminvolvedbutwithitthedifferentrangeofmeaningthatitoriginallycarried.422022/11/16Readthefollowingsentences;ItisthesamecaseinEnglish.conversionConversiontonounsVerbtonounAdjectivetonounMiscellaneousconversionsConversiontoverbsNountoverbAdjectivetoverbMiscellaneousconversionsConversiontoadjectives432022/11/16ItisthesamecaseinEnglishMorewordsaboutconversion:

Insomecases,conversionisaccompaniedbycertainchangesthataffectpronunciationsorspellingorstressdistributions.Themostcommonchangesare:VoicelesstovoicedconsonantInitialtoendstress442022/11/16Morewordsaboutconversion:174.4BlendingWhatisblending?Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombingparts

oftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblendsorportmanteauwords.452022/11/164.4BlendingWhatisblending?1Trytodrawoutthemajorformationoftheblends.brunch,Oxbridge,motel,smog---sitcom,telex---telequiz,medicare---eggwich,videophone---head+tailhead+headhead+wordword+tail462022/11/16Trytodrawoutth