1、高中英語閱讀教學中寫作技巧的滲透嵊州市黃澤中學 吳義福（選自無憂無慮作文網 ）【內容摘要】本文從寫作的基礎、框架、素材和升華四個維度闡述了如何在高中英語閱讀教學中進行寫作技巧的滲透。在平時的閱讀教學過程中，作者把閱讀材料的語言和知識、篇章和結構、話題和體裁、主題和內涵加以分析和運用，結合案例列舉了自己在教學過程中實施的一些教學方法，努力將閱讀教學與寫作教學進行有機的結合，從而達到教學的最優化。【關鍵詞】閱讀教學 寫作技巧 滲透課程標準指出：根據高中學生認知能力發展的特點和學業發展的需求，高中英語課程應“著重提高學生用英語獲取信息、處理信息、分析問題和解決問題的能力”。根據我國的國情，我國學生就

2、業后用英語獲取信息的主要途徑是閱讀。長期的英語教學實踐也證明，閱讀技能的長足發展，會有效帶動聽、說、寫技能的發展。（教育部，2003）聽和讀是語言的接受技能，說和寫是語言的生成技能。只有通過聽讀達到足夠的語言輸入量，學生才能通過說和寫輸出一定的語言信息量。語言學習的過程體現為輸入內化輸出。閱讀是學生學習英語的主要輸入途徑之一，寫作則是語言輸出的關鍵途徑之一。（戴建敏，2008）目前我們使用的這套教科書加大了聽讀的信息量，側重培養閱讀能力，加強了寫的技能訓練。在課堂的閱讀教學中，教師可以適當的將閱讀與寫相結合，從而在提升學生閱讀能力的同時，寫作能力也能得到相應的提高。教師可以利用教材中不同題材和

3、體裁的經典文章，引導學生欣賞文章，借鑒文章進行寫作，以達到以閱讀促進寫作、以寫作提升閱讀的目的。新課程標準指出，寫作教學的目的是通過對學生激活靈感、激發興趣、整理思路、組織素材、規劃結構、遣詞造句等基本寫作技能的培養，使他們能表達事實觀點情感和想象力，交流信息，培養規范的寫作習慣（教育部，2004）。新課程標準把寫作要求提高到了一個新的層面，更加突出了對謀篇布局、遣詞造句、情感表達的要求。因此在閱讀教學中筆者利用閱讀材料的特點以及對閱讀材料的分析進行寫作技巧的滲透是十分有必要的。一、閱讀材料的語言和知識是寫作的基礎提高寫作能力的基礎和前提是充足的詞匯量和豐富的句型。沒有充足的詞匯量和豐富的句型

4、作保證，寫作將無法有效進行。因此，在閱讀教學中教師要有意識地向學生輸入詞匯和句型，并采用豐富的教學活動來培養學生應用這些詞匯和句型的能力，從而為他們的寫作打下基礎。高中階段的閱讀材料為學生提供了豐富的詞匯和句型。按照語言生成規律，英語寫作的次序應是：詞句篇（殷志勇，2008）。閱讀教學過程中教師應該重視詞匯和句型的輸入。 在教學過程中筆者發現，學生寫作文的時候最苦惱的是想到的句子不能用詞匯表達。是不是學生沒有掌握足夠的詞匯呢？事實上，學生的大部分時間都花在了記單詞上。他們已經記住了足夠的詞匯，關鍵是他們在寫作過程中不能靈活地使用已經習得的詞匯。同樣，在句型的使用上也很是欠缺。因而，在課堂教學中

5、教師可以利用不同的教學形式使學生在記住這些詞匯和句型，同時更能夠靈活的加以應用。1、熟詞生義筆者在檢驗學生詞匯的學習情況的時候采用的是聽寫的方法，在改作業的時候筆者發現大多數學生單詞的中文意思只知其一，不知其二。例如，adapt：使適應；改編。聽寫過程中學生只知道“使適應”的意思，而不知道“改編”的意思。這說明學生只知道“熟詞熟義”。對于“熟詞生義”了解甚少。鑒于此，筆者在教學過程中設置了相應的教學活動促使學生對詞匯的靈活運用。案例：請根據上下文意思找出劃線單詞的近義詞。1). i like to walk about the park near my house after supper,

6、which can help me keep healthy. a. along b. or so c. around d. down2). he spent the whole night covering the books he borrowed from the library in order to return them on time.a. reporting b. affording c. interviewing d. reading3). every minute counts to us, so we should make full use of every minut

7、e to work hard. a. is enough b. is acceptable c. is important d. is meaningless2、重點句型課本的教材中蘊含著豐富的句型和語法結構。在閱讀教學過程中，教師不但要使學生理解這個句型結構的用法，更重要的是使學生能夠舉一反三，活學活用。這樣，在寫作的過程中學生才能靈活地加以運用。在改作文的過程中筆者發現許多學生使用著反復而又單調的句型。大多數學生反映自己知道一些句型，但是在真正進行寫作的時候用不上。比如，為了使學生做到真正地掌握強調句型，筆者利用以下教學活動來達到這個教學目標：activity 1: make some s

8、entences with the following sentence patterns.it is / was +被強調成分 + that / who +句子其他成分.activity 2: translate the following sentences into english, using the sentence patterns in brackets. 正是人類的活動造成了嚴重的環境污染和全球變暖。activity 3: distinguish the following sentences. it is the factory that i worked in for th

9、ree years. it is in the factory that i worked for three years. this is the factory that i worked in for three years.3、詞匯拓展高中英語大綱明確指出：“要提高學生閱讀能力，單純通過教科書中的課文教學是不夠的，還要根據學生的具體情況，有計劃地指導學生在課外閱讀一定數量的讀物。”在日常的閱讀教學過程中教師可以精選一些課外閱讀材料，這樣既可以增加學生的閱讀量，也可以吸收更加豐富的詞匯和句型。事實上，我們平時練習中的閱讀理解和完形填空也充當著同樣的角色，這樣就可以潛移默化的對學生進行詞匯

10、和句型的輸入。get a real life words: about 290; time: 4 minutesi am a good mother of three children. .look at the view. youll never be disappointed. from: www.en-find the most suitable words in the passage that fit the following description.1._: behaving in a very anxious or excited way(in para.2)2._: to k

11、eep and care for something that is very special, important, or valuable to you (in para.4).二、閱讀材料的篇章和結構是寫作的框架在閱讀教學過程中，教師可以引導學生從宏觀上整體感知文章的謀篇布局，即內容框架和思維脈絡（戴建敏，2008）。教師在指導學生閱讀時應引導學生分析和模仿文章的結構，提高謀篇布局的能力。教師不僅要引導學生對整篇文章的結構的分析，也要重視對文章中一些精彩段落的分析。通過對寫作結構的分析，讓學生進行相應的寫作訓練。1、段落自身的結構教師可以在閱讀教學中引導學生欣賞一些精彩段落，品味其中的美

12、詞佳句以及連接詞在句子見所起的承接和轉折的作用，然后創設情景，讓學生仿照段落進行寫作練習。一篇好的文章不僅需要豐富的內容、巧妙的構思和規范的表達，還需要把這些內容聯系起來的語篇銜接手段，即我們常說的關聯詞連接性副詞以及一些介詞和短語等 (程曉堂、鄭敏，2002)。案例 1：人教版module 7 unit 5 中有這樣一段描寫。so i went to my tutor to ask the reason for his revision. first of all, he told me, i couldnt write what other people had said without

13、acknowledging them. besides, as far as he was concerned, what other people thought was not the most important thing. he wanted to know what i thought, which confused me because i thought that the author of the article knew far more than i did. my tutor explained that i should read lots of different

14、texts that contain different opinions and analyse what i read. then, in my essay, i should give my own opinion and explain it by referring to other authors. finally he even encouraged me to contradict the authors id read!在案例1中，作者運用了恰當的銜接詞（first of all, besides, then, finally）使段落的層次十分清楚，行文連貫、流暢。這樣的結構

15、在很多閱讀材料中都出現過，教師在處理文章的時候要對這些結構加以分析。適當的時候可以加以補充。這種結構是最基本的敘事結構，教師可以要求學生用這些銜接詞進行相關的口語練習和寫作練習。從而能夠靈活的使用。常見的銜接詞可以分為舉例解釋、總結、強調、比較、轉折、層次、原因和條件等。案例 2：人教版module 7 unit 1中有一段描述marty的得病過程。until i was ten years old i was the same as everyone else. i used to climb trees, swim and play football. in fact, i used to

16、 dream about playing professional football and possibly representing my country in the world cup. then i started to get weaker and weaker, until i could only enjoy football from a bench at the stadium. in the end i went into hospital for medical tests. i stayed there for nearly three months. i think

17、 i had at least a billion tests, including one in which they cut out a piece of muscle from my leg and looked at it under a microscope. even after all that, no one could give my disease a name and it is difficult to know what the future holds.在案例2中，教師應該善于發現這些潛在的時間順序連接詞，可以讓學生用這些關鍵詞來描述他們的自身的一次經歷，從而達到熟

18、練運用和掌握銜接語的目的。分析段落自身的結構其實就是發現好的銜接語。巧妙運用銜接語可以給文章增色，使文章渾然一體，語句流暢。教師應該讓學生領悟銜接語的含義和作用，并指導他們在寫作中靈活巧妙地使用銜接語，以提高他們遣詞造句整合語篇的能力（沈正南，2009）。2、整篇文章的結構在閱讀教學中許多老師都會設置fastreading 和skimming這個環節。這個環節的目的是希望在短時間內讓學生了解這篇文章的結構和框架。教師除了訓練學生識別段落內的邏輯關系外，教師還需要幫助學生熟悉掌握篇章的整體邏輯結構。不同類型的文章邏輯結構也不同。在處理文章結構的時候教師應該根據文章的寫作特點選用不同的處理方式。例

19、如，在處理module 7 unit 5 keep it up, xie lei ( chinese student fitting in well)這篇閱讀材料時筆者采用了概念圖的形式來處理這篇文章。概念圖是一種以科學命題的形式顯示概念之間的意義聯系，并用具體事例加以說明，從而把所有的基本概念有機地聯系起來的空間網絡結構圖（novak&gowin,1984）。換句話說，概念圖就是將概念及概念之間的聯系形象化、結構化、系統化和圖式化，是“一種語義網絡的可視化表示方法”（鐘志賢、陳春生，2003）。因為這樣能夠很直觀的向學生展示這篇文章的結構，幫助學生構建語篇的邏輯框架。概念圖可以清楚地顯示信息

20、之間的邏輯關系，是培養學生進行有效思維的重要教學策略（靳玉樂、陳靜，2008）。keep it up, xie lei chinese student fitting in wellorganization of the passagefeelings before going abroadpreparationspara.1study para.2&5numb with shockdifficultfeelingsunconfident encouraged during studying in englandacademic requirementspreparation coursepa

21、ra.3，4&6life much betterunaccustomed feelings benefits of living with a host familydifficulties normal and occupiedfeeling at homehopeful 在運用概念圖處理文章結構的過程中，學生可以熟悉和把握篇章的邏輯結構，發展自己的邏輯思維能力。這也有利于學生把這種能力應用到書面表達中去，使書面表達更具邏輯性和條理性。三、閱讀材料的話題和體裁是寫作的素材人教版高中英語教材（下同）是以話題為綱編寫的，話題內容范圍廣泛，如旅游、留學、體育、健康生活以及自然災害等。同樣，文章的體

22、裁也是豐富多彩的，如人物傳記、信件、日記、詩歌、戲劇、說明文、議論文以及記敘文等。這些都為學生的寫作提供了許多素材和范本。教師在閱讀教學中應該有意識的分析這些話題和體裁類的文章的寫作特點?？偨Y一些規律，布置一些類似的寫作任務讓學生去模仿這些寫作特點，對這些閱讀材料進行仿寫。仿寫即指導學生抓住閱讀文本中具有明顯特征具有價值的精彩片段，讓學生運用習得的寫作方法積累的語言圖示和言語內容，以隨文練筆的形式仿照文本進行寫話訓練（史彩平，2007）。仿寫既可以針對全篇課文，也可以針對片段練習，包括對句式表達段落構成開頭結尾或過渡照應等方面的仿寫。通過仿寫，學生能在模仿中遷移，在模仿中創新。（朱文英，200

23、8）案例 1：話題的模仿在學習module 6 unit 5 the lake of heaven 這篇課文時，筆者就這篇文章的話題讓學生進行了仿寫的訓練。這篇文章的話題是describing places。文章介紹了長白山的天池地理位置、自然環境和景觀等。要求學生描寫自己喜歡的一處景觀。在寫作之前指導學生總結出此類文章的寫作規律和特點。the following points are just for reference：1. the concept of place should be well-focused.(name, location, special features, the

24、reasons that it appeal to you, etc)2. the organization should be logical. classification (sort the subject into groups and discuss them one by one) narration (paragraphs have their own functions) comparison and contrast (showing the similarities to and differences from things readers are more famili

25、ar with, state the reasons why the place is special) cause and effect (what makes the place special, eg, historical, geographical, economical, social, cultural factors, etc)3. it should appeal to readers interest. (using rhetorical context, being entertaining as well as informative)4. it uses accura

26、te, reliable, and authoritative sources.學生范文：該篇范文是介紹當地的一個旅游景點“南山水庫”。不但模仿了課文的寫作特點而且也套用了文中的一些豐富的句式和結構。nan shan reservoirnan shan reservoir is located in changle, the north of shengzhou. it is the largest natural lake as well as the most well-known scenic spot in shengzhou, which is kept in its natural

27、 state for the people of shengzhou and visitors from many places to enjoy.between the mountains, there is a dam which is 72 meters above sea level and more than 202 meters long. you will be amazed at the wonder and the great nature. the reservoir is surrounded by thick forest, which is home to a gre

28、at diversity of rare plants and animals. many people come to the top of the mountain, from where they can breathe fresh air and get a good view of the whole reservoir. however , the attraction that arouses the greatest appreciation is the reservoir itself. coming here, you can catch sight of many st

29、reams with green grass and beautiful flowers on both sides. you will be deeply struck by the beautiful scenery. at the same time, you can go yachting for fun to have a good rest in a holiday cottage.do you know how the reservoir came into being? as is well known to us, in ancient times, the floods,

30、which often occurred, caused great losses. therefore, using their wisdom the local people tried their best to overcome difficulties and made the wonderful reservoir, which benefited them quite a lot to prevent floods.it is such an attractive place. why not pay a visit?(revised by teacher)案例 2：體裁的模仿m

31、odule 4 unit 2 a pioneer for all people 和 module 7 unit 2 a biography of isaac asimov這兩篇文章的體裁都是人物傳記。在分析人物傳記的寫作特點時，筆者讓學生集體討論并發現其寫作特點。similarities of the writing features: the same subjects are talked about. (birth / family / education / achievements / dreams ) both develop according to time.the autho

32、rs both make comments on their contributions.學生范文：模仿這兩篇人物傳記的寫作特點描寫一位你認為是偉大的人物。（相關資料自己查找）heinrich boll, a great german novelist heinrich boll was a german novelist, born on april 7, 1917 in a poor family. hence, after graduating from middle school, he worked in a bookshop as an assistant, which gave

33、him a chance to read adequate books. boll was ambitious when he was a young boy. in the early stages, he had written some novels already. however, compared to other writers, the time when he published his novels was late. in 1947, he started to publish short stories at the age of 30. when he was 34,

34、 he got down to taking himself seriously as a writer. in 1939, he studied in a university and then he was recruited to be a soldier, following armies to france, england, america and so on. in the meantime, he got a good knowledge which was beneficial to forming his own concept in future. after suffe

35、ring six-year war life, he had a desire to write something about war which led many families to be separated from their relatives. therefore, he published a lot of essays set in the world war , exposing and criticizing the cruelty of war and reflecting the suffering of german people and soldiers. to

36、 some extent, he aroused germans and europeans to learn that the war was cruel and brought people many disasters. bolls novels had serious messages, describing his people in a realistic way. in 1972, he won the nobel prize by means of “group portrait with lady”. as a matter of fact, boll himself str

37、uggled with a feeling of loneliness caused by his parents divorce. he developed a love of reading books as away to deal with the lack of time his parents spent with him. boll had a marriage ever, but divorced a few years later. he died on january 5, 1985. (revised by teacher)四、閱讀材料的主題和內涵是寫作的升華人教版教材的

38、指導思想之一：關注學生的情感，提高他們的人文素養。要使他們在英語學習過程中，樹立正確的人生觀世界觀和價值觀，培養他們高度的社會責任感（劉道義，2007）。這套教材提供的語言材料的許多課文蘊含著中西文化的精華，滲透著許多做人的道理和思想品德教育。因此，在閱讀課教學中教師要充分挖掘其中的思想內容。根據文章的思想內容和其所表達的主題教師可以設置相應的寫作任務，結合學生的身心特點將德育教育滲透到對學生的寫作訓練中，從而使閱讀材料的主題在寫作中也能得到升華。例如，module 4 unit 1 why not carry on her good work?描述了林巧稚在治病救人方面所取得的成就。筆者讓學

39、生討論和總結這篇文章的主題women can make great achievements through their own efforts。與此同時還設計了一個網狀圖，就林巧稚的個性與品質進行分析。qualitieshard workdeterminationconsiderationgentle naturekindness完成網狀圖之后，要求學生用形容詞描述林巧稚的個性與品質，讓每個學生說一個形容詞，這樣更多的學生可以參與此活動。如：she was hard-working / determined / kind / considerate / devoted / helpful 針

40、對以上的分析和討論結果，教師設置了兩種寫作任務。task 1: finish the passage. this passage has no end. please finish the passage according to your understanding and try to talk about how lin qiaozhi influences you. by this time i was very excited. why not study at medical college like lin qiaozhi and carry on her good work?

41、it was still not too late for me to improve my studies, prepare for the university entrance examinations, and （drawn from the original “why not carry on her good work?”）task 2: write a passage about a great woman you admire.some tips: 1. organizing ideas(1) choose one woman you admire.(2) write down

42、 a topic sentence about the woman.(3) list as many points as you can think about her.(4) go over each point. ask “does this support the main idea?” cross out the points.(5) think of an example for each point. if you cannot find an example, cross out the point.(6) list the points in the order you wil

43、l write about them. you should have at least two or three points.2. making an outline (the outline below will help you)topic sentencesupporting sentence 1for example,supporting sentence2for instance,supporting sentence3for example,concluding sentence學生的范文：why is there only a full moon in a month?the

44、re must be something that can never be forgotten in ones life. it sleeps deadly in the deep mind and never wakes up until something stimulates it. the day before yesterday, when i read the passage about lin qiaozhis achievements, i couldnt help recalling my grandmother, who died thirteen years ago.j

45、ust like lin qiaozhi, my grandmother is a doctor in my village. she helps to deliver babies for thousands of families. in my memory, i was always woken up by the noise downstairs that husbands called my grandmothers name again and again in a worried voice. at that time, i would realize they had an e

46、mergency. my grandmother would get up quickly, lift with hands the medicine box and disappear in the darkness. in the early morning, she brought back the good news as well as some cookies, which the family gave her as their thankfulness. besides, my grandmother had a skill of curing the dislocation of bones, which was quite common at that time for children in the countryside.what impressed me most was that my grandmother can speak english. although her pronunciation was a bit different from us, my classmates and i learn a lot from having a chat with her in english, especially our spoken engl