TheOriginsofWritingWords&PhrasesTheEgyptianswerenotfarbehindindevelopingwriting,butwecannotfollowthehistoryoftheirwritingindetailbecausetheyusedaperishablewritingmaterial寫出以下單詞的意思：Perishable：andfromthepapyrusreedstheEgyptiansmadeaformofpaper,itwasexcellentinqualitybut,likeanypaper,fragile寫出以下單詞的意思：aformofpaper：intheformo：ffragile：Mesopotamia'sriversboastednosuchusefulreeds,butitslanddidprovidegoodclay,andasaconsequencetheclaytabletbecamethestandardmaterial.寫出以下單詞的意思：Boast：Asaconsequence:SowhenaconquerorsetaMesopotamianpalaceablaze,hehelpedensurethesurvivalofanyclaytabletsinit寫出以下單詞的意思：Conqueror：Conquer：v.Conquest：n.claytablets：inevitably,literacywaslargelylimitedtoasmallprofessionalclass,thescribes寫出以下單詞的意思：inevitably：literacy：scribe：n.primitiveformofbookkeeping：tobeavailableforreferenc：eNowandthen：SyntaxThebatches,someofwhichcontainthousandsoftablets,consistforthemostpartofdocuments ofthetypesjustmentioned:billsdeliveries,receipts,inventories,loans,marriagecontracts,divorcesettlements,courtjudgments,andsoon.Which指代對象的確定；固定搭配的短語出現開端consist就要期待后文ofSoilFertiliza七縮較簡單)Words&PhrasesFertilizerspartiallyrestoreplantnutrientslostbyerosion,cropharvesting,andleaching.寫出以下單詞的意思Fertilize：rsn.Fertil：eadj.Restore：v.Erosion：n.Erode：v.Leaching：n.stimulatesbeneficialsoilbacteriaandfungi寫出以下單詞的意思stimulate：v.beneficial：adj.bacteriaandfungi:Greenmanureisfreshorgrowinggreenvegetationplowedintothesoiltoincreasetheorganicmatterandhumus(degradedorganicmatter)availabletothenextcrop寫出以下單詞的意思Plow：v.Availableto:Itisproducedwhenmicroorganismsinsoil(mostlyfungiandaerobicbacteria)breakdownorganicmattersuchasleaves,foodwastes,paper,andwoodinthepresenceofoxygen.寫出以下單詞的意思Microorganism：n.Organism:an：anic：adj.tissue：bicbacteria：breakdownorganicmatter：Compost isarichnaturalfertilizendsoilconditionerthataeratessoil,improvesitsabilitytoretainwaterandnutrients,helpspreventerosion,andpreventsnutrientsfrombeingwastedbybeingdumpedinlandfills.寫出以下單詞的意思aeratessoi：lretainwaterandnutrient：sdecomposeplantandmanurelayers:寫出以下單詞的意思decompose：pose：v.Corn,tobacco, andcottoncandepletethetopsoilofnutrients,especiallynitrogen,ifplantedonthesamelandseveralyearsinarow.寫出以下單詞的意思Deplete???of???:croprotation：Theresultingplantnutrientenrichmentcausesalgaebloomsthatuseupoxygendissolvedinthewater,therebykillingfish.寫出以下單詞的意思Algae：n.Bloom:v.Dissolve：v.TheCollapseoftheMayasWords&Phrasespopulationsunprecedentedbothintheirsizeanddensity寫出以下單詞的意思unprecedented：adj.societiesdevelopedvariousintensiveagriculturalmethods,includinglarge-scaleirrigationandhill-slopeterracing(thecuttingofhorizontalridgesintohillsidessotheycanbefarmed)寫出以下單詞的意思intensiveagriculturalmethod：shill-slopeterraci：ngincreaseyieldsfromagivenarea寫出以下單詞的意思：yield：Thus,theargumentisthatbecauseoftheirsizeandevermoreintensiveagriculture,theMayanandotherancientstatesocietieswerefundamentallyunsustainable.寫出以下單詞的意思fundamentallyunsustainable：cameupontheMayancities：theywerestruckbythesightoftallpyramidsandelaboratelycarvedstonesamongluxuriantforestgrowth寫出以下單詞的意思werestruckby：elaboratelycarvedstones：luxuriant：thearchetypalpictureofagreatlostcivilization寫出以下單詞的意思archetypal:adj.Interstaterival：ryTheseexertedapowerfulmediatingeffectonthewaytheMayaendeavoredtocopewiththeirdifficulties.寫出以下單詞的意思exertedapowerfulmediatingeffecton：exert：v.mediate:v.endeavor:v.subsistencecapacity：Syntax1.ItwasnotjusthenumberofpeoplethatlivedintheMayancity-statesbutalsotherelativelysmallareaintowhichtheywereconcentrated.介詞+which,which指代介詞前面的名詞，對該名詞做修飾Theraised-fieldsystemofintensivecultivation(createdbydiggingsurroundingcanalsandusingthesoilremovedtoelevatethefieldsforplanting)allowsyear-roundfoodproductionthroughtheconstantsupplyofsoilnutrientsthaterodeintothe