1、運動神經調節the nerve regulation of motor鄧石可神經系統調控運動神經調節the nerve regulation ofcatalogue神經元結構功能電活動電位產生突觸傳遞神經調控神經通路脊髓反射神經系統調控catalogue神經元結構功能電活動電位產生突觸傳遞神經調Structure of neurons1 細胞膜 cytomembrane2 胞體 soma （細胞質和細胞器）3 細胞骨架 cytoskeleton4 突觸 synapsis神經系統調控Structure of neurons1 細胞膜 cytocytomembrane神經系統調控cytomembr

2、ane神經系統調控Soma線粒體 mitochondria內質網 endoplasmic reticulum高爾基體 Golgi apparatus 核糖體 ribosome 溶酶體 lysosome神經系統調控Soma線粒體 mitochondria神經系統調控cytoskeleton神經元纖維 neurofibril微管 microtubule神經絲 neurofilament微絲 microfilament神經系統調控cytoskeleton神經元纖維 neurofibril神synapseSynapse：一個神經元與另一個神經元進行信息交流的接觸點，是神經元信息交流的基本結構。突觸傳遞

3、：The process of information transter at a synapse chemical synapseSynapse electrical synapse神經系統調控synapseSynapse：一個神經元與另一個神經元進行信Neuronal activity1 代謝活動 Metabolic activity2 胞漿活動 Axoplasmic activities3 電活動 Electrical activity4 遞質釋放 Neurotransmitter release神經系統調控Neuronal activity1 代謝活動 MetaboElectrical

4、 activity信息載體腦的重要功能活動形式神經系統調控Electrical activity信息載體神經系統調控Electrical activity神經系統調控Electrical activity神經系統調控Electrical activity神經系統調控Electrical activity神經系統調控Electrical activity五種電位1 電緊張電位 Electrotonic potential （線性關系）2 局部反應 Local potential （電刺激+膜電位改變）3 動作電位Action potential （介紹極化狀態的改變，發放的模式表示不同的信息）4

5、 突觸電位 Synaptic potential 膜電位神經系統調控Electrical activity五種電位膜電位神經系統Electrical activity神經系統調控Electrical activity神經系統調控Ion channels1 Non-gate ion channels2 gated ion channel voltage-gated ion channels Na K cl ligand gated channels Neurotransmitter神經系統調控Ion channels1 Non-gate ion chaResting potentialResti

6、ng potential 神經元及其他可興奮細胞未受刺激時存在于細胞膜內外兩側的電壓差非門控離子通道是靜息電位的形成基礎神經系統調控Resting potentialResting potenAction potential動作電位是可興奮細胞興奮時原有膜電位基礎上出現的跨膜電位變化Na離子通道是動作電位的形成基礎Na離子內流的再生循環Na離子通道的失活關閉神經系統調控Action potential動作電位是可興奮細胞興奮時原1 絕對不應期 absolute refractory period2 相對不應期 relativle refractory period3 超常期 supernorm

7、al region4 低常期 subnormal period特征：全或無、不衰減擴布、脈沖發放、興奮性變化神經系統調控1 絕對不應期 absolute refractorsynapsis神經系統調控synapsis神經系統調控Synaptic transmission Electrical synapses structure functionSynaptic Chemical synapses structure classification神經系統調控Synaptic transmission Electrical synapsesGap junction神經系統調控Electrical

8、 synapsesGap junctioElectrical synapses介導神經元同步活動通過相鄰細胞共享電信號和化學信號，參與調節和營養神經元參與神經膠質細胞功能調節神經系統調控Electrical synapses介導神經元同步活動神經chemical synapsemost synaptic transmission in the mature human nervous system is through chemical synapseelementary strcture of chemical synapse presynaptic elements postsynapti

9、c elements synaptic cleft神經系統調控chemical synapsemost synaptic Presynaptic elementsSynaptic vesicle and mitochondria secretory vesicle Synaptic vesicle large densecore vesicle神經系統調控Presynaptic elementsSynaptic vsynaptic cleftextracellular matrix protein cell adhesion molecular細胞外基質蛋白粘附分子神經系統調控synaptic

10、 cleftextracellular mapostsynaptic elements1 postsynaptic membrance2 receptors 3 postsynaptic density ( 致密帶）神經系統調控postsynaptic elements1 postsynPSDThe postsynaptic density (PSD) is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membrane. PSDs were originally identified by electron micro

11、scopy as an electron-dense region at the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. The PSD is in close apposition to the presynaptic active zone and ensures that receptors are in close proximity to presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites. PSDs vary in size and composition among brain regions and have be

12、en studied in great detail at glutamatergic synapses. Hundreds of proteins have been identified in the postsynaptic density including glutamate receptors, scaffold proteins, and many signaling molecules. 致密帶(PSD)是一種附著于突觸后膜的蛋白質致密化。PSDs最初被電子顯微鏡鑒定為一個在突觸后神經元膜上的電子致密區域。PSD與突觸前活躍區密切相關，并確保受體接近突觸前神經遞質釋放位點。PS

13、Ds在大腦區域的大小和組成上各不相同，并在谷氨酸根神經突觸上進行了大量的研究。在突觸后的密度中有數百種蛋白質，包括谷氨酸受體、支架蛋白和許多信號分子神經系統調控PSDThe postsynaptic density (PClassification of chemical synapseBased on the part of the neuron post to the axon terminal Based on the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane Gray 球形 后膜較前膜厚 興奮性突觸 Gray 橢圓形 對稱性 抑制性突觸Based on

14、 the neurotransmitter神經系統調控Classification of chemical synPrinciples of synaptic transmission合成遞質所需的酶首先向軸突末梢轉運 在胞漿進行遞質合成 遞質進入突觸囊泡進行儲存轉運體 transporter 囊泡膜上的特殊鑲嵌蛋白經典神經遞質按化學梯度和電梯度進行轉運神經系統調控Principles of synaptic transmiQuantal release 量子釋放神經系統調控Quantal release 量子釋放神經系統調控Neurotransmitters acting on synaps

15、esConformation changes of receptorsFunctional changes of receptors神經系統調控Neurotransmitters acting on syMain types of heurobransmitter receptors1 transmitter-gated ion channel 門控離子通道 contormabon change Ion channed open Ion flux postsynaptic potential Na cl 神經系統調控Main types of heurobransmitterThe neuro

16、transmitter is released and cleared1 simple diffusion2 reuptake into the presynaptic axon terminaltransponer veloaded into synaptic vesiclesenzymatically destroyed3 uptake by glia cell 4 degradation in synaptic cleft神經系統調控The neurotransmitter is releasneurotransmitterneurotransmitter: 作用于次一級神經元或效應器細

17、胞膜上相應的受體而發生效應的化學物質neurotransmitter: Ach，NE，DA，Glu， GABA 神經肽 neuropeptides NO，CO 神經系統調控neurotransmitterneurotransmittThe characteristic of neurotransmitter1 神經元必須具有合成該N遞質的合成酶系2 合成的神經遞質必須能被突觸囊泡所儲存3 存儲的神經遞質以胞裂外排的方式釋放，直接外加該遞質可以產生相同的突觸后效應4 釋放神經遞質迅速作用于突觸后膜產生生物效應5 突觸間隙的神經遞質將快速失活6 遞質擬似劑和受體阻斷劑能加強或阻斷該遞質的突觸傳遞效

18、應神經系統調控The characteristic of neurotraNeurotransmitters act on receptorsHigh efficaryReversibleStereospecificAgonist and antagonist神經系統調控Neurotransmitters act on recep運動的神經調節1 中樞神經系統對感覺信息的興奮與抑制 CNS can enhance or suppress sensory information2 運動與神經活動 Motor and Nerve Activites（1 運動中神經活動的整合 integration

19、 of neuronal activity in movement（2 運動控制中反射活動的作用 The role of reflex activity in motor control神經系統調控運動的神經調節1 中樞神經系統對感覺信息的興奮與抑制神經系統運動控制理論Theory of motion control反射理論reflection theory等級理論 Level of theory運動程序理論 Theory of motion programming系統理論動態動作理論神經系統調控運動控制理論Theory of motion controlsensory system軀體感覺系

20、統視覺系統聽覺系統前庭系統神經系統調控sensory system軀體感覺系統神經系統調控感覺系統 sensory system淺感覺 superficial sensibility 痛覺 ，溫度覺，觸壓覺深感覺 deep sensibility 本體感覺，位置覺，震動覺神經系統調控感覺系統 sensory system淺感覺 superfi興奮與抑制1傳入纖維的側支可刺激抑制性中間神經元The most strongly stimulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers， stimulate inhib

21、itory interneurons2許多激活的神經被不活潑或沉默神經元抑制區包圍The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons3觸覺刺激就會被大腦皮層更精確地定位和評估神經系統調控興奮與抑制1傳入纖維的側支可刺激抑制性中間神經元The mo外周感受器1 muscle spindle2 GTOs3 joint receptor4 skin receptorsomatosensory system神經系統調控外周感受器somatosensory

22、 system神經系統肌梭muscle spindlea型纖維 型纖維單突觸脊髓反射 經皮質反射神經系統調控肌梭muscle spindlea型纖維 型纖脊髓反射 reflect牽張反射 myotatic reflex1 腱反射、肌緊張2 屈反射 和 交互抑制反射 Reciprocal inhibition reflex神經系統調控脊髓反射 reflect牽張反射 myotatic re牽張反射環路神經元神經元增強a及型纖維的能力肌梭對脊髓反射通路和長環反射同路形成起重要作用神經系統調控牽張反射環路神經元神經系統調控高爾基腱器 GTOs抑制性去突觸反射神經系統調控高爾基腱器 GTOs抑制性去突

23、觸反射神經系統調控joint receptorRuffini 型末梢Pacinian corpuscle帕西尼體形式末梢Ligament receptor韌帶感受器 Teleneuron 神經末梢神經系統調控joint receptorRuffini 型末梢神經系統調skin receptor神經系統調控skin receptor神經系統調控The body sensation at the spinal cord levelGrillner and Wallen （1985）CONTROL OF MOTONEURONE OSCILLATIONS DURING RHYTHMICITY 神經系統

24、調控The body sensation at the spinSensory pathway背側束-內側丘系傳導通路 DC-ML前外側系傳道通路神經系統調控Sensory pathway背側束-內側丘系傳導通路 DCthalamus神經系統調控thalamus神經系統調控Thalamus神經系統調控Thalamus神經系統調控Thalamus and somatosensory cortexThe thalamus, an undeveloped animal in the cortex, is the highest level of sensation. Animals in the c

25、erebral cortex are the most important sensory transduction stationsDamage in this area can cause serious sensory problems神經系統調控Thalamus and somatosensory cor丘腦及軀體感覺皮層神經系統調控丘腦及軀體感覺皮層神經系統調控integration of neuronal activitysensory integrationmultisensory integration神經系統調控integration of neuronal activi興奮

26、與抑制1傳入纖維的側支可刺激抑制性中間神經元The most strongly stimulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers， stimulate inhibitory interneurons2許多激活的神經被不活潑或沉默神經元抑制區包圍The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons3觸覺刺激就會被大腦皮層更精確地定位和評估神經系統調控興奮與抑制1

27、傳入纖維的側支可刺激抑制性中間神經元The mo聯合皮層 association cortical神經系統調控聯合皮層 association cortical神經系統調motorcortex運動區域的輸入信號來自基底節，小腦和感覺區域（丘腦，s1以及頂葉感覺聯合區）神經系統調控motorcortex運動區域的輸入信號來自基底節，小腦和神經系統調控神經系統調控錐體束（皮質脊髓束） corticospinal tract神經系統調控錐體束（皮質脊髓束） corticospinal trac錐體束（皮質脊髓束） corticospinal tractEvarts （1968） Georgopoul

28、os（1982）The discharge of cortical spinal neurons in the wrist of a monkeyrelated the firing rates of individual neurons to various movement parameters such as position, velocity, and force (Evarts, 1968, Georgopoulos et al., 1982)神經系統調控錐體束（皮質脊髓束） corticospinal traCP神經系統調控CP神經系統調控SMA，Cingulate，PMv，PMdFour pre