1、直接引語和間接引語引述或轉述他人的話稱為“引語”。直接引用他人的原話，兩邊用引號“”標出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉述他人的話，不需要引號這叫做間接引語，實質上間接引語多數是賓語從句，此中由祈使句變換的間接引語除外，其變換后是不定式。那么直接引語為陳說句、一般疑問句、特別疑問句和祈使句，變換為間接引語時，句子的構造，人稱、時態、時間狀語和地址狀語等都要有變化，怎樣變化呢?(一)人稱的轉變直接引語中的第一人稱，一般變換為第三人稱，如：Hesaid，“Iamverysorry.”-Hesaidthathewasverysorry.直接引語中的第二人稱，假如原話是針對轉述人說的，變換為第一人稱，如

2、：Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,myfathertoldme.MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.直接引語中的第二人稱，假如原話是針對第三人稱說的，變換成第三人稱。如：Shesaidtoherson,“Illcheckyourhomeworktonight.”Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.人稱的變換包含人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等，如：Heaskedme“Willyougotothestationwithmetome

3、etafriendofminethisafternoon?”HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.總之，人稱的變換不是固定的，詳細狀況，詳細對待，要切合邏輯。(二)時態的變換直接引語改為間接引語時，主句中的謂語動詞假如是過去時，從句(即間接引語部分)的謂語動詞在時態方面要作相應的變化，變為過去時范圍的各樣時態(實質也是賓語從句的時態要求)，變化以下：一般此刻時-一般過去時此刻進行時-過去進行時此刻達成時過去達成時一般未來時-過去未來時一般過去時過去達成時過去達成時不變過去進行時不變如

4、：“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”she,said.-Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.”Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?”watchedTV.4)Heaskedtheconductor,“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?”No.3bus.“Whyd

5、idsherefusetogothere?”theteacherasked.Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.Motheraskedme,“HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?”watchedTV.Tomsaid,“Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.8)Hesaid，“Ihaventheardfrommyparentsth

6、esedays.”Hesaidthathehadntheardfromhisparentsthosedays.(三)時間狀語、地址狀語及某些對照性的指示代詞和動詞變化1now-thentoday-thatdayyesterday-thedaybeforelastweek(month)-theweek(month)beforetomorrow-thenext(following)daynextyear-theyearbeforetwodaysago-twodaysbeforethis-thatthese-those地址狀語：here-there動詞：come-bring-如：Shesaid,“I

7、wontgothereanymore.”-ntcomehereanymore.Hesaid,“Thiswillbefinishedtomorrow.-”befinishedthenextday.Paulsaid,“IvisitedChinalastyear.”-PaulsaidhehadvisitedChinatheyearbefore.(四)直接引語變為間接引語時，從句時態不必改變當主句的謂語動詞是一般此刻時的時候，如：Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout.”tiredout.當主句的謂語動詞是未來時的時候，如：Hewillsay,“Illtrymybesttohelpyou.

8、”hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelp當直接引語部分帶有詳細的過去時間狀語時，如：Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.”-thathewenttocollegein1994.當直接引語中有以when,while指引的從句，表示過去的時間時，如：Hesaid，“WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.當直接引語是客觀真諦或自然現象時，如：Ourteachersai

9、dtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.”Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.當引語是諺語、格言時，如：Hesaid，“Practicemakesperfect.”-Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.7.當直接引語中有神態動詞should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need時，如：Thedoctorsaid,“Youdbetterdrinkplentyofwater.”thedocto

10、rsaidIdbetterdrinkplentyofwater.Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher.”-ateacher.Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.Theteachersaid,“Youneednthandinyourcompositionstoday.”ourcompositions.Sheasked,“MustItakethemedicine?”-totakethemedicine.注：此處用hadto取代must更好

11、8,別的轉述中的變化要因實質狀況而定，不可以機械照搬，假如當地轉述，here不用改為there,動詞come不用改為go，假如當日轉述yesterday,tomorrow,thisafternoon等均不用改變。如：Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.StudentA:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor?Monitor;Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.(五)直接引語變為間接引語，句子構造的變化陳說句。用連詞that指引，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動詞可直用接引語中

12、的said,也可用told來取代，注意，能夠說saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that，不行直接說toldthat,如：Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”-2hehadbeentotheGreatWall.Hesaid,“IllgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”-dusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(不行說toldthat)別的主句中的謂語還常有：repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declar

13、e,think等，又如：Hesaid，“Imlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.”Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.假如間接引語是由that指引的兩個或兩個以上的并列從句，第一個連詞能夠省略，此后的連詞一般不省略，免得雜亂。Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.直接引語為一般疑問句，間接引語用連詞wh

14、ether或if指引，原主句中謂語動詞said要改為asked(me/him/us等)，語序是陳說句的語序，這一點特別重要。Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?”Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,arentyou?”3.直接引語為選擇疑問句，間接引語用whetheror表達，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror如.：Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?

15、”Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?”直接引語為特別疑問句，改成間接引語時，本來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動詞用ask(sb.)來表達，語序改為陳說句語序。如：Heasked，“Whatsyourname?”-Heasked(me)whatmynamewas.Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?”Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.5.直接引語為祈使句時，改為間接引語，用帶to的不定式表達，謂語動詞常是

16、ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。如asksb.todo，(由一定祈使句變為)asksb.nottodo(由否認祈使句轉變)，而且在不定式短語中的時間狀語、地址狀語、人稱實時態都作相應的變化。如：Hesaid，“Beseated,please.”-Heaskedustobeseated.“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.He”said.-Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.“Nevercomehereagain!”saidtheofficernearby.-Theofficerordere

17、dthevillagersnevertogothereagain.“Donttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”teachersaid.Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.有些含有“建議”、“勸說”的祈使句，可用suggest,insist,offer等動詞轉述，如：1)Hesaid,“Letshavearest.”-Hesuggestedourhavingarest.2)Hesaid,“Letmehelpyou.”-當直接引語形式上是疑問句，有

18、表示懇求，建議意義時，可用asksbtodosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式轉述。如：“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?”heasked.-metoopenthedoor.2“Whynotgoingoutforawalk?”heaskedus.-ustogooutforawalk.或outforawalk.38.直接引語是嘆息句時，變間接引語可用what或how指引，也可用that指引，如：Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!”-Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或小結：直接引語變間接引語

19、是口語社交中常常使用的語言變化形式，可依據詳細的語言環境，作詳細的使用，要靈巧運用。掌握好直接引語變間接引語也能促使對賓語從句的學習和運用。直接引語變間接引語時態不變的幾種狀況一般地，直接引語變間接引語時，時態要發生變化；但是，時態不變的狀況主要有：1若直接引語表述的是客觀事實、科學真諦和格言時。如：Theteachersaid,“Theearthmovesroundthesun.”Theteachersaidthattheearthmovesroundthesun.Theoldmansaid,“Therearetwelvemonthsayear.”Theoldmansaidthatthere

20、aretwelvemonthsayear.2若直接引語所表述的事在當前和說話時相同有效時。如：Hesaid,“Iamaman,notawoman.”Hesaidthatheisaman,notawoman.Shesaid,“Ilikeplayingfootball.”Shesaidthatshelikesplayingfootball.3若直接引語為一般此刻時，且表示頻頻出現或常常性、習慣性的動作時。如：Tomsaid,“Ihavelunchatschooleveryday.”Tomsaidthathehaslunchatschooleveryday.4若主句的時態是一般此刻時、此刻進行時或一般未來不時。如：Heoftensays,“Iwillneverforgetyou.”Heoftensayshewillneverforgetme