1、雅思輔導(dǎo)課精讀講義Passage 1（1h）:Questions 1-5：Do the following statements agree with the information given in this passage? TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 The plight of the rainforests has larg

2、ely been ignored by the media.2 Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their classrooms.3 It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the pure science that they study at school.4 The fact that childrens ideas about science form part of a larger framewor

3、k of ideas means that it is easier to change them.5 The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as Are there any rainforests in Africa?”Questions 6-7：Answer the following questions by choosing the correct responses A-E.6 What was the childrens most frequent response when ask

4、ed where rainforests were?7 What was the most common response to the question about the importance of the rainforests?A Rainforests are located near the Equator.B Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to live.C Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of plants.D Rainforests are fo

5、und in Africa.E Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing existence.必背詞匯：長(zhǎng)難句分析：1. (Para 1 Line 3)For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every fo

6、rty minutes - about the duration of a normal classroom period.參考譯文：打個(gè)比方，孩子們很容易就能理解這樣一個(gè)圖例，即平均四十分鐘，也就是一節(jié)課的時(shí)間內(nèi)，世界上就會(huì)有相當(dāng)于一千個(gè)足球場(chǎng)大小的熱帶雨林遭到破壞。分析：one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate中which后為一個(gè)由介詞to+which引導(dǎo)的定于從句，修飾先行詞illustration，而之所以選用to是因?yàn)樗蛂elate構(gòu)成一個(gè)固定搭配relate to，表示“發(fā)生共鳴；欣賞；領(lǐng)略；認(rèn)

7、同；理解”等意思，如：He is trying to create an image that average voters could relate to.他在試圖打造一個(gè)普通選民能夠認(rèn)同的形象。Group work helps children learn to share things and relate to each other.集體活動(dòng)可以教會(huì)孩子們分享東西，并且?guī)椭麄兓ハ嗬斫狻６鴗he estimate that后又跟了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明estimate（估計(jì)）的內(nèi)容。此句最后的about the duration of a normal classroom perio

8、d則是every forty minutes的同位語(yǔ)，進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明其內(nèi)容。此處要注意一個(gè)閱讀的小技巧破折號(hào)后面往往是同位語(yǔ)成分。2. (Para 2 Line 2)These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also access

9、ible to modification.參考譯文：這些誤解不是孤立存在的，而是組成了一個(gè)盡管多層面卻十分有條理的概念體系，這一點(diǎn)使得該體系本身所有的組成觀點(diǎn)更加難以攻破，有些觀點(diǎn)本身甚至就是錯(cuò)誤的，但也正是這樣，它們反而更容易被改動(dòng)。分析：but organised是插入語(yǔ)，和multifaceted一同修飾其后的conceptual framework，在閱讀中要注意由兩個(gè)逗號(hào)或雙破折號(hào)隔開(kāi)的部分往往是插入語(yǔ)。后面的making it是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，類似情況如下：The face of the Moon is changed by collisions with meteoroids,

10、causing new craters to appear.月球表面經(jīng)過(guò)流星的撞擊，形成了新的火山口。后面又是一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the component ideas。中文對(duì)照：無(wú)論大人還是孩子都經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到這樣的報(bào)道，那就是熱帶雨林正在以驚人的速度消失。打個(gè)比方，孩子們很容易就能理解這樣一個(gè)圖例，即平均每四十分鐘，也就是一節(jié)課的時(shí)間內(nèi)，世界上就會(huì)有相當(dāng)于一千個(gè)足球場(chǎng)大小的熱帶雨林遭到破壞。面對(duì)媒體頻繁且生動(dòng)的報(bào)道，也學(xué)不需要任何正規(guī)的教育，孩子們就能夠形成一系列有關(guān)熱帶雨林的觀點(diǎn)：比如說(shuō)雨林是什么，位置在哪里，為什么如此重要，又是什么在威脅它們等等。當(dāng)然，這些觀點(diǎn)也是

11、有可能是錯(cuò)的。 許多研究表明孩子們對(duì)于在學(xué)校里學(xué)到的科學(xué)知識(shí)心存誤解。這些誤解不是孤立存在的，而是組成了一個(gè)盡管多層面卻十分有條理的概念體系，這一點(diǎn)使得該體系本身及其所有的組成觀點(diǎn)更加難以攻破，有些觀點(diǎn)本身甚至就是錯(cuò)誤的，但是也正是這樣，它們反而更容易被改動(dòng)。這些錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)正是由于孩子們從大眾媒體上吸收了信息而形成的。有時(shí)連這些信息本身都是錯(cuò)誤的。學(xué)校似乎也沒(méi)能夠給他們提供一個(gè)再度闡述自己觀點(diǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)，因此老師及其他學(xué)生也不能幫助其檢驗(yàn)及糾正這些錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。 盡管媒體對(duì)于熱帶雨林所遭受的破壞做了大量的報(bào)道，但是有關(guān)孩子相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)的信息卻少之又少。所以，目前這項(xiàng)研究的目的就是要給教師提供這樣的信息來(lái)幫助

12、他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)自己的教學(xué)策略，以便幫助學(xué)生構(gòu)筑正確的觀點(diǎn)，置換他們的錯(cuò)誤概念，并在學(xué)校中展開(kāi)環(huán)保研究項(xiàng)目。 該項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查了孩子有關(guān)熱帶雨林的科學(xué)知識(shí)以及態(tài)度。研究要求一些中學(xué)生填寫一份包含了五個(gè)簡(jiǎn)答題的調(diào)查表。對(duì)于第一個(gè)問(wèn)題，最常見(jiàn)的解答就是來(lái)自“熱帶雨林”這一名稱所附帶的不言自明的含義。有些孩子把雨林描述成一個(gè)又潮又濕或悶熱的地方。第二個(gè)問(wèn)題是關(guān)于雨林的地理位置的，大多數(shù)答案都提到了國(guó)名或洲名：百分之四十三的孩子寫了非洲；百分之三十寫了美洲；還有百分之二十五的人認(rèn)為熱帶雨林主要分布在巴西。有些孩子給出了如“赤道附近”這樣更為寬泛的答案。相似的是，有百分之十三的女生認(rèn)為熱帶雨林為人類提供了居所，而男

13、生中有此想法的人只占百分之五。這些觀點(diǎn)與先前就學(xué)生對(duì)熱帶雨林的開(kāi)發(fā)及保護(hù)狀況所做的研究的結(jié)果基本一致，該結(jié)果表明女生更容易表現(xiàn)出對(duì)小動(dòng)物的同情，其觀點(diǎn)也更容易將內(nèi)在的價(jià)值觀基于動(dòng)物而非人類生命上。試題解析：Questions 1-5：題目類型：TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 解答此類題型要先讀題，在題目中劃出關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞往往是主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞、賓語(yǔ)或程度副詞，再到文中尋找對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)。題目中的關(guān)鍵詞可能并不能直接對(duì)應(yīng)文中相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)，而是同義替換，這就需要在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中注意同義詞、近義詞的積累與記憶。1 關(guān)鍵詞 ：plight ignored media 文中對(duì)應(yīng)句：Para 1: In the

14、face of the frequent and often vivid coverage & Para 3: Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, 解題關(guān)鍵 ：A. plight（困境）與原文中destruction（毀壞）為近義詞，同義替換 B. frequent, vivid, extensive等詞都說(shuō)明媒體對(duì)于熱帶雨林的現(xiàn)狀十分關(guān)注并做了廣泛報(bào)道，與題目中ignored不符 答案 ：FALSE2 關(guān)鍵詞 ：children only clas

15、sroom 文中對(duì)應(yīng)句：Para 2: These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. 解題關(guān)鍵 ：absorbing ideas through the popular media說(shuō)明學(xué)生也從大眾媒體中吸取有關(guān)熱帶雨林的觀點(diǎn)，而并不是只從課堂中得到相關(guān)知識(shí)。 答案 ：FALSE小技巧 ：題目中出現(xiàn)“only” “never”等絕對(duì)性字眼時(shí)大多數(shù)情況下選FALSE3 關(guān)鍵詞 ：suggested mistaken pure 文中對(duì)應(yīng)句：Para 2: Many studies

16、 have shown that children harbour misconceptions about pure, curriculum science. 解題關(guān)鍵 ：It has been suggested that與文中的Many studies have shown that兩個(gè)句型含義相同，而hold（持有，包含）與harbour，mistaken views與misconceptions，pure science that they study at school與pure, curriculum science都是同義替換，因此題目與文中對(duì)應(yīng)句意思相同。 答案 ：TRUE4

17、 關(guān)鍵詞 ：framework easier change 文中對(duì)應(yīng)句：These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. 解題關(guān)鍵 ：framework直接對(duì)應(yīng)，題中的ea

18、sier to change與文中的 accessible to modification是同義替換，因此題目與文中對(duì)應(yīng)句意思相同。 答案 ：TRUE5 關(guān)鍵詞 ：yes/no questions 文中對(duì)應(yīng)句：Para 4: Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. 解題關(guān)鍵 ：open-form questions為簡(jiǎn)答題，與題中yes/no questions（判斷題）意思不符。 答案 ：FALSEQuestions 6-7：題目

19、類型：MATCHING（問(wèn)題配答案）解答此類題型也要先讀題，在題目中劃出關(guān)鍵詞，問(wèn)題配答案類型的題目關(guān)鍵詞往往是疑問(wèn)詞和相應(yīng)的名詞，再到文中尋找哪一段或者那幾句話包含對(duì)應(yīng)信息。找到之后再與備選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比對(duì)選出答案。6 關(guān)鍵詞 ：children response where rainforest 文中對(duì)應(yīng)句：Para 4: The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children) 通過(guò)問(wèn)題中的response和where在文中定位出對(duì)應(yīng)句，由Africa對(duì)應(yīng)出D選項(xiàng)：Rainfo

20、rests are found in Africa.為正確答案。7 關(guān)鍵詞 ：response importance 文中對(duì)應(yīng)句：Para 5: Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. 通過(guò)問(wèn)題中的response和importance在文中定位出對(duì)應(yīng)句，由rainforests provide an

21、imals with habitats.對(duì)應(yīng)出B選項(xiàng)：Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to live. habitats與place to live為同義替換，否定就是nowhere to live.(選自劍四Test 1 Passage 1)Passage 2（1h）:A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: The more democratic the

22、process, the more public transport is favored. He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and

23、the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.B In the UK, travel ti

24、mes to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infra

25、structure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes th

26、at. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Ja

27、karta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars - creating the massive traffic jams th

28、at characterize those cities.D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal adv

29、ocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that

30、 the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes whe

31、re people come together face-to-face.Questions 1-5：This passage has five marked paragraphs, A-E. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.List of Headingsi Avoiding an overcrowded centreii A successful exercise in people poweriii The benefits of working together

32、in citiesiv Higher incomes need not mean more carsv Economic arguments fail to persuadevi The impact of telecommunications on population distributionvii Increases in travelling timeviii Responding to arguments against public transport1   Paragraph A 2   Paragraph B 3  

33、Paragraph C 4   Paragraph D 5 Paragraph E 必背詞匯：democratic adj. 民主的grant v. 給予referendum n. 公民投票spectacularly adv. 特別地dramatically adv. 極大地density n. 密度destination n. 目的地infrastructure n. 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施sprawl n. 擴(kuò)張massive adj. 巨大的congestion n. 擁擠commute v. 通勤viable adj. 可行的refute v. 駁斥counterpart n.

34、對(duì)應(yīng)的人或物starkly adv. 明顯地convert v. 轉(zhuǎn)換proposal n. 建議telecommunication n. 電信dispersal n. 分散長(zhǎng)難句分析：1. (1) (Para A Line 1) In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics.(2) (Para A Line 4) However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether

35、 to spend the money on light rail instead.參考譯文：(1) 紐曼教授認(rèn)為，事實(shí)上，決定優(yōu)先采用一種交通運(yùn)輸方式而不是另一種交通方式的主要因素是政治。(2) 但是，當(dāng)?shù)氐膲毫F(tuán)體強(qiáng)行組織了一次公民投票，在是否要將國(guó)家撥款花費(fèi)在建設(shè)替代公路的輕軌上這一方面進(jìn)行表決。分析：在這兩句中over的用法不同，第一句中over意為“優(yōu)先于”，而第二句中的over意為“在方面，關(guān)于”，over做介詞的主要用法如下： A. The helicopter is staying over our heads. 在的上面；在的上方B. Over 10 people were

36、killed in the conflict. (在數(shù)目、程度等上)高出，超過(guò)C. The children who have rich parents often have an advantage over any other people in education. 優(yōu)先于D. They were discussing over the plan of investment. 在方面，關(guān)于E. I learned the news over the radio. 通過(guò)的手段(或途徑等)2. (Para C Line 7) In cities that developed later, t

37、he World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.參考譯文：在發(fā)展比較滯后的城市中，世界銀行和亞洲發(fā)展銀行不鼓勵(lì)修建公共交 通系統(tǒng)，因此人們不得不依賴汽車作為交通工具，導(dǎo)致了這些城市標(biāo)志性的大塞車。分析：(1) In cities that developed

38、 later中that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞cities，意為“發(fā)展比較滯后的城市” (2) creating為現(xiàn)在分詞做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，意為“這導(dǎo)致了” (3) the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities中that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞traffic jams，意為“這些城市標(biāo)志性的大塞車”中文對(duì)照：A 紐曼教授認(rèn)為，事實(shí)上，決定采用哪一種交通運(yùn)輸方式的主要因素是政治，"決策過(guò)程越民主，公共交通就越容易得到支持”。他將美國(guó)俄勒岡州的波特蘭市看作是其中的范例。幾年前，國(guó)家撥款修建一條新公路。但是，當(dāng)?shù)氐膲毫F(tuán)體強(qiáng)行組織

39、了一次公民投票，來(lái)表決是否要將國(guó)家撥款花費(fèi)在建設(shè)替代公路的輕軌上。修建輕軌的提議最終獲得通過(guò)，而且軌道系統(tǒng)在當(dāng)?shù)氐倪\(yùn)行狀況非常良好。在隨后的幾年中，波特蘭市修建了更多的軌道交通系統(tǒng)，城市面貌也因此得到巨大改善。紐曼教授發(fā)現(xiàn)，波特蘭市與珀斯市的人口數(shù)量大致相同，并且當(dāng)時(shí)的人口密度也十分相近。B 在英國(guó)，人們不會(huì)去做通勤時(shí)間需要半小時(shí)以上的工作，因而六百年來(lái)，花在上班路途上的時(shí)間都得以保持不變。剛開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，火車和汽車使人們住得遠(yuǎn)，卻又無(wú)需增加花在路途上的時(shí)間。然而，公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施無(wú)法跟上城市擴(kuò)張的步伐，這就導(dǎo)致了大規(guī)模的交通擁堵問(wèn)題，并且使上下班的時(shí)間大大延長(zhǎng)。C 有一種廣泛的說(shuō)法是：財(cái)富的不斷增

40、長(zhǎng)促使人們到更遠(yuǎn)的地方居住，而汽車是那里唯一可行的交通工具。然而許多歐洲城市的例子可以反駁這一觀點(diǎn)。相對(duì)于美國(guó)城市，歐洲城市通常更加富有，而汽車使用率卻比美國(guó)低。近年來(lái)，隨著城市規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)張和財(cái)富的逐年增加，斯德哥爾摩的汽車使用率反而還有所下降。一項(xiàng)新的研究更清楚地說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。亞洲的發(fā)展中城市，例如雅加達(dá)和曼谷，其汽車使用率要高于像東京和新加坡這樣的富裕地區(qū)。在發(fā)展比較滯后的城市中，世界銀行和亞洲發(fā)展銀行不鼓勵(lì)修建公共交 通系統(tǒng)，因此人們不得不依賴汽車作為交通工具，這導(dǎo)致了這些城市中標(biāo)志性的大塞車。D 紐曼教授認(rèn)為，以墨爾本為例的"城中村”報(bào)告是最優(yōu)秀的研究報(bào)告之一，報(bào)告主要講述

41、如何將以汽車代步的城市轉(zhuǎn)變成以軌道交通為主的城市。該報(bào)吿顯示，讓大家都住在市中心并不是最好的方法。反之，報(bào)告主張建立幾百個(gè)集中在車站附近的城中村。E 曾經(jīng)有人假設(shè)，由于人們不再被迫住在城市，電信的改進(jìn)將促使人口進(jìn)一步分散。然而，ISTP研究小組的調(diào)查顯示繼幾十年的下降之后，在20世紀(jì)80年代，城市人口和職位的密度都保持不變或有所上升。似乎合理的解釋為，將工作在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的人聚集在一起可以創(chuàng)造更大的價(jià)值。“未來(lái)新世界將主要依靠人類的創(chuàng)造力，而創(chuàng)造力在人們面對(duì)面的交流中會(huì)更加活躍。”試題解析：Questions 1-5：題目類型：LIST OF HEADINGS此類題型的要求是從LIST OF HE

42、ADINGS中找段落的中心思想或者主旨，選項(xiàng)的數(shù)目往往大大多于文章段落的數(shù)目。做題時(shí)要注意先不要看選項(xiàng)，先讀文章，讀一段話，做一道題。此類題型有以下解題方法：1. 根據(jù)首尾句解題。由于英美人的直線思維，所以有很多段落都在段落首句或者尾句直接給出該段落的中心思想句。2. 根據(jù)承上啟下句解題。上一段的heading可以通過(guò)下一段的第一句來(lái)進(jìn)行確認(rèn)；3. 根據(jù)語(yǔ)言信號(hào)詞解題。 此類題型中經(jīng)常用到的語(yǔ)言信號(hào)詞有以下幾種： A. 轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞：but, however, nevertheless, yet, in fact, as

43、60;a matter of fact, actually,whereas, conversely, on the contrary, instead . 作者強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)在轉(zhuǎn)折詞之后。B. 讓步信號(hào)詞：despite, in spite of, although, while, nonetheless作者強(qiáng)調(diào)的不是其后的半句話，而是另半句話。 C. 目的信號(hào)詞：so that, so as to, the purpose/aim/goal of

44、A is to, A is targeted at, A is aimed at, A is for, in order to, A is oriented to B目的信號(hào)詞之后是重點(diǎn)D. 總結(jié)信號(hào)詞：overall, above all,  in a word, in conclusion, all in all, to conclude, to sum up后常跟主題句E. 舉例信號(hào)詞： for example,

45、0;for instance, such as, like, an apparent example is that舉例信號(hào)詞后肯定不是主題句，而它前面的句子是主題句4. 根據(jù)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)提示句解題。一般由popular/widespread/prevailing/overwhelming等詞引出的觀點(diǎn)都是作者的“靶子”，在下文中往往會(huì)否定掉。因此段落主題一般與此句相反。1 Paragraph A的主題句是第一句。其中的democratic一詞與ii選項(xiàng)中的people power意思相近，且本段后面有人民成功履行權(quán)利

46、的例子，因此應(yīng)選ii。2 Paragraph B中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞However，因此其后內(nèi)容是作者強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)。However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing一句中的commuting times與vii選項(xiàng)中的travelling time意思相近，far higher與increases意思相近，因此應(yīng)選vii。3 Paragraph C的首句There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to l

47、ive farther out where cars are the only viable transport.中用到了widespread一詞，類似敘述一般都是錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。因此此段主題與此句相反，因此應(yīng)選iv Higher incomes need not mean more cars4 Paragraph D中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞instead，因此其前面一句話It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach.與主題相反，因此應(yīng)選i Avoiding an overcrowded centr

48、e5 Paragraph E中The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together.一句與iii選項(xiàng)相符，因此應(yīng)選iii(選自劍六Test 2 Passage 1)Passage 3（1h）:【A】The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 1

49、00 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.【B】So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it i

50、s worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.【C】One of the Lumiere Brothers earliest films was a 30-second pie

51、ce which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a work of genius. As the train approached

52、wrote Tarkovsky, panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they fe

53、ared that a real train was about to crush them.【D】Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted -but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a di

54、fferent world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was capt

55、ured.【E】One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they know how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded - at least

56、in film fiction - have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery - the cars, the cities, the cowboys - become the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.Questions 1-3：Do the followin

57、g statements agree with the information given in this passage? YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1 It is important to understand how the first audiences

58、 reacted to the cinema.2 The Lumiere Brothers film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.3 Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.Questions 4-5：Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.4 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrateA the simplicity of early films.B the impact of early films.C how short early films were.D how imaginative early films were.5 In