1、一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 一. 分類 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有四類： 只做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：must,ca n（could）,may（might）, 可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：n eed,dare 可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做助動(dòng)詞：shall（should）,will（would） ,ought to 具有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特征： have（had,has） to,used to 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表猜測(cè) 二. 位置 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有一定的詞義，但并不完整，必須與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 I can see you. Come here.我能看見你，過(guò)來(lái)吧。 He must have bee n away. 他一定走了。 What ca n I do for

2、you?我能幫你嗎？ How dare you treat us like that !你怎能那樣對(duì)待我們！ 三. 特點(diǎn) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面跟的動(dòng)詞需用原形，否定式構(gòu)成是在 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加not。個(gè)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式兩種形式，過(guò)去式用來(lái) 表達(dá)更加客氣，委婉的語(yǔ)氣，時(shí)態(tài)性不強(qiáng)，可用于過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 屬非及物動(dòng)詞，故沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 。 We cant carry the heavy box. 我們搬不動(dòng)那箱子。 rm sorry I ca nt help you. 對(duì)不起，我?guī)筒簧夏恪?基本助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞最主要的區(qū)別之一是， 基本助動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有詞義，而情

3、 態(tài)助動(dòng)詞則有自己的詞義，能表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)有關(guān)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的看法， 或表示主觀 設(shè)想： What have you bee n doi ng sin ce?（構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行體，本身無(wú)詞義） I am afraid I must be going.（定要） You may have read some acco unt of the matter. （或許已經(jīng)） 除此之外，情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞還有如下詞法和句法特征： 1） 除ought和used以外，其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果 我們把ought to和used to看做是固定詞組的話，那么，所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)一例外 地只能接不帶to的不定式：We

4、 used to grow beautiful roses. I asked if he would come and repair my television set. 2）情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞在限定動(dòng)詞詞組總是位居第一： They n eed not have bee n puni shed so severely. 3）情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞用于第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候，沒(méi)有詞形變化，即其詞尾無(wú) -s形式： She dare not say what she thi nks. 4）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有非限定形式，即沒(méi)有不定式和分詞形式，也沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的動(dòng)名 詞： Still, she n eed nt have run

5、away. 5）情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的 時(shí)”的形式并不是時(shí)間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志。在不少場(chǎng)合，情態(tài) 助動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)形式都可以表示現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)時(shí)間： Would you mind very much if I ask you to do someth ing? She told him he ought not to have done it. 6) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞之間是相互排斥的，即在一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組中只能出現(xiàn)一個(gè)情 態(tài)助動(dòng)詞，但有時(shí)卻可以與 have和be基本助動(dòng)詞連用： You should have washed the wound. Well, you should nt be read in

6、g a no vel. 四用法 首先它是動(dòng)詞，而且不同于行為動(dòng)詞，行為動(dòng)詞表示的是可以通過(guò)行為來(lái)表達(dá)的 動(dòng)作(如寫，讀，跑)，而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只是表達(dá)的一種想法(如能，也許，敢)。 用法是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞原形 例句：I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英語(yǔ)讀這句話。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義，表示說(shuō)話人的情緒，態(tài)度或語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞，但不 能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 We can be there on time tomorrow. 我們明天能按時(shí)去那兒。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字嗎？ Shall w

7、e begin now?我們現(xiàn)在就開始嗎？ You must obey the school rules. 你必須遵守校規(guī)。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞數(shù)量不多，但用途廣泛，主要有下列： can (could), may (might), must, n eed, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞還有一個(gè)很重要的用法，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)一一 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法小結(jié) (一) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種句式 1. 在肯定句中一般用 must (一定),may (可能)，might / could

8、 (也許，或許)。 (1) He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也許知道這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。 (2) It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷，他們肯定把暖氣關(guān)了。 2. 否定句中用 can t / couldn 不可能)，may not/might not(可能不)。 (1) It can t/couldn t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 這不可能是校長(zhǎng)，他去美國(guó)了

9、。 (2) He may not/might not know the scientist.他也許不認(rèn)識(shí)那位科學(xué)家。 3. 疑問(wèn)句中用can /could (能？)。 (1) Could he have finished the task?他可能把任務(wù)完成了嗎？ (2) Can he be at home now? 他現(xiàn)在能在家嗎？ 注：以上三種句式中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might, could并非 may, can的過(guò)去式，而表示語(yǔ)氣較為委婉或可能性較小。 (二) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種時(shí)態(tài) 1. 對(duì)將來(lái)情況的推測(cè)，用 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形” (1) She must / may

10、 / might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也許到。 (2) She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeti ng anyone. 她一定/可能/也許會(huì)在山里一連走好幾英里而遇不到一個(gè)人。 2. 對(duì)現(xiàn)在或一般情況的推測(cè)，用 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be ”，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be doing或情 態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形”。 (1) He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也許

11、正在聽收音機(jī)。 (2) He can t ( couldn t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 這個(gè)時(shí)候他不可能/可能不在家。 (3) Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the ope ning cerem ony ? 布什先生一向準(zhǔn)時(shí)，這次開幕式他怎么可能遲到呢？ 3. 對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)，用 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have +過(guò)去分詞”。 (1) It must / may / might / could have rained last

12、 night .The ground is wet. 地濕了，昨晚肯定/可能/也許下雨了。 (2) The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 門鎖著，他不可能/可能不在家。 (3) Can / Could he have gotten the book ? 難道他找到書了嗎？ 注：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should /ought to表推測(cè)時(shí)，意為 想必會(huì)，理應(yīng)”但與“have + 過(guò)去分詞連用時(shí)，則又可構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣意為本應(yīng)該做某事卻沒(méi)做”。例如： (4) It s seven o cl

13、ock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 現(xiàn)在七點(diǎn)鐘了，杰克理應(yīng)隨時(shí)到達(dá)。(推測(cè)) (5) She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital.(虛擬) 她本該出席你的生日晚會(huì)的，可是她得在醫(yī)院照顧她媽媽。 (6) Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.(虛擬) 湯姆本

14、不該告訴我你的秘密，可是他并無(wú)惡意。 五功能 助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類：基本助動(dòng)詞(primary auxiliary)和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞 (modal auxiliary)?；局鷦?dòng)詞有三個(gè)：do, have和be ;情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞基本的有十 四個(gè)： may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better上述兩類助動(dòng)詞的共同特征是，在協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成限定 動(dòng)詞詞組時(shí)，具有作用詞的功能： 1) 構(gòu)成否定式： He did nt go and n eit

15、her did she. The meeting might not start until 5 oclock. 2) 構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)式或附加疑問(wèn)式： Must you leave right now? You have bee n lear ning French for 5 years, have nt you? 3) 構(gòu)成修辭倒裝： Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived whe n she started compla ining. 4) 代替限定動(dòng)詞詞組： A: Who ca

16、n solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. can和could的用法 1. 表示能力或客觀可能性，還可以表示請(qǐng)求和允許。如： Can you finish this work toni ght? Man can not live without air. Can I go now? Yes, you can. 注意：could也可表示請(qǐng)求，語(yǔ)氣委婉，主要用于疑問(wèn)句，不可用于肯定句， 答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用can （即could不能用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中）。如： Could I come to

17、 see you tomorrow? Yes, you can.（否定答語(yǔ)可用 No, Im afraid not.） can表示能力時(shí)，還可用be able to代替。如： ril not be able to come this after noon. 2. 表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度。（主要用在否定句、疑問(wèn)句或驚嘆句中） Can this be true? How can you be so careless! This can not be done by him. 3. “can（could） + have +過(guò)去分詞”的疑問(wèn)或否定形式表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為 懷疑或不肯定。如： He

18、 can not have bee n to that tow n. Can he have got the book? 4. 用在疑問(wèn)句及否定句中，表示驚訝，不相信等. 5. can not、tooenough 表示無(wú)論怎樣也不過(guò)分,越越好 6. can可以表示體力活腦力方面的能力，能夠，能，會(huì) Can you finish the work in such a short time ? 7. can表示許可、允許，在疑問(wèn)句中表示要求，在否定句中表示不許，此時(shí) 可以和may通用。 may 和 might的用法 1. 表示許可。 表示請(qǐng)求、允許時(shí)，might比may的語(yǔ)氣更委婉一些，否定回答時(shí)

19、（口語(yǔ)中常用） no , you cant . or , yes, please 用must nt表示 不可以” 禁止” 阻止”之意（具 有強(qiáng)烈禁止的意思）如： You may drive the car. Might I use your pen? No, you must nt. 用May I .征詢對(duì)方許可在文體上比較正式，在口氣上比較客氣。在日常口語(yǔ) 中，用Can I .征詢對(duì)方意見在現(xiàn)代口語(yǔ)中更為常見。 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：May you succeed! 3. 表示推測(cè)、可能（疑問(wèn)句不能用于此意）。He may be very busy now. 4. Oy（might

20、） + have + 過(guò)去分詞”表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。如： He may not have fini shed the work. must和have to的用法 1. 表示必須、必要。(must表示主觀多一些而have to則表示客觀多一些) 如： You must come in time. 回答must引出的問(wèn)句時(shí)，如果是否定的回答，不能用must nt，而要用need nt 或 dont have to。 Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you don t have to.) 2. “mu

21、st be表語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)，它的否定或疑問(wèn)式用can代替must。 This must be your pen. 3. “must + have +過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)常用在肯定句中，表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為 的推測(cè)。它的否定或疑問(wèn)式用 can代替must。 He must have bee n to Sha nghai. 4. have to的含義與must相似，兩者往往可以互換使用，但have to有各種形 式，隨have的變化而定。must與have to有下列幾點(diǎn)不同： must表示的是說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，而 have to則往往強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。如： The play is not inter

22、esting. I really must go now. I had to work whe n I was your age. must 般只表現(xiàn)在，have則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。 二者的否定意義不大相同。如： You must nt go. 你可不要去。 You do nt have to go. 你不必去。 詢問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿時(shí)應(yīng)用 must。如： Must I clean all the room? 注意：have to 也可拼做 have got to。 5. 表示一種與說(shuō)話人愿望相反、不耐煩的感情色彩，偏偏、非要。 Why must you always bother me ? Uni

23、t3.表語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句 二.表語(yǔ)從句 一定義： A表語(yǔ)從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語(yǔ)。 The problem is puzzli ng. 主語(yǔ)連系動(dòng)詞形容詞作表語(yǔ) The problem is whe n we can get a pay rise. 主語(yǔ)連系動(dòng)詞一個(gè)句子作表語(yǔ)-表語(yǔ)從句 B 連接表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how. He has become a teacher. He has become what he wan ted to be ten years ago. She has re

24、ma ined there for an hour. She has rema ined where I stood yesterday for an hour. His suggesti on is good. His suggesti on is that we should stay calm. The questi on is confusing. The questi on is whe n he can arrive at the hotel. who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. why he cried yesterday.

25、how I can persuade her to join us in the party. whether the en emy is march ing towards us. 一汪意： A表語(yǔ)從句一定要用陳述語(yǔ)序。 False: The questi on is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The questi on is whe n he can arrive at the hotel. B不可以用if，而用whether連接表語(yǔ)從句（as if例外）。 False: The question is if the enemy is

26、marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had un derstood this questi on. C不像賓語(yǔ)從句，在有表語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，主句時(shí)態(tài)和從句時(shí)態(tài)可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The questi on is why he cried yesterday. D th

27、at在表語(yǔ)從句中不可以省掉。 表語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句之后，而主句的動(dòng)詞只能是聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞。一表語(yǔ)從句的定義： 表語(yǔ)從句放在連系動(dòng)詞之后，充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語(yǔ)。 二、表語(yǔ)從句的構(gòu)成： 關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句 三、引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類： 1. 可接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有 be，look，seem，sou nd，即pear等。 China is no Ion ger what she used to be. 今日的中國(guó)不再是過(guò)去的中國(guó)了。 The questi on rema ins whether they will be able to help us. 冋題還是他們能否幫我們。 At that time，

28、it seemed as if I could nt thi nk of the right word. 當(dāng)時(shí)，我似乎怎么也想不出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃?lái)。 2. 從屬連詞whether，as，as if / though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來(lái)還與十年前一樣。 It sounds as if some one is knocking at the door. 聽起來(lái)好像有人在敲門。 3. because，why引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。 Thats because he did nt un dersta nd

29、 me. 那是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有理解我。（Thats because 強(qiáng)調(diào)原因） Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他對(duì)我生氣的原因。（Thats why強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果） what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句表示結(jié)果或名詞reason作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面的表語(yǔ)從句表示 原因時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo)，不宜用because. The reas on why I was sad was that he did nt un dersta nd me. 我難過(guò)的原因是他沒(méi)有理解我。 4. 連接代詞 who , whom , whose , what, which , whoever , whatever ,

30、 whichever 連接畐【J詞 where，when，how，why The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問(wèn)題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她呢。 The questio n is how he did it. 問(wèn)題是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。 5. 從屬連詞that The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。 6. 使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表語(yǔ)從句

31、 在表示建議、勸告、命令含義的名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用“ should動(dòng)詞 原形”表示，should 可省略。常見的詞有：advice，suggestion ，order，proposal， plan ， idea 等。 My suggestion is that we （ should） start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。 四、應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題： 1. 連系動(dòng)詞be，即pear，seem， look等之后可以跟表語(yǔ)從句。 It was because he did nt pass the exam.那是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有通過(guò)考試。 It seems （tha

32、t）he was late for the train. 看來(lái)他沒(méi)搭上火車。 It appears that she was wrong.看來(lái)她錯(cuò)了。 It seems to me that we should an swer for this.在我看來(lái)，我們似乎應(yīng)該對(duì)此 事負(fù)責(zé)。 It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has.在她看來(lái)，他似乎要 把他所會(huì)的都教給我們。 2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有以下幾類。 1）wh-疑問(wèn)詞 My questi on is who left. 我想問(wèn)的是誰(shuí)離開了。 What I won der

33、is whe n he left. 我想知道他是何時(shí)離開的。 Thats what he wan ts. 那是他想要的。 This is where they once lived. 這就是他們?cè)?jīng)住過(guò)的地方。 That is why he did nt come here.這就是他為何沒(méi)到這兒來(lái)的原因。 2）whether My question is whether he left （ or not ）。我的問(wèn)題是他是否離開了。 注：if不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。 3）that The fact is that he left. 事實(shí)是他離開了。 注：引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連詞that間或可以省略。 Th

34、e truth is （ that）I did nt go there.事實(shí)是我沒(méi)去那兒。 4）because，as， as if，as though Its just because he does nt kn ow her.這是僅僅因?yàn)樗徽J(rèn)識(shí)她。 Thi ngs are not always as they seem to be.事物并不總是如其表象。 He looks as if hes tired. 他好像累了。7.由 because 引導(dǎo) It is because I love you too much.那是因?yàn)槲姨珢勰懔恕?That s because you can t ap

35、preciate mus這是因?yàn)槟悴荒苄蕾p音樂(lè)。 Its because I passed a slip of paper for Joh n to Hele n in class.這是因?yàn)槲以?上課中替約翰傳紙條給海倫。 一、表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的詞有連詞that, whether，連接代詞和連接副詞，關(guān)系代詞型 what，以及 as if, as though, because 等連詞。 1. 由that引導(dǎo) The fact is that he doesn t real事實(shí)是他沒(méi)有做真正的努力。 The trouble is that I have lost his addr

36、ess.麻煩的是我把他的地址丟了。 My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該告訴他。 His sole requireme nt was (is) that the system work.他唯一的要求是這個(gè)制度 能起作用。 My idea is that we should start making preparati ons right now.我的意見是我 們馬上就開始做準(zhǔn)備工作。 2. 由whether引導(dǎo) The questi on is whether the film is worth see ing.問(wèn)題是這部電影是否

37、值得看。 【注意1 whether可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。 3. 由連接代詞引導(dǎo) You are not who I thought you were.你已不是我過(guò)去所想像的人。 The problem is who we can get to replace her.問(wèn)題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她 呢。 The questi on is who (m) we should trust.問(wèn)題是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)相信誰(shuí)。 What I want to know is which road we should take.我想知道的是我們應(yīng)走哪條 路。 4. 由連接副詞引導(dǎo) Th

38、e problem is how we can find him.問(wèn)題是我們?nèi)绾握业剿?That was when I was fifteen.這是我15歲時(shí)發(fā)生的事。 That s where I first met her.那就是我第一次遇見她的地方。 That s why he didn t co這就是他沒(méi)有來(lái)的緣故。 That s why I object to the plan.這就是我反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃的原因。 That s where you are wrong.這就是你不對(duì)的地方。 5. 由關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo) That s what I want to stress.這是我想強(qiáng)調(diào)的。 That s what we are here for.我們來(lái)這里就為了這個(gè)。 Fame and pers onal gai n is what theyafterre 他們追求的是名禾 U。 He is no longer