1Lexicography1) Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language2) One is immersed in the details of language as in no other field. 3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the mind4) Often at the end of a hard days work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole 5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to understand dictionaries do not sprint into being 6)People must plan them collect information and write them.7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.8 )No other form of writing is at once so quixotic and so intensely practical.9) Dictionary making does not require brilliance or originality of mind.10) It does require high intelligence mastery of the craft and dedication to hard work.11) If one has produced a dictionary one has the satisfaction of having produced a work of enduring value. 2.Pollution 1) Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives.2) Many scientists maintain that one of mans greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 3) Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the worlds fixed supply of air water and land.5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.1參考譯文 詞典編纂的絕妙之處是給人一種與語言打交道的快樂感。不像其他領域，編詞典的人整天都鉆在語言材料中。有時碰到的語言材料浩如煙海，令人耗神。往往一天辛苦工作下來，發覺所完成的薄薄幾頁草稿只是全部工作的九牛一毛，好不沮喪。正如我希望這部著作的讀者會逐漸明白的那樣，詞典并非是一蹴而就的。必須先制定計劃，收集材料，然后方能編寫。編寫詞典不僅耗費時間，而且常讓人受挫，甚至惱怒。沒有其他的寫作像編纂詞典那樣，既要有空想又要腳踏實地。詞典編纂并不需要橫渡的才華或獨創的思維，但卻要求很高的智力，對詞典編纂的精通，和甘于吃苦的精神。一個人編寫出一部詞典，就會因它的長久價值而得到一份快慰。2參考譯文 污染已成為問題，因為在當今人口越來越多，社會越來越工業化的世界上，人類正在污染他們居住的環境。許多科學家認為人類最大的錯誤是把發展和進步等同起來。現在人們以懷疑的態度看待“發展性”的產業，因為它們的副作用會破壞環境，破壞各種生命之間的關系。人口的增長導致對世界上有限的空氣、水和土地的需求不斷增長。伴隨著人口增長的是越來越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是對電、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的廢物要處理。這個問題已經引起人們對生物及其環境的日益關注。許多人認為，人類沒有盡快地解決這一問題，卻只顧謀求私利，以致于到了無可挽救的地步以后才充分認識到這種兵貴神速。3.Intelligent Test 1) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term “intelligence” than there is on how to interpret or classify them. 2) But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily make distinctions reason logically and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. 3) An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. 4) It does not measure character social adjustment physical endurance manual skills or artistic abilities. 5) It is not supposed to- it was not designed for such purposes. 6) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 7) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.3參考譯文人們對智力所指的有那些不同表現看法比較一致，而對這些表現如何進行解釋和分類，意見就不那么一致了。但人們一般認為智力高的人在處理問題時能抓住要點，善于區分，能進行邏輯推理，和利用語言和數學符號。智力測試只能很粗地衡量孩子的學習能力，尤其是學習學校要求的東西的能力。智力測試并不能衡量一個人的個性，社會適應力，耐力性，勞動技能，或藝術才能。人們不認為能做到這些，當初也不是為這些目的設計的。批評智力測試不能做到這一些，就如同批評溫度計不能測風速一樣。既然對智力的評估是相對而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對我們的對像進行比較時，我們所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比較。4. Bureaucracy 1) Most ironic was the image of government that was born of these experiences. 2) As any scholarly treatise on the subject will tell you the great advantage bureaucracy is supposed to offer a complex modern society like ours is efficient rational uniform and courteous treatment for the citizens it deals with. 3) Yet not only did these qualities not come through to the people I talked with it was their very opposites that seemed more characteristic. 4) People of all classesthe rich man dealing with the Internal Revenue Service as will as the poor woman struggling with the welfare departmentfelt the treatment they had received had been bungled not efficient; unpredictable not rational; discriminatory not uniform; and all too often insensitive rather than courteous. 5) It was as if they had bought a big new car that not only did not run when they wanted it to but periodically revved itself up and drove all around their yards.4參考譯文 這些經給人們的政府形象是最有諷刺意味的。任何一篇論述這個問題的學術論文都會說，對一個像我們這樣復雜的現代化社會，官僚機構應當提供的一大優點是在和公民打交道時表現出富有效率，合乎情理，公平一致和文明禮貌的辦事方法。但是，和我談過話的人并沒有感覺到這些品質，倒是恰恰相反的情況似乎更具有代表性。各階層的人，從與稅收部門打交道的富人到與福利部門交涉的可憐的婦人，都覺得他們受到的對待是糟糕的，而不是有效的，是捉摸不定的，而不是合情合理的是帶有歧視的，而不是公平的，而且經常是冷漠的，而不是禮貌的。就像是買了一輛新的大轎車，不僅要它走的時候不走，面貌而且不時會自行加速，在院子里到處亂跑。5. Problem with Educational System 1)There are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography but I have never seen any good jobs for Geography graduates advertised. 2)Or am I alone in suspecting that they will return to teach Geography to another set of students who in turn will teach more Geography undergraduates?3) Only ten universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering which perhaps is just as well in view of the speed with which the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. 4) On the other hand hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close down because of the lack of doctors. 5) The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply. 6) It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.5參考譯文 目前全國有39所大學開設地理學位課程，但我從未看到廣告上有招聘地理專業的大學畢業生的好工作。或是不是只有我一個人懷疑他們將回到學校教另一批學生的地理，而這些學生將來又去教更多的學生的地理？現在只有10所大學開設航天工程學位課程，考慮到飛機制造業一直在裁員的速度，還是這樣做好。另一方面，由于缺少醫生，全國的醫院急診室不得不紛紛關門。為什么？因為大學的醫學院只能為申請攻讀學位的一半人提供名額。對我說，來，時機已經成熟，就業部和教育部應當和名大學攜手起來，改革我們的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用學校的人才資源，學生的刻苦勤奮精神。而現在這些人才和努力都浪費在無人感興趣的文憑和學位上。6. Novelists 1) But if the open air and adventure mean everything to De foe they mean nothing to Jane Austen.2) Hers is the drawing room and people talking and by the many mirrors of their talk revealing their characters. 3) And if when we have accustomed ourselves to the drawing room and its reflections we turn to Hardy we are once more spun around.4) The moors are round us and the stars are above our heads.5) The other side of the mind is now exposedthe dark side that comes uppermost in solitude not the light side that shows in company.6) Our relations are not towards Nature and destiny.7) Yet different as these worlds are each is consistent with itself.8) The maker of each is careful to observe the laws of his own perspective and however great a strain they may put upon us they will never confuse us ad lesser writers so frequently do by introducing two different kinds of reality into the same book.6參考譯文 如果說曠野和歷險對笛福的小說是主題，那么對奧斯丁小說就毫無意義。她的小說是客廳和客廳中閑聊的人們。他們的談話像一面面鏡子，反映出他們的性格。當我們熟悉了奧斯丁的客廳和反映出來的事物后再去讀哈代的小說，又得轉向另一個世界。周圍茫茫荒野，頭頂一片星空。此時心態的另一面被揭示出來：不是聚會結伴時顯示出來的輕松一面，而是自然和命運。這些作家描寫的世界是完全不同的，但它們都自成一體。每個世界的創造者都小心翼翼遵循自己觀察事物的法則，不管他們的作品讀起來是如何的費力，卻不像二流作家那樣，把兩種完全不同的世界塞進同一本書，讓人感到不知所云。7.The Law of Competition 1) Under the law of competition the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently.2) The price which society pays for the law like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries is great but the advantages of this law are also greater than its costfor it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development which brings improved conditions in its train.3) But whether the law be benign or not we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual it is best for the race because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department.4) We accept and welcome therefore as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves great inequality of environment; the concentration of business industrial and commercial in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these ,as being not only beneficial but essential to the future progress of the race.7參考譯文在競爭的法則下，上萬人的雇主不得不實行一些最嚴厲的節約措施，其中節約給工人報酬的那部分占很大一部分。社會為這個法則付出的代價如同為低廉的舒適條件和奢侈品付出的代價一樣是巨大的。但帶來的好處超過了代價，因為正是這個法則，我們才有了了不起的物質進步，其結果是生活水平的提高。但是，不管這個法則是好是壞，我們無法回避，對任何建議替代它的新東西，其作用我們是不敢肯定的，雖然這個法則有時對個人來說可能很殘酷，但對人類來說是好的，因為它確保每個領域里適者生存。我們接受并歡迎環境上的不平等，接受并歡迎讓工商業經營集中在少數人的手里，接受和歡迎他們之間存在競爭的法則，我們把所有這一切看成是我們必須適應的條件，看成對人類未來的進步不僅有益，而且是很有必要的。8. Key to Success in Business 1) Every successful business is built on superior sensesof timing opportunity responsibility and not infrequently humor.2) None however is more critical than the ability to sense the market.3) A senior executives instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies product and service offerings indeed all elements of a companys strategic posture.4) People like Bill Gates brought this ability to the enterprises they founded.5) Without it their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful.6) But many top-level managers particularly those at industrial companies consider customer contact the bailiwick of sales and marketing staff.7) And even if they do believe that market focus is a priority most retain only limited contact with consumers as their organizations grow relying instead on subordinates reportssecond or-third-hand informati0nto define and sense the market for them.8參考譯文 每一個成功的工商企業都是建立在一些卓越的意識之上的，即懂得審時度勢，抓住機遇，承擔責任，并不乏幽默感。但這一切都沒有比對市場了解的能力更為重要。高級管理人員的一個非常重要的本事是能很自然地設身處地的為客戶著想，并從他們那里獲得真知灼見。他們利用這種能力來指導技術、產品和售后服務，乃至公司戰略計劃的各個方面。比爾 蓋茨之類的成功者就曾把這種本事帶進他們各自創立的企業中。沒有這種能力，他們的事業或許只是曇花一現，至少沒有像今天這樣成功。但是許多高層經理，特別是工業公司的高層經理，把與顧客接觸看成是銷售和市場營銷人員的事。即便他們確實也認為市場是公司的重心，但隨著公司的發展，他們中在多數人也只與消費者保持十分有限的接觸而已。他們判斷和把握市場，依賴于下屬送來的報告，即二手、三手的材料。9. The Policy of Mass Media 1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individuala.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however wellintentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted clichassumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichs nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life 9參考譯文 生活中充滿了作為工民或個人必須作出決定的問題。但在媒體中不經常見到有反映作出這些決定的真實難度，也沒有反映作出這些給他們帶來的令人煩惱的難題。媒體不愿給出明確答案不只簡單是一種取樂于顧客的廣告手段。各種社會權力機構，盡管初衷可能是好的，都有自己的即得利益，確保社會的穩定，它們會設法影響新聞工作者，讓他們不知不覺制作出的節目或寫出的文章不痛不癢，不觸及到問題的實質，雖然也裝模作樣地搞些辯論和調查。他們揭露問題往往只是在民主社會可以接受的老一套觀點內進行。既不對這些老一套的表示出一點過激的疑問，在把它們到現代生活的專欄時也盡量不讓各方面感到難堪。10. The American and the English 1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.10參考譯文 許多本質上的不同造成了美語從英語中分出來。而主要的不同是兩種語言根植于兩個完全不同的社會環境和文化傳統。自欺欺人17世紀來，美國人和英國人在這兩方面的差異十分明顯。英國人相對說來生活在一個相對穩定的社會秩序里。這種秩序銘記在他們心靈里的是對習慣上和名譽上的東西有一種特有的尊敬。雖然第一次世界大戰改變了他們大多數的風俗習慣，但在這之前，他們的全部生活，或許比其他任何民族的生活，除西班牙人，都更受到先例的制約。而雖然美國人中一部分的祖先是英國人，但他們沒有這種約束。也沒有這種一致性習慣的要求。相反，他們走到了另一個極端，因為他們國家的生活狀況使他們看重的是好奇和冒險這恰恰相反的品質，這樣他們養成的是不安現狀，厭煩形式主義，藐視舊勢力的影響的個性。這些個性在他們身上普遍反映出來。 11. A political Speech 1) Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position.2) First of all we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our national ailments examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs.3) Secondly we embarked on a reasoned policy to ensure steady economic growth the modernization of industry and a proper balance between public and private expenditure.4) Thirdly by refusing to take refugeas the previous Government had continually done in the preceding years in panic stricken stop-gap measures we stimulated the return of international confidence.5) As a result of those immediate measures and aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from our people who responded as so often before to a firm hand at the helm we weathered the storm and moved on into calmer waters and a period of economic expansion and social reorganization 11參考譯文 在重新執政后極短的時間里，本屆政府就采取了許多措施來穩定局勢。首先，我們致力于找出國內種種常弊病的根本原因仔細研究當時的癥狀，而不是墨守過時的成規教條。第二我們采取了經過深思熟慮的政策以保證經濟的穩步發展，工業的現代化，以及公私支出之間的平衡。第三，我們沒有采取上屆政府前幾年的一貫做法，沒有因為驚慌失措而安于一些補漏洞的權宜之計，因此我們促使了我們國際信譽得到恢復。由于采取了這些措施，由于我國人民他們一如既往，對堅定的掌舵人作出積極的響應在這些措施激勵之下作出了巨大的努力，為我們提供了幫助，我們經受了風暴，進入了比較平靜的海面，進入了一個經濟發展與社會重組的時期。12. The Education of Humanists 1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.12參考譯文 人文主義者的教育如果不在一定深度上了解科學各個領域的情況，尤其是我們一無所知的領域，那就不能視為是完全的，或是足夠的。大多數的物理教師如讓我們教詩人物理，都很反感。而文科教師會繼續以懷疑和恐懼的心情看待科學家。或許，那些幫助學生系統地了解科學方面所不知道的東西的新課程將會建立。科學家的注意力。這些學生會驚奇地發現科學正如一些科學家所描寫的。是一個永遠了開發不完的處女地。而當人主義者注意到他們的科學家的同事公開承認并不是對任何東西都徹底了解時，也會感到極大的滿足。而身上寄托著未來的詩人們或許在深夜反復思索，開始看到了我們大多數人所不能理解的意思。13參考譯文 問題是：如對人的權利是一致的意見，去爭論動物的權利是沒有結果的。只會一開始就把討論引向極端。它使人們認為應這樣對待動物：要么像對人類自身一樣關切體諒，要么對它們相關方面都不同，持這種極端看法的人會認為對待動物無須考慮道德問題。任何對動物的遭遇的關心都被認為是錯誤的，是把自己的感情放錯了地方，因為這種感情應當放到其他人身上。但是道德觀的最基本一條是將心比心。對大多數來說，看到動物受罪足以引起人的同情。這種反應并不是錯誤，而是人用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應當得到鼓勵而不應遭到嘲笑。13. Animals Rights1) The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.2) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans or with no consideration at all.3) This is a false choice.4) Arguing from the view be directed to other humans.6) But the most elementary form of moral reasoning is to weigh others interests against ones own.7)To see an animal in pain is enough for most to engage sympathy.8) When that happens it is not a mistake it is mankinds instinct for that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.5) Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistakea sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly moral reasoning in action an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.14. The Problems of Debt 1) Many economists insisted that only a major restructuring of the worlds could resolve the problem.2) To avert the danger of major defaults and to restore security to the economic system Western bankers and governments will have to ensure that they are imposing reasonable repayment terms on developing countries terms that will not provoke revolution or chaos.3) They will have to lower interest requirements with some form of subsidy from the central banks if necessary.4) And they will have to strengthen the IMF as their ultimate safeguard.5) It is not enough for the IMF and the banks to prov