外文資料翻譯譯文框架結構簡介隨著社會的發展,鋼筋混凝土框架結構的建筑物越來越普遍.由于鋼筋混凝土結構與砌體結構相比較具有承載力大、結構自重輕、抗震性能好、建造的工業化程度高等優點，與鋼結構相比又具有造價低、材料來源廣泛、耐火性好、結構剛度大、使用維修費用低等優點。因此在我國鋼筋混凝土結構是多層框架最常用的結構型式。近年來世界各地的鋼筋混凝土多層框架結構的發展很快應用很多。一般框架結構是由樓板、梁、柱及基礎4種承重構件組成的。由主梁、柱與基礎構成平面框架，各平面框架再由連續梁連接起來而形成的空間結構體系。在合理的高度和層數的情況下，框架結構能夠提供較大的建筑空間，其平面布置比較的靈活，可適合多種工藝與使用功能的要求。多層鋼筋混凝土框架結構設計可以分為四個階段：一是方案設計；二是結構分析；三是構件設計；四是繪施工圖。結構分析和構件設計是結構設計中的計算階段。在現代，已由電子計算機承擔這一工作，常采用PKPM建模計算。但是，結構的計算并不能代替結構的設計。《混凝土結構與砌體結構設計》中認為：良好的結構設計的重要前提，應該是合理組織與綜合解決結構的傳力系統、傳力方式良好的結構方案是良好結構設計的重要前提。框架結構體系是由橫梁與柱子連接而成。梁柱連接處(稱為節點)一般為剛性連接，有時為便于施工和其他構造要求，也可以將部分節點做成鉸接或者半鉸接。柱支座一般為固定支座，必要時也可以設計成鉸支座。框架結構可以分為現澆整體式，裝配式,現澆裝配式。框架結構的布置靈活，容易滿足建筑功能和生工藝的多種要求。同時，經過合理設計，框架結構可以具有較好的延性和抗震性能.。但是，框架結構承受水平力(如風荷載和水平地震作用)的能力較小，當層樹較多或水平力較大時，水平位移較大,在強烈地震作用下往往由于變形過大而引起非結構構件(如填充墻)的破壞。因此，為了滿足承載力和側向剛度的要求，柱子的截面往往較大,既耗費建筑材料，又減少使用面積，這就使框架結構的建筑高度受到一定的限制。目前，框架結構一般用于多層建筑和不考慮抗震設防，層數較少的的高層建筑。多層框架結構的平面布置形式非常的靈活，《鋼筋混凝土框架結構設計問題初探》中將框架結構按照承重方式的不同分為以下三類：(1)橫向框架承重方案，以框架橫梁作為樓蓋的主梁，樓面荷載主要由橫向框架承擔。由于橫向框架數往往較少，主梁沿橫向布置有利于增強房屋的橫向剛度，同時，主梁沿橫向布置還有利于建筑物的通風和采光。但由于主梁截面尺寸較大,當房屋需要大空間時，凈空較小，且不利于布置縱向管道。(2)縱向框架承重方案，以框架縱梁作為樓蓋的主梁，樓面荷載由框架縱梁承擔。由于橫梁截面尺寸較小，有利于設備管線的穿行，可獲得較高的室內凈空。但房屋橫向剛度較差，同時進深尺度受到預制板長度的限制。(3)縱橫向框架混合承重方案，縱橫向框架混合承重方案是沿縱橫兩個方向上均布置有框架梁作為樓蓋的主梁，樓面荷載由縱，橫向框架梁共同承擔。它具有較好的整體工作性能。對于周邊與梁整澆的雙向板，由于在兩個方向受到支撐構件的變形約束，整塊板內存在穹頂作用，使板內的彎矩大大減小。《鋼筋混凝土框架柱縱向裂縫的分析和處理》中提到為了利用這一有利的因素，規范允許對四邊與梁整結板，起彎矩的設計值根據一定的條件進行折減。雙向板的厚度不宜小于80mm。由于撓度不另作驗算，雙向板的板厚與短跨跨長的比值應滿足：簡支板≥1/45連續板≥1/50。雙向板按照彈性理論方法設計時，所求得的跨中正彎矩鋼筋數量是指板的中央處的數量，靠近板的兩邊其數量可以逐漸減小。考慮到施工方面將板的兩個邊方向上各分為3個板帶。兩個方向的邊緣板帶寬度軍為均為短邊長度的1/4其余則為中間板帶。在中間板帶上，按跨中最大正彎矩求得的單位板寬內的鋼筋數量均勻布置，而在邊緣板帶上，按中間板帶單位板寬內的鋼筋數量一半均勻布置。框架梁配筋的人工調整，其目的是解決梁的裂縫寬度超限和“強剪弱彎”問題。《鋼筋混凝土框架柱縱向裂縫的分析和處理》中提到當裂縫寬度超限時，首先應考慮將大直徑的鋼筋改用小直徑的鋼筋驗算，如裂縫寬度仍然超限，就應增大梁的配筋和混凝土的強度等級或加大梁的截面尺寸，調整至滿足規范的要求。為了保證“強剪弱彎”可進行以下幾項調整：一是適當增大梁端截面；二是適當增大梁端箍筋直徑，加密箍筋間距；三是梁端負彎矩鋼筋不放大，梁跨中受拉鋼筋適當放大1倍；四是按構造要求對跨度>7m的框架梁增加彎起鋼筋。在地震力作用下，框架柱尤其是角柱和大開間、大進深的邊柱，一般均處于雙向偏心受壓狀態，而電算程序是按兩個方向分別為單向偏心受壓的平面框架計算配筋。因此，《關于鋼筋混凝土框架結構設計的幾個問題探討》中認為框架柱配筋應進行如下調整：一是選擇最不利的方向進行框架計算，也可對兩個方向均進行計算后取較大值方向的配筋并采用對稱配筋；二是控制柱單邊方向鋼筋的最少根數。四是選擇井字形或菱形的框架柱箍筋形式，以增強箍筋對混凝土的約束；五是由于多層框架電算一般不考慮溫度應力和基礎不均勻沉降問題，當多層框架水平尺寸較大以及地基為軟弱土層或地基土層不均勻時，可適當再稍放大框架柱的配筋。由于框架結構具有空間大、平面布局靈活多樣的特點，滿足了人們不斷追求使用個性化的要求。隨著社會的不斷發展和人們物質生活水平的提高，框架結構(住宅、公共建筑)將會得到較大發展。設計多層框架結構，設計人應首先判斷結構方案的可行性，對可能碰到的問題，提前采取措施予以解決，并對所有計算結果認真分析、判斷準確無誤后方可應用于實際工程。外文資料原文DevelopmentofnetworkstructureHybridstructure,usuallyacombinationofaflexiblememberandtherigidmember,large-spanspatialstructureiscurrentlythefastestgrowingtypeofstructure.Large-spanbuildingsandspatialstructureasitscoretechnologydevelopmentisoneoftherepresentativesofanationalscienceandtechnologyanimportantindicatorofthelevelofthebuilding.Inthispaper,spatialgridstructureandtensilestructuresintroducedtwocategoriesofdomesticandforeign(butmostlyforeign)developmentstatusandprospectsofthespatialstructure.Severalimportanttheoriesinthisfield,includingthespatialstructureofthemorphologicalanalysisofthetheory,theeffectofwindpowergeneracoverSpanflexible,stabilityandseismicperformancenetworkshellstructureandotherissuesputforwardtheirviews.Anoverviewoftheactualthree-dimensionalworldinwhichtherearespatialpropertiesofanystructureinessence,justforsimplicityofdesignandconstruction,inmanycasespeopleputthemdownintoapieceofflatstructuretoconstructandcalculate.Atthesametime,thesystemcannotbearealsenseofspaceonasimpledecompositionhasneverstoppeditsowndevelopment,butalsoincreasinglyshowscolorfulandcreativepotentialofthegeneralplaneofthestructurecannotbecompared,reflectingthebeautyandmagicofnature.Excellentperformancespacenotonlyinthethree-dimensionalstructureoftheforce,butalsobecauseoftheirreasonablecurvedshapetoeffectivelyresisttheroleofexternalloads.Whenthespanincreases,themorespatialstructurecanshowtheirsuperiortechnicalandeconomicperformance.Infact,whenthespanreachesacertainlevel,generallyplanarstructureoftenbeendifficulttobecomeareasonablechoice.Fromdomesticandinternationalengineeringpractice,themajorityoflarge-spanbuildingsusingvariousformsofspacearchitecture.

Withovertwentyyears,varioustypesoflarge-spanstructuresintheUnitedStates,Japan,Europeandotherdevelopedcountrieshasdevelopedrapidly.Spanandincreasingthesizeofthebuilding,nowscaleupto150mabovetheVLSIarchitecturehasbeenanon-individual;structureandcolorful,withalotofnewmaterialsandnewtechnologies,thedevelopmentofmanynewformsofspatialstructure.Forexample,builtin1975inNewOrleans'Superdome"(Superdome),thediameterof207m,longconsideredtobetheworld'slargestreticulatedshells;thispositionhasnowbeencompletedandthesummerof1993wasreplacedby222mdiameterofFukuokaStadiumHowever,thelatterismorefamousfeatureisitsretractable:it'ssphericalroofbythreerotatingfannetworkshellcomposedrailsectormovingalongthecircumference,thestadiumwasclosedtoopen1/3or2/3turnindifferentstatesandsoon.1983stadiumbuiltinCalgary,Canadahyperbolicparaboloidcablenetroof,itscircularplanediameter135m,itwasbuiltforthe1988WinterOlympics,theappearanceisverybeautiful,itremainstheworld'slargestcable-netstructure.Sincethe1970s,duetotheimprovedfabricmaterialstructure,membranestructureorcable-membranestructure(withcablereinforcedmembranestructure)wonthedevelopment,theUnitedStatesbuiltmanylargescaleair-supportedcable-membranestructure;1988Tokyocompletionofthe"Korakuen"BaseballMuseum,alsousesthisstructureisparticularlyadvancedtechnology,itsdiameterisapproximatelycircularplane204m;Atlanta,USA,builtforthe1996Olympics,"GeorgiaDome"(GeogiaDome,1992built)withanovelTheoveralltensionedcableamembranestructure,itsquasi-ovalflatcontoursizeup192mX241m.Manygrandanddistinctivelargespanbuildinghasbecomeasymboloflocalsignsandfamousculturallandscape.Duetotheneedsofeconomicandculturaldevelopment,peoplestillcontinuetopursuegreatercoverageofspace,suchasitwasenvisagedthatthewholeneighborhood,thewholesquare,eventheformationofthewholevalleycoveringupanartificialclimate-controlledenvironmentorleisureenvironmentpeopletogether;toexploreandprotectionofancienttombsandimportantmonuments,itwasenvisagedlarge-spanstructurestocoveruptheformationofaclosedenvironment.Discussioniscurrentlyunderwayinsomedevelopedcountriesover300mscaleforlargedesignsspanspatialstructure.Itcanbesaidthatalargespanstructuresofthefastestgrowinginthelastthirtyyearsofformalstructure.InternationalJournalof"spatialstructure"editorhorseStokowski(ZSMakowski)said:Inthe1960s,"thespatialstructureofinterestbutisalsoconsideredanon-traditionalstructureisstillunknown,buttodayhasbeenwidelyacceptedaroundtheworld."Fromtoday,thedevelopmentoflarge-spanandlargespanstructuresandspatialstructureasitscoretechnologyhasbecomeoneoftherepresentativesofanationalscienceandtechnologyanimportantindicatorofthelevelofthebuilding.Countriesintheworldforthedevelopmentoflarge-spanspatialstructuresputalotofresearchfunding.Forexample,asearlyas20yearsago,theAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineershasorganizeda10-yearstudyofthespatialstructureplan,investmentfunds$15.5million.Duringthesameperiod,WestGermany,hostedbytheUniversityofStuttgart,organizeda"comprehensivestudyoflarge-spanspatialstructureplan",theannualresearchfundingmorethanonemillionmarks.Thesestudiesfortheconstructionoflarge-spancountriesflourishandlaidasolidtheoreticalfoundationandtechnicalconditions.InternationalSocietyofshellandspatialstructures(IASS)annualmeeting,heldannually,andvariousacademicexchangeactivities,isoneofthemostpopularleadingacademicgroupscurrently.Basisoflarge-spanspatialstructureoftheoriginalisrelativelyweak,butwiththeneedsofthecountry'seconomicstrengthandsocialdevelopment,thepastdecadehasmaderelativelyrapiddevelopment.Largenumberofengineeringpractice,thetypeandformofthespatialstructureofgraduallymovingtowardsdiversification,thecorrespondingtheoreticalresearchanddesigntechniqueshavegraduallyimproved.AsianGamesinBeijing(1990),HarbinWinterGames(1996),ShanghaiNationalGames(1997)foraseriesofmanysportsbuildingsspanspacestructuresrepresented-assomekindofasymbolofarchitecturalandtechnologicalprogressathomeandabroadhavemadesomeimpact.??Allthesignsdescribed,eventhoughChinaisstilladevelopingcountry,butbecauseofthecountrymorethanadults,withthegrowingnationalstrength,tobuildmoreandbiggersports,leisure,exhibitions,airports,hangarsandotherlargespacesandlargedemandforspaceofthebuildingisverystrong,andthisdemandislikelytoexceedacertainextent,inmanydevelopedcountries.Thisisagreatopportunityforthefieldofspatialstructurefacingourcountry.Butcomparedwiththeinternationaladvancedlevel,thedevelopmentoflarge-spanspatialstructuresarestillsomegaps.Mainlyinthestructureisstillrelativelycautious,aslessboldinnovation,indicatinglackofideasbetweenthenewbuildingandadvancedstructuralcombinetocreatetheideal,especiallyinengineeringpracticelarge-spanspatialstructureisstillrelativelylessthan150m;structuretypeisrelativelyconcentratedinthegridandshellstructureswithlessthancablestructure,andsomenovelstructuralformshavegreatprospects,suchasmembranestructureandcable-membranestructure,theoveralltensionstructure,openingandclosingstructureAbroadtherearemanysuccessfulengineeringpracticeinthecountryisstillintheblankordifficultinfancy.Itseemsthesituationisthatthedevelopmentofspatialstructureaftertenyearsontherelativelyflatprairieride,seemscaughtinaneedtoworkleaptanewlevel.Thisnewlevelcontainsmaterialsandproductionconditionsandothertechnicalproblems,butalsocontainssometheoreticalproblemsarenotwellsolved.Tofurtherpromotethespatialstructureofahigherlevelofdevelopment,tobescientistsandentrepreneurstocreateconditionsinordertoachievethesetechnicalissuesandtheoreticalproblemssolvedquickly.Typesandformsoflarge-spanspatialstructuresareverycolorful,thesetypesarecustomarilydividedintothefollowing:reinforcedconcreteshellstructures;flatgridstructure;reticulatedshells;cablestructure;membranestructureandcable-membranestructure;inrecentyearsabroadwithmore"cabledome"(CableDome)isactuallyaspecialformofcable-membranestructure;hybridstructure(HybridStructure),usuallycombinedwithaflexiblememberandtherigidmember.Inthevarioustypesofspatialstructure,reinforcedconcretewallstructuresomewhatintheearly1950sandthelate1960sinChina'sdevelopment,wasbuiltoverthespanofafewmiddle-sphericalshell,cylindricalshell,hyperbolicflatshellandtwistedshell,Intheoreticalresearchhasinvestedtoomuchpower,todeveloptheappropriatedesignprocedures.However,beforetheapplicationofthistypeofstructureisless,maybethemainreasonfortheconstructionisrelativelycumbersomeandtime-consuming.Flatgridandshellstructures,includingsomespecialformfailedtoclassifytheindividual,suchasfoldedplategridstructure,multi-planartrussstructure,multi-framemulti-spantrussstructure,thetotalcanbecalledupspatialgridstructure.Suchstructuresinourcountryhasdevelopedrapidly,andcontinuedunabated.Cablestructure,membranestructureandcable-membranestructureandotherflexiblesystemtoresistexternalloadsaretensioneffect,youcanalwaysbecalledtensionstructures.Suchstructureswealthyprospects.五分鐘搞定5000字畢業論文外文翻譯，你想要的工具都在這里!在科研過程中閱讀翻譯外文文獻是一個非常重要的環節，許多領域高水平的文獻都是外文文獻，借鑒一些外文文獻翻譯的經驗是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻譯外文文獻的機會比較多，慢慢地就發現了外文文獻翻譯過程中的三大利器：Google“翻譯”頻道、金山詞霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻譯助手"。

具體操作過程如下：

1.先打開金山詞霸自動取詞功能，然后閱讀文獻；

2.遇到無法理解的長句時，可以交給Google處理，處理后的結果猛一看，不堪入目，可是經過大腦的再處理后句子的意思基本就明了了；

3.如果通過Google仍然無法理解，感覺就是不同，那肯定是對其中某個“常用單詞”理解有誤，因為某些單詞看似很簡單，但是在文獻中有特殊的意思，這時就可以通過CNKI的“翻譯助手”來查詢相關單詞的意思，由于CNKI的單詞意思都是來源與大量的文獻，所以它的吻合率很高。

另外，在翻譯過程中最好以“段落”或者“長句”作為翻譯的基本單位，這樣才不會造成“只見樹木，不見森林”的誤導。

四大工具：

1、Google翻譯：/language_tools

google，眾所周知，谷歌里面的英文文獻和資料還算是比較詳實的。我利用它是這樣的。一方面可以用它查詢英文論文，當然這方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不贅述。回到我自己說的翻譯上來。下面