A.1969B.1981C.1893inFranceD.1984inAmericas

646.PatientsinfectedbyHIV-2mostlywerefoundin

A.AfricaB.America'C.FranceD.Europe

647.After由eCD4cellswereinfectedbyHIV,theywilt

1

A.dieB.producemoreHIVC.spreadHIVD.alloftheabove

648.Inthelastparagraph,''susceptibleto"means

"A.suspectB.vulnerabletoC.lookforwardtoD.addictedto

Passage163

Breath-holddivingrequiresnoequipment,butmostskindiverswearafacemask,swim*

fins,andashortbreathingtubecalledasnorkel.Thefacemaskpermitsclearvisionunderwater:'

Theflexibleswimfinshelpapersonswimwithgreaterease.Thediverbreathesthroughthe:

snorkelwhilefloatingorswimmingfacedownatthesurface.Abreath-holddivermaywearawet

suit,aclose-fittingcoverallmadeofamaterialsimilartofoamrubber,tokeepwarmincoldwa,

ter.Somewatermayenter,but-thediver'sbodyheatwarmsthiswater,andthe*suitholdsinthe

warmth.

Breath-holddiversmayalsowearaweightedbeltandabuoyancy',compensator.Theweight

ofthebelthelpsthediverstayatthedesireddepthinsteadoffloatingupward.Thebuoyancy:

compensator,whichfloatswheninflated;alsohelpsthediver-maintainthedesired.depthand:

servesasasupportifthediverbecomes,tiredandwantstorestonthesurface.Breath-holddivers

cannotdescenddeeplybecausetheymustcontinuallyreturntothesurfacetobreathe.Most

diverscango30to40feet(9to12meters)deepandmustsurfaceafterlessthanaminute.Some

candiveasfaras100feet(30-meters)andremainsubmerged-fromonetothreeminutes.Breath,

holddiverscansafelyincreasetheirtimeunderwaterbyremainingrelaxedandswimmingslowly.;

Somediverstaketwoorthreedeep,rapidbreathsbeforediving:,Thisprocess,calledhyperventi-

lation,enablespersonstoholdtheirbreathlonger.Excessivehyperventilationshouldbeavoide

becausethedivermaymisjudgetheneedtobreatheandpassoutunderwater.

Scubadivinginvolvestheuseofportablemetaltanksthatsupplycompressedairforthediver

tobreathe.A'diverusingonetankcanremainatadepthof40feetforaboutanhour.Strenuo

activityordivingdeeperwillcausethedivertousetheairsupplyfasterandgreatlyreducethedu:

rationofthedive:Thewordscubastandsforself-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus:::

Scubagearconsistsofoneormoretanksandademandregulatorthatincludestheairhoseand

mouthpiece.Theregulatorcontrolstheflowofairsothatthepressurewithinthediver'slungse-

qualsthepressureofthewater.Thepressureunderwaterisgreaterthan,onlandandincreas

withdepth.Seriousinjurycanresultifthepressureinadiver'slungsisnotequaltothesur

roundingwaterpressure.

Scubadiversmayalsouseamask;wetsuit,weightedbelt,fins,snorkel,andbuoyancy

compensator.Inwarmtropicalwaters,diversmaywearalightweightsuitofcolorfulfabricin-

steadofawetsuitforprotecitionandwarmth.Scubadiversbreathethroughthesnorkelwhile

swimmingatthesurfaceandthusconservetheairinthetanks.Thebuoyancycompensatorcaq

.beinflatedunderwatertohelpthedivermaintainthe.desireddepth,tochangedepths,andtorest

onthesurface:

649:This:passageisabouttheintroductionof

A.swimmingB.breath-holddiving

C.dangersofdivingD.breath=holddivingandscubadiving

650.canstayunderwaterformorethan30minutes.

A.Breath-holddiversB.Scubadivers

C.Skin-diversofbestswimmingskillsD:Diversswimmingslowly

651.Thefunctionfthebuoyancycompensatoristohelpthediverto

A.keepthedesireddepthB.changedepth_

C.restonthesurfaceD.Alloftheabove

652.Scubaisakindof

A.suit"B.mask

.buoyancyD.equipment

Passage.164

Dominoesis.thenameofseveralgamesthatareplayedwithsmall,flat,oblongpiecescalled

dominoes.DominoeswereprobablyinventedinChina,andintroducedinEuropeinthe1300's.

Mostsetsofdominoes-aremadeofbone,ivory,plastic,orwood.Aregularsetconsistsof28

rdominoes.ThefirstEuropeanpieceshadivoryfacesbackedbyebony;theyarethroughtohave

beennamedbecauseoftheirresemblancetothehoodedcloakcalledadomino.Eachdomino,also

calledapieceorabone,isdividedintotwosectionsbyalineorridge,withacombinationofdots,

orpips,ineachsection.Inthemorecommonlyusedsetofdominoes;onepieceisblank,1andthe

remainderarenumbereddownwardfromdoublesix;thatis,6-6,6-5o6-4,6-3,6-2,6-1,6-0,5-5,

5-4,5-3J5-2,5-1,5-0;andsoonthroughalltheothernumbersdownto0-0.Beforethegame

starts,the28piecesareturnedfacedownwardandintermixed,andeachplayerdrawsadomino.

Theplayer*yhodrawsthehighest:dominoisthefirsttoplay:Then,accordingtothevariationof

Ehegamebeingplayed,eitherallorsomeofthedominoesareselectedalternately,onepieceata

:ime,bytheplayers.Eachplayersetsthedominoesonedgesothattheycannotbeseenbyoppo-

ients.Thedominoesnotdrawnmakeupthereserve,calledthestockorboneyard.

.Thefirstplayerposes(places)onepiecefaceuponthetable.Againstitateitherendofthe

riecethesecondplayermustplaceamatch;thatis,oneendof:thepieceplayedmusthavethe

amenumberofpipsasoneendofthepiecealreadylaiddown..Thenextplayerinturnmustplay

dominowithanendthatmatchesoneofthetwoendsofthedominoesonthetable.Doubles,or

ominoeswiththesamenumberofpipsatbothends,areposedcrosswiseinthelineofdominoes,

3therthanlengthwise.,Incertainvariationsoftoegame,theplayofadoubleprovidesadditional

ranchesformatching.Aplayerwhohasnopiecetomatcheitherendpasses,andthenextplay-

.-.rtakesaturn.Inadrawgame(agameinwhichnotallthedominoesaredealt)a.playermay

rawonthestockupto,butneverincluding,thelasttwodominoes.Theplayermaythusnearly

exhaustthestockevenwhentheplayerhas.amatch;thispracticeis'occasionallygoodstrategy,

especiallywhentheopponentisblocked.Thegameproceedsuntiloneoftheplayerswinsbyset-

tingoutthelastofhisorherdominoes,oruntilnoplayercanmatchateitherend.Inthelatter

case,thewinneristheplayerwiththefewestpipson-theremainingdominoes,orinthecaseof

anequalnumberofpips,thefewestdominoes.

653.piecesofdominoeshaveoneblankhalfandonehalfsectionwithdots.

A.lB.6C.21D.28

654.Ifthefirstplayerplacesa4-4dominoontheboard,thesecondplayermay:puta

dominobesideit.

A.5-6B:6-6C.4-6D.0-0

655.The-lastwordinthefirstparagrath,''boneyard"refersto

A.thedominoesthathaven'tbeendrawnbyplayers

B.thebonesthathaven'tbeeneaten

C.theplacetoplacedominoes

D.theyardtoplace,bones.

656.Whenthegameends,theplayerwho,is:th'ewinner.

A.firstrunsoutofdominoes--

B.hasthefewestpipsonthedominoesremained,inhisozherhand

C.hasthefewestdominoes,ifthepipsarethesame,

D:Allofthe'1above

Passage165

Radioprogrammingvariesfromcountrytocountry.Butinallcountries,programsprimarily,

provideentertainmentandinformation.Thissectiondescribes,programmingintheUnited

States.:

About90percentofallprogramsbroadeast,intheUnitedStatesare.designedforentertainment.

Theother10percentprovidesomekind-ofinformation.Advertisementsarebroadcastduringand

betweentheprogramsofcommercialstations,whichaccount.for.about87percentofall.thesta-

tions.Noncommercial,stations,alsocallededucationalorpublicstations,donothavecommer=

cials.,

Radiostationscompetewithoneanotherforlisteners.Moststationsprogrambroadcaststoy

appealtospecificaudience.Forexample;.stationsthatplayrockmusictrytoattractteen-ageand

youngadultlisteners:Recordedmusicisthechiefkindofradioentertainment:Moststationssee.

cializeinonekindofmusic,suchasrock,classical;countryandwestern;or"old-timefa-

vorites.nSomestationsbroadcastseveralkindsofmusic.

Radiostationsthatbroadcastmusichavediscjockeyswhointroduceandcommentonthemu-

sic.Theyplayanimportantrole.Eachstation,triestohirediscjockeyswhoseannouncingstyles1

andpersonalitiesappealtothestation'slargestaudience.

Programsthatprovideinfomationincludenewscasts,talkshowsiandplay-by-playdescrip-

tionsof.sports:events:Newscastscomeontheairatregulartimes-everyhalf-hourorhouron

moststations.Inaddition,radiostationspresenton-the-spot;news*coverageofsuchspecial

eventsaspoliticalconventions,spaceshots,Senatehearings,andspeechesbythePresident.Ra-

diostationsals%broadcast,suchspecialized,newsasweatherforecasts,trafficreports,andstock

'marketandagriculturalinformation.Othernewsfeaturesincludepublicserviceannouncements

}abou*tcommunityevents,munitygroups-,andgovernmentservices.Afewsta-

tonsbroadcastonlynewstoservelistenerswhoprefernewsprogramstomusic.

Talk,showspresentdiscussionsonaVerviewswithpeoplefrommany

professions.Eachshow,hasahostor,hostesswholeadsthediscussionordoes'theinterviewing.

Thesubjectofaprogrammaybea,cun-entpoliticaltopic,suchasanelectionoragovernment

olicy,oritmaydealwitha,socialissue,sqchasgrime;pollution,poverty,racism,orsexism.

:Manytalkshowsallowlistenerstotakepartintheprogram.Listenersareinvitedtotelephone

t.s,.

thestationtoaskquestionsor.givetheiropinionsaboutthetopic.

Sportsevents,likenews,,havealwaysbeenanimportantpartofradiopogramming.Spoits

announcerstrytocaptureagame'sactionandexcitementforthe.listeners,Mostofthegames

;playedbythemorethan-100majorleaguebasebell',basketball,football,and'hockeyteamsinthe

)UnitedStatesandCanadaarebroadcastlocallyon,radio.Radiostationsalsobroadcastmany

col-

legeand'somehighschoolsportscontests.'

657:Thispassageismainlyabout

A.music.B.railwaystations,,

、-C.talkshowsD.radiostations.

658.In}thethirdparagraph,'^isc*jockey'1means

A.discoperatorB:recordplayer'

C.hostofamusicstationD.introducer

659.Whichofthefollowingbelongstoentertainmentgroupratherthaninformation?

A.music-B.sportsnews

.weatherforecastsD.on-the-spotnews

)66Q.Listenerscantakepartintheradioprogramthrough

A.Internet-B.telephone,

C.television、D.telegram

UNITTHIRTY-FOUR

Passage166

Artificialintelligencehasbroughtmorethanwehaveexpected.Thenextbigbreakthrough

inartificialintelligenceliesinthatitcouldbeappliedingivingmachinesnotonlymorelogical

ca-

pacity,butemotionalcapacity-aswell.

Computersneedartificialemotionbothtounderstand.theirhumanusersbetterandtoachieve

self-analysisandself-improvement.Themorescientistsstudythemodelforcomputing-thehu-

manbrainandnervoussystem-Tthemorethey'concludethatemotionsarepartofintelligence,

notseparatefromit.Emotionsareamongthetoolsthatweusetoprocessthetremendousamount

ofstimuliinourenvironment.They,alsoplayaroleinhumanlearninganddecisionmaking.Feel-

,ingbadaboutawrongdecision;forinstance,focusesattentiononavoidingfutureerror.Afeel-'

ingofpleasure,ontheotherhand,positivelyreinforcesanexperience.

Ifwewantcomputerstobegenuinelyintelligent,toadapttous,andtointeractnaturally;

withus,thentheywillneedtheabilitytorecognizeandexpressemotions,tohaveemotions,and

tohavewhathascometobecalled'emotionalintelligence.1

Onewaythatemotionscanhelpcomputersisbyhelpingkeepthemfromcrashing.Today's

computersproduceerrormessages,buttheydonotknowwhensomethingiswrongordoesn't

makesense.Ahealthyfearofdeathcouldmotivateacomputertostoptroubleassoonasit

starts.Ontheohterhand,self-preservationwouldneedtobesubordinatetoservicetohumans..

Similarly,computersthatcould"read"theiruserswouldaccumulateastoreofhighlypersonalin-

formationaboutus-notjustwhatwesaidand-did,butwhatwelikelythoughtandfelt.Such'

recordswouldbehighlyvaluabletomarketers,lawsuitplaintiffs,insuranceadjusters,potential

employers,andestrangedmaritalpartnersandwouldthereforebesubjecttopotentialabuse.

Butemotionscouldalsomakeacomputerabetterteacher.Softwarethatcouldpayattention,

totheuser'saffectiveresponseswouldsensewhenauserbecamefrustratedandrelatethefrus-

trationtotheproblemsbeingexperienced.Suchacapacitycouldgreatlyenhancetrou-

bleshooting.1

Emotionsnotonlycontributetoaricherqualityofinteraction,buttheyalsohaveadirectim-

pactonaperson'sabilitytointeractinanintelligentway.Emotionalskills,especiallytheability

torecognizeandexpressemotions,areessentialfor.naturalcommunicationwithhumans.Com-

paredwiththecomputersnowadays,thosewithemotionsaremorehuman.

661.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?

A.ComputerswithEmotions.

B.TheNextBreakthroughinthe21"Century.

C.TheFutureofComputerswithEmotions,r

D.WhyPeopleNeedArtificialEmotions.

662.ThefollowingstatementsarethereasonsthatcomputersneedartificialemotionsEXCEPT

A.understandingtheirhumanusersbetter

B.achievingself-analysis

C.achievingself-improvement

D.unitingemotionwithintelligence

663.Whatistherelationshipbetweenemotionandintelligence?

A.Emotions*areseparatedfromintelligence.

B.Feelingsarenotbeneficialtolearning-ormakingdecisions.

C.Emotions,andintelligencearetwotoolsforprocessingthestimuli.

D:EmotiqjlsOrepartofintelligence.

664.Computerswithoutemotions

A.arequitesureaboutthetimewhensomethingiswrong

B.can.stoptroubleassoonaspossible

C.donotknowabouttheusers'frustration

D.canstoreupnotonlywhatwetellthembutalsowhatwethinkandfeel

Passage167

AstrongearthquakestruckTaipeibefore,-dawnthisTuesday,2T'ofSeptember,cuttingoff

powerandshakingbuilding.Stateradiosaidthatitwasthestrongestearthquakeatleast30years

andthatpartofat2-storyhotelhadcollapsed.

TheU.S.GeologicalSurveyNationalEarthquakeInformationCentersaid'thequakehada

preliminarymagnitudeof7.6andwascentered90milessouth-southwestofTaipei.TheBroad-

castingCorpdidnotgivethenameofthehotelthatwas,reportedtohavecollapsed.Butitsaid

thatthehotelwasnearTaipei*sSupgshan-railwaystation,andthatthetopsevenstorieswere.

wreckedbythequake.Therewasnowordoninjuriesatthehotel.Theradioalsoreportedthata

-rowofhousescollapsedinChangHuacountyincentralTaiwan,injuringatleastthree-people.

Tenotherswerebelievedtrappedinthewreckage,theradiosaid.

Electricandtelephoneservice:wasinteiTuptedbythequake,whichoccurredatabout1:45a..

toandsixaftershocks.Theelectricservicehasbeencutoffinpartsofthecity.InoneTaipeisub-

a;b,electricitywasoutinhouses,butstreetlightswereon.Earthquakesarenottheonlything

thattroubledthisarea."Therealsoaretsunamiwarningsout..,TherearewarningsforTaiwan,

Japan,thePhilippines,Guam,andsomeotherPacific-Rimareas,"saidJohnBellini,geophysi-

cistattheUSGSinGolden,Colo.

Thereweresirens-fromfiretrucksandpolicecars-resoundedthroughTaipei,whichis

hometoabout2.6millionpeopleandisthelargestcityinTaiwan.Buttherewasnosignofpan".

ie.InthesouthwesternChiangKai-shekdistrict,somepeoplebroughtcandlesintothestreet.

Manyearnedumbrellastostayoutofthe.rain,huddingaroundbattery-operatedradios.

Rem-WeiCheng,avisitor1toTaipeifromCalifornia,saidthat,hewaswatchingtelevision

withhisfamilywhentheearthquakestmek."WhenIfirstfeltthequake,IthoughtofaTurkish

friendwhowentbacktoTurkeytovisithisfamilywhentheearthquakehitthere.Thewhole

familyneverreturned.Wedidnotknowwhatwould-happen'tous.Mywife,kidsandIwere

quitefrightenedandwehidunderthe,kitchentable:"Fortunatelynooneinthefamilywashu

Theyfeltthattheywouldlovelifemoreafterthisevent.

665.Whendidtheearthquaketakeplace?

A.atabout2a.m.,210、Sept.B.atabout11p.m:21"Sept:

C.Atabout2a.m:220aSept.,D:Atabout24o'clock21"Sept

666.Howmanypeopleinthat12-storyhoteldied?"

A.12B.7

C.3D.It'snottoldinthepass

667.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.TheearthquaketotallycutoffthepowersupplyinTaiwan.

-B.Therewerenotonlythestrongearthquakebutalsomanyaftershocks.

C.Becauseoftheearthquake,thewholeareawasinpanic:

D.ThefamilyfromCaliforniawereslightlyinjured.

668.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.ThevisitorcamefromAmerica.1

B.Thevisitorandhisfamilywerefrightenedwhen-theearthquaketookplace.

C.Theeathquakemadethemrealize-moreabouttheimportanceoflife.

D.TheywouldleaveTaiwantoTurkey.

/Passage168

Russia'sdefence,ministerledseniorsecurityofficials;toDagestanyesterdayasMose

steppedupitsoperationsinthe12-day-oldfightagainstIslamicmilitantsholdingseveralmou”

tainvillages.About500soldiers.and30piecesofarmourwereairliftedtothebattlezoneo

TuesdayasRussiacontinuestopourresourcesintothevolatileCaucasusMountainsregion,Rus-

siannewsagenciesreported.

TheRussianshavenotgivenanyfiguresfortheiroverallforcesin-thearea,buttheyarebe1

lievedtonumberseveralthousand.Therebelforce,hasbeen,estimatedatapproximately1,2

Russianjetsand.helicoptergunshipscarriedout24airstrikesagainsttherebelsonTuesday,an

destroyedatelevisionandradiorelaystationthatthemilitantswereusing-,newsreportssaid.

Moscowsaysthe.rebelswillbecrushedquickly,buttheystillhavefullcontrolofatleas'

threevillagesinthemountainsnearDagesta.n'sborderwiththebreakawayterritoryofChechnya'

Therebelsatewell-entrenchedintheirremoteoutpostsandtheRussianshaverelied,onairpower

ratherthansendingroundtroopsandriskheavycasualties..

Themilitants,manyofwhombelongtothefundamentalistWah-habisect;invadedDagestan

fromChechnyaonAugust7andarefightingforanindependentIslamicstateinsouthernRussia.

Russian:Defence,MinisterIgorSergeyev,accompanied-byothertopsecurityofficials,arrived":

inDagestan'scapitalMakhachkalaYesterday.:to

getacloserlookattheRussianoperation.He

plannedtomeetwithlocalcommandersandofficialsinDagestan,animpoverishedregionalong;

thewestcoastoftheCaspianSea.

Russia'sInteriorMinistrysaysthat450rebelshavebeenkilledwhile22Russiansoldiers

vedied:TherebelssaytheyhavelostfarfewerfightersthantheRussiansallege:The.conflict-

1gclaimscannotbeindependentlyverified.Approximately.10,000civilianshave;fledthe

conflict

ne,accordingtobagestanofficials.

x.SeekingtoencouraO_thetroops,Russianofficialssaidthe.soldierswouldgetahugepayin-

asethatwouldputtheminlinewithRussianpeacekeepersserving,inBosniaandKosovo..Act-

'gRussianFinanceMinisterMikhailKasyanovsaidaprivate'smonthlypaywouldberaisedto

IteequivalentofUS$1,000,upfromthepresentpayoflessthanUS$100.Still,at;leastone

niormilitaryofficialacknowledgedthattheoverallpoliticalandmilitarysituationwouldtake

oathstonormalize:-"Stabilizingthesituation-inDagestanisadrawn-outprocessandwillre-

ireseveralmonths,"thearmy'sChiefoftheGeneralStaffAnatolyKvashninsaid.

.69.Theconflictisbetween*:,and

A.DagestanandRussia.BDagestanandIslanmic

C.RussiaaridChechnyarebelsD:RussiaandIslanmic

70:Whatisthemeaningofword''airlifted'1inthefirstparagraph?

A.carriedbyair=planeB:lifttoahighplace

C.sent,upwardD.putforward

71.Accordingtotherebels,the.numberofsoldierstheylostis

A.smallerthanthatofRussiaB.smallerthanwhatRussiasaid

;}.C.morethanthat450!D.only22

X72.Thesalaryof:apeacekeeperinKosovomaybetimesmore,thanthatofanormal

soldierinRussianow.

AJOB.20

C.10D.5

Passage169

Mostlanguagesalsohaveawrittenform.Theoldestrecordsofwrittenlanguageareabout

5000yearsold.However,writtencommunicationbeganmuchearlierintheformofdrawingsor

marksmadetoindicatemeaningfulinformationaboutthenaturalworld.Theearliestartificially

:createdvisualimagesthathavebeendiscoveredarepaintingsofbears9mammoths,woollyrhi-

nos,andohterIceAgeanimalson.cavewallsnearAvignon,France:Thesepaintingsareover30,

M0yearsold.Theoldestknownanimalcarving,ofahorsemadefrommammothivory,dates

fromapproximately30,000yearsBCandwasfoundinpresent-dayVbgelhard,Germany.Other

'ancientsymbol-recordingsystems-havebeendiscovered.Forexample,a30,000-year-oldCro-

MagnonboneplaquediscoveredinFranceisengravedwithaseriesof29marks.;some

researchers

believetheplaquerecordsphasesofthemoon:Apieceofreindeerantlerapproximately15,000

yearsoldwasalsofoundinFrance,carvedwithbothanimalimagesand"counting"marks.The

ancientIncasinPeru,wholivedfromaboutthe11thcenturytothe15thcenturyAD,usedasys-

temofknottedandcoloredstringscalledquiputokeeptrackofpopulationofoodinventories,and

theproductionofgoldmines.

Perhapstheearliestforerunnerofwjiting.isasystemofclaycountifngtokensusedinthea

cientMiddleEast.Thetokensdatefrotih8000to3000BCandareshapedlikedisks,con

spheresandothershapes.Theywerestoredinclaycontainersmarked*withanearlyversion

cuneiformwriting,toindicatewhattokenswereinside.Cuneiformwasonejofthe.firstforms

writingandwas-pictographic,withsymbolsrepresentingobjects.Itdeceloped:asawrittenla

guageinAssyria(anancientAsiancountryinpresent-dayIraq)'from'3000.to1000

Cuneiformeventuallyacquiredideographicelements-thatis;thesymbol1'came:torepresentn'

onlytheobjectbutalsoideasandqualitiesassociatedwithit:

Theoldest,knownexamplesofscript-stylewritingdatefromabout3000BC;papyrusshee

(akindofearlypapermadefromreeds)fromabout2700to2500BChavebeenfoundintheN'

DeltainEgyptbearingwrittenhieroglyphs,anotherpictographic-ideographicform:ofWriting'

Chinesebeganasapictographic-ideographicwrittenlanguageperhapsasearlyasthe15thcentnt

BC.TodaywrittenChineseincludessome:phoneticelements(symbolsindicatingpronunciation

aswell..TheChinesewriting.systemiscalledlogographicbecausethefullsymbols,orcharac

ters;eachrepresentaword.CuneiformandEgyptianhieroglypheventuallyincorporatedphonet'

elements.Insyllgbicsystems;suchasJapaneseandKorean,writtensymbolsstandforspoke*

syllablesounds.

Thealphabet,inventedintheMiddleEast,wascarriedbythePhoenicians(peoplefrom

territoryontheeastern.coastoftheMediterranean,locatedlargelyinmodernLebanon)t

Greece,wherevowelsoundswereaddedtoit.Alphabetcharactersstandforphoneticsoundsan

canbecombinedinanalmostinfinitevarietyofwords.Manymodernlanguages,suchasEn

fish,German,French,andRussian;arealphabeticlanguages.

673.Writtencommunicationstartedfrom

A.5000yearsagoB.30,000yearsago

C.15,000yearsagoD..15centuryago

674.Thewrittenlanguagesinancient,does'notbelongtopictographic-ideographicfor

ofwriting?.

A.Egypt,B.Iraq

C.ChinaD:Greece

675.Thealphabetwasinventedby='

A.certainpeople,inancientMiddleEast**B.Phoenicians

C.Greeks

D.Germans

X76.isnotaalphabeticlanguage:

A.Germang.French

C.Chinese'D.Russian

'Passage170

Althoughmarriagecustomsvarygreatlyfromoneculturetoanother,theimportanceofthe

H,

'institutionisuniversallyacknowledged.Infantmarriage,'prevalentinplacessuchasIndiaand

Melanesia,isaresultofconcernforfamily,caste,andpropertyalliances.Levirate,thecustom

bywhichamanmightmarrythewifeofhisdeceasedbrother,waspracticedchieflybytheancient

Hebrews,anddesignedtocontinueafamilyconnectionthatwasalreadyestablished.Sororate,a

'customstillpracticedinremotepartsoftheworld,permitsamantomarryoneormoreofhis

wife'ssisters,:usuallyifshehasdiedorcannothavechildren.Monogamy,theunionofoneman'

::andonewoman,,istheprototypeofhumanmarriageanditsmostwidelyacceptedform,

predomi-

natingalsoinsocietiesin:whichotherformsofmarriageareaccepted.Allotherformsof

marriage

aregenerallyclassedunderpolygamy.

Inmostsocieties,marriageisestablishedthrougha)contractualprocedure,generallywith

somesortofreligioussanction.Mostmarriagesareprecededbyabetrothalperiod,duringwhich

variousrituals,suchasexchangesofgiftsandvisits,leadtothefinal-weddingceremonyand

maketheclaimsofthepartnerspublic.Insocietieswherearrangedmarriagesstillpredominate,

familiesmustnegotiatedowries,futurelivingarrangements,andohterimportantmattersbefore

marriage-canbearranged.

Becausemarriagearousesapprehensionaswellasjoy;Hindus,Buddhists,andmanyother

communitiesconsultastrologersbeforeandafter.marriagesarearrangedtoavoidunluckytimes

andplaces.Insome.societiesfearofhostile*spiritsleadsbridalcouplestoweardisguisesat,their

weddingsorsometimeseventosendsubstitutestotheceremony.Insomecountries,including

Ethiopia,itwaslongcustomarytoplaceanarmedguardbythebridalcoupleduringthewedding

\ceremonytoprotectthemfromdemons.Anexchangeofringsorthejoiningofhandsfrequently

.representsthe-newbondsbetweenthemarriedcouple,asintheUnitedStatesandmanyother

countries:Finally;theinterestofthecommunityisexpressedinmanyways,throughfeasting

、'anddancing,thepresenceofwitnesses,andtheofficialsealingofmarriagedocuments:677.is

widespreadinthewholeworld.

A.InfantmarriageB.Levirate

'C.SororateD.Monogamy

678.Ifamanhasfourwives,themarriagebelongsto

A.polygamyB.levirate

C.sororateD.monogamy

679.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.Thebridalcouplemayaskaguardtostandbeforetheirhouseforoneyeartoprotect

them.

B.Thecouplemayexchangesomethingbeforethemarriage.

C.Thetwofamiliesmaynegotiatedowriesbeforema