1、一、名詞和主謂一致I. 名詞的種類專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團體機構名稱可數名詞不可數名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質名詞特別注意名詞類別的相互轉換個體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉換例 句意 義名詞性質She held some flowers in her hand.The trees are now in flower花兒個體名詞開花抽象名詞Youth is beautiful.He is a youth of twenty青春抽象名詞年輕人個體名詞They have achieved remarkable success in their work.How about the Christ

2、mas evening party? I should say it was a success. 成功抽象名詞成功的事個體名詞物質名詞與個體名詞的相互轉換例 句意 義名詞性質Iron is a kind of metal.Please lend me your iron.鐵物質名詞熨斗個體名詞He broke a piece of glass.He broke a glass.玻璃物質名詞玻璃杯個體名詞I bought a chicken this morningPlease help yourself to some chicken小雞個體名詞雞肉物質名詞抽象名詞與個體名詞的轉換具有動作意

3、義的抽象名詞加用與某些動詞（如：have等）連用，表示某一次短暫的動作Id like_information about the management of your hotel,please.Well, you could have_word with the manager. He might be helpfulA.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,aThey sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名詞）A.a B.an C./ D.theCould we have word before you go

4、 to the meeting? 話（個體名詞）A.a B.an C./ D.the類例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a looktake a walk/a bath make an advance(進步)/make an early start(早點出發)/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(發出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try表示知識和時間的抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞時可以用來表示其中的一部分Many people agree tha

5、t_knowledge of English is a must in_international trade today.A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, thea knowledge of truth(知道實際情況)give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關于中國更為翔實的知識)have a knowledge of shorthand(有速記的知識) If there were no examination, we should have_at school.A.the happiest time B.a more happ

6、ier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞可用來表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現象或結果。這時名詞前往往有形容詞修飾Oh, John. _you gave me!A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surpriseShe looked up when I shou

7、ted.A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surpriseIt is_work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusualII. 名詞的數規則名詞的復數形式：名詞的復數形

8、式，一般在單數形式后面加-s或-es（參看有關語法書）。英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的，請看下表規 則例 詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復數相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3只有復數形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復數people, police, cattle, sta

9、ff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作復數（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復數形式表示特別含義customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7

10、表示“某國人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復數同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變為復數sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變為復數grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變為復數women

11、 singers, men servantsIII. 主謂一致規則情 況舉 例語法一致原則以單數名詞或代詞動詞不定式短語，動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式；主語為復數時，謂語動詞用復數形式。His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引導的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數情況用單數形式，但若表語是復數或what從句

12、是一個帶有復數意義的并列結構時，主句的謂語動詞用復數形式。what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.由連接詞and或bothand連接起來的主語后面，要用復數形式的謂語動詞。但若所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時，它后面的謂語就用單數形式。由and 連接的并列單數主語前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+

13、單數名詞和由some, any no, every構成的復合不定代詞，都作單數看待。.Lucy and Lily are twinsThe writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it.Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?Somebody is speaking in class. Everythi

14、ng around us is matter若none of 后面的名詞是不可數名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數。若它后面的名詞是復數，它的謂語動詞用單數或復數都可以。None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America.在定語從句里，關系代詞that, who, which 等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are wor

15、king hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.在強調句型中應與被強調部分一致It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數形式； 如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動詞用復數形式The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field.

16、His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學生）由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構成的短語以及由分數或百分數+名詞構成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數要根據短語中后面名詞的數而定。The

17、re are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，還有a number of +復數名詞有類似的用法（用復數），但the number of +復數名詞的數就得依number 而定（用單數）。A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number o

18、f pages in this book is three hundred.在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數應與其后的主語一致There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result. Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands a monument.邏輯意義一致原則What, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數，也可是復數， 主要靠意思來決定。Which is your bag? Which are your bags?Are an

19、y of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.表示時間重量長度價值等的名詞的復數作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Twenty pounds is too dear.如強調這類詞的復數意義，則謂語動詞要用復數形式Forty ki

20、los of water are used every day.若英語是書名名格言劇名報名國名等的復數形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數形式。The United States is smaller than China.“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.表數量的短語“one and a half”后面接復數名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.一些學科名詞是以-ics結尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news

21、, works 等。都屬于形式上是復數的名詞， 實際意義為單數名詞，它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。The paper works was built in 1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。I dont think physics is easy to study.trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等詞作主語時，謂語用復數，但如果這些名詞前有a(the) pair of 等量詞修飾時（clothes被a suit of 修飾）謂語動詞用單數。My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes u

22、nder the bed is his.“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動詞用復數；若表示某一類東西時，動詞用單數。The old are taken good care of there.The beautiful gives pleasure to all.就近/遠一致原則當兩個主語由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right.