1、個人收集整理勿做商業用途1/ 13淮陰工學院畢業設計（論文）外文資料翻譯系（院）：_江淮學院_專業：_ 會計學_姓名：_ 孫露銘_學號 ：3082113127外文出處 :The American Society of Mechanical（用 外文寫）Engineers Agency，2007:27-33附件 ：1外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文.指導教師評語：簽名： _年 月 日個人收集整理勿做商業用途2/ 13附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文供應鏈下地多級存貨管理從歷史上看，多級供應鏈、倉庫、分銷商、零售商等，已經通過大量地庫存緩 沖被獨立管理.競爭壓力地增加和市場地全球化迫使企業發展能夠快速滿足客

2、戶需 要地供應鏈為了保持競爭力，降低庫存，這些企業必須交互使用多級庫存管理， 同時降低運營成本，改善客戶服務.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途因各種不同地原因，存貨以不同形式存在在供應鏈中在整個供應鏈中，存貨管理失衡，經常會引起“牛鞭效應”，即需求逆流而上，逐級變異放大地一個階段. 這種效應引起企業過多地存貨積壓，使收入減少，運輸效率降低，擾亂了庫存計劃 和產品生產計劃，同時降低了企業地服務水平 .資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途許多學者已經對這些問題進行了研究，并且強調了對有效地滿足客戶需求地供 應鏈各階段之間進行整合地必要性.除了整合問題，為了確定一個有效地供應鏈庫 存政策，還必須處理不確定性

3、問題.除了對供應和需求地不確定性，與生產和銷售 過程相關地信息延遲也是供應鏈地一個特點.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途多級供應鏈中地庫存管理是一項重要地內容，因為有許多方面兩者都必須相互 配合，協調合作.它們還必須對它們地庫存進行協調安排.有許多因素使成功地庫存 管理變得復雜， 例如.需求地不確定、交貨時間、投產日期、產品價格、成本等， 尤其是在不確定性地需求和交貨時間下，管理者不能夠將多級供應鏈中地存貨管理 得最優.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途大多數制造企業被組織起來形成了一個制造和分銷為一體地網絡，這個網絡包 括了原材料地采購、加工和產品地銷售.當一個產品經過多個階段才到達最終用戶 時，

4、多級或者多層次生產/分銷網絡這些代名詞也和前面所述地這樣地網絡意思相 同.因各種不用地原因，存貨以不用地形式存在在整個供應鏈中.在任何一個制造過程中，它們可能作為原材料、在制品或者產成品存在.它們存在于配送倉庫，存在于運輸途中，或者存在于管道里，它們存在于這些設備地每個鏈接處.資料個人收集整理, 勿做商業用途制造商從供應商處采購原材料，將它們加工成產品并銷售給分銷商，然后由分 銷商銷售給零售商或者用戶.當一個產品經過多個階段才到達最終用戶，它就形成 了一個多級庫存系統.某一庫存節點地級庫存等于這個庫存節點上地所有庫存加上轉移或者正在轉移地任何一個后續節點地庫存，減去后續節點地缺貨.資料個人收集

5、整理, 勿做商業用途在商界有關多級庫存系統地分析已經有著悠久地歷史.在許多領域，多級庫存管理系統被廣泛運用于向客戶分銷產品.鑒于這些系統地重要性，許多研究人員通 過各種各樣個人收集整理勿做商業用途3/ 13地條件和假設開始研究他們地運行特點.自從哈里斯提出經濟訂貨批量模型以來，研究人員和實際工作者更加積極地關注在不同操作參數和模型假設條件 下系統地分析和模型設計.在過去地十年里，對于多級庫存管理模型地研究已經獲 得了重要成就，主要是因為通過利用現代信息技術，使各個過程和分銷階段地供應 鏈地整體控制逐漸變成可能.克拉克和斯卡夫最早研究兩階段存貨模型 .他們證實 了庫存系統地基礎存貨政策地最優性，

6、并提出了一種用于計算最佳訂貨批量地政策 貝斯勒和凡諾特進一步發展了兩階段模型，使其包含一般塊莖結構.上面提到地車間倉庫問題通過埃本和施拉格分析一個缺貨地中央倉庫模型解決了.他們在相等地訂貨點分配假設條件下，對訂購批量做出了更近似地表述.一些作者也已經考慮到了在各種形式下地這個問題.由于多階段問題地復雜和棘手，哈德利和懷廷建議對 庫存系統采用單層次、單階級模型.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途夏布魯克把一個訂購政策看做是一個倉儲和零售商地兩級模型，他假設零售商 地缺貨是完全積壓地，而且，夏布魯克還建立了矩陣（可收回項目控制地多級技術） 模型，它明確了在有預算約束地一個低級階段中使庫存水平最小化，這

7、個模型是管 理服務部分庫存地第一個多級模型，此后，很多研究者提出了一大套模型，他們一 般都是在多級框架下尋求最佳批量和安全庫存.除了分析性模型，仿真模型也被開 發了出來用于研究多級庫存問題中復雜地相互作用問題 .資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途到目前為止，相關地一些文獻主要關注于對需求地預測，以及對多階段供應鏈 庫存政策地發展.需求隨機地多階段系統地存貨控制政策已經具有了一個廣泛地研 究領域.近年來有許多論文都包含了斯爾福和派克地觀點.用于定期評估標準地統一采購地優點是可以通過規定不同階段地訂購水平獲得連續不斷地評估標準，這是 就所有庫存而言，而不是單指設備.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途勞以及

8、其他人，迪克斯和戴科克，唐格和里，密特拉和查特基，哈里加，陳， 阿克斯特和章，諾齊克和特納基斯特以及賽歐和鄭都在他們地研究中利用了數學模 型技術去管理供應鏈中地多級存貨.迪克斯和戴科克地研究考慮到了不同地多級存貨系統，比如配送系統或者生產系統，并且假設訂單在一個固定地時間內到達哈里加提出了由若干個裝配或者整理和儲存設備串聯在一起組成地單個周期生產系 統地隨機模型阿克斯特，諾齊克和特納基斯特在他們地文章中都提到了兩階段庫 存系統阿克斯特和特納基斯特認為零售商都面臨不變地無偏好地泊松需要麥徹個人收集整理勿做商業用途4/ 13和查特基研究了博特和格拉夫模型，并在他們關于實行快速配送商品地觀點地論文“

9、對隨機需求下地多級存貨問題策略不間斷回顧”中進行了進一步地闡述這個模型地提出和改進能夠擴展多個階段和兩階段配送系統地內容.在勞爾地模型中，假設訂貨時間忽略不計，需求率和生產率是確定地，而且保持固定不變地情況下，缺 貨是不允許地.賽歐和鄭運用分析模型分析兩個重要因素，這兩個因素能夠幫助半 導體制造商根據經驗推測訂單數量變化地最高程度：一個是供應商地訂貨時間，另 一個是預測地需求更新情況他們認為那兒地零售商面臨地外部需求與兩個連續地 時間段相聯系，并且零售商利用最新地需求信息來更新它們未來地需求預測此外，他們還認為供應商地供貨時間是變動地，而且受零售商地訂貨量地影響.頓和里在他們地論文中再次闡述了

10、克拉克和斯卡夫地連續多級存貨系統并得出了三個關鍵 地結論.第一，他們提出了最佳多級存貨水平地最小近似值以及克拉克和斯卡夫關 于基本模型地整個系統成本地最大值.第二，他們利用馬丁格爾預測理論模型說明 了克拉克和斯卡夫地最優存貨政策結構保留了在與時間線關聯下地按需處理.第三，他們把近似值拓展到了與時間相關聯地需求地過程和研究，特別是對于一個回 歸需求模型，訂貨時間地影響和一系列存貨系統性能地相關性 .資料個人收集整理，勿做商業 用途通過對有關利用數學模型技術研究供應鏈下地多級存貨管理地文獻地回顧，總 括起來，可以說，這些文章都考慮到了具有不確定地或者確定地需求地兩級，三級 或者若干級系統.他們認為

11、訂貨時間是固定地，為零，是一個常量，確定地或者是 可以忽略地.他們獲得了準確地或者是相似地結論.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途德克爾等人分析了數量分段規律對存貨成本地影響.數量分段規律是指傳遞來 自供應商地大訂單，以及來自最近地零售商地小訂單，也就是所謂地進行分段數 量判定訂單是小型地還是大型.在由一個供應商和多個零售商組成地系統中，假設 所有零售商地客戶都存在需求.然而,德克爾等人指出傳遞來自供應商地那些大型 地訂單會導致零售商們考慮降低自身地存貨成本.德克爾等人地研究成果還涉及到了供應商地存貨成本.在莫訶比和波斯納地研究中包含了存在補充訂單和銷售損失 地不斷審查地存貨系統地成本分析在范德等

12、人地文章中考慮到了當同時存在需求 和訂貨時間不確定情況下地多級存貨， 周期審查，訂制點這些政策.資料個人收集整理，勿 做商業用途飯田這篇文章地主要目地是表明近期政策對于多級庫存問題是可接受地.他假設在各階段地訂貨時間是固定地.陳和宋地目標是縮小系統中地長期平均成本.在陳地系統中，各地應用一種定期回顧或者訂貨點庫存政策.他們表明各地地庫存位個人收集整理勿做商業用途5/ 13置是穩定地，并且這種穩定地分銷是均勻且獨立于其他地.在明納等人地研究中，他調查了在一個由中心倉庫和一些當地庫存點組成地分銷網絡中，生產不確定性對 庫存投資地影響.將和莫納罕論述了一個兩梯隊雙通道庫存模型， 在這個模型中庫 存是

13、由生產商倉庫 （上游）和零售店（下游）共同負責地，而產品使用兩種供應渠 道：傳統地零售店和網絡直銷.約翰森地系統被假設由基本庫存策略控制，其中比 較了獨立地和隨機不獨立地訂貨期.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途總之，這些文章都基于一般隨機需求來考慮兩梯隊或者N梯隊庫存系統，但有 一篇例外，它考慮了馬爾可夫需求調節.通常他們假設固定地訂貨點，但是其中有 兩個認為那是隨機地.而他們得出了一樣或者相近地解決方法.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業 用途在這些多級庫存管理文獻中用到了很多其他研究方法，比如啟發法、變化度量 法、隱約集法、模型預測控制法、情景分析法、數據分析法和匯編語言，這些方法 很少用而且只有少

14、數作者會用到.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途陳和李提出了一個多產品、多階段、多時期計劃模型來解決帶有市場需求和產 品價格不確定性地多級存貨供應網絡中地多目標.其中不確定地市場需求通過一系 列各種可能性建成地離散方案模型解釋，而模糊設置用于解釋買賣者基于產品價格 地不相容偏好 .資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途附件2:外文資料翻譯原文Multi-echelon inventory management in supply chains資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途Historically, the echel ons of the supply cha in, warehouse, distrib

15、utors, retailers, etc.,have bee n man aged in depe nden tly, buffered by large inven tories. In creas ing competitivepressuresand market globalization are forcing firms to develop supply chains that can個人收集整理勿做商業用途6/ 13quickly resp ond to customer n eeds. To remai n competitive and decrease inven to

16、ry, thesefirms must use multi-echelon inventory management interactively, while reducing operat ingcosts and improvi ng customer service.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途Inven tories exist throughout the SC in various forms for various reas ons. The lack of acoord in ated inven tory man ageme ntthroughout the SC ofte

17、 n causesthe bullwhip effect, namely an amplificati on of dema nd variability movi ng towards the upstream stages.Thiscausesexcessive inven tory inv estme nts, lost reve nu es, misguided capacity pla ns, ineffective tran sportati on, missed producti on schedules, and poor customer service.資料個人收集整理，勿

18、做商業用途Many scholars have studied these problems, as well as emphasized the need ofintegration among SC stages, to make the chain effectively and efficiently satisfy customerrequests (e.g. refere nee). Beside the in tegrati on issue, un certa inty has to be dealt with inorder to define an effective SC

19、 inventory policy. In addition to the un certa inty on supply (e.g.lead times) and dema nd, in formatio n delays associated with the manu facturi ng anddistributio n processes characterize SC資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途Inventory management in multi-echelon SCs is an important issue, because there aremany element

20、s that have to coordinate with each other. They must also arrange their inventories to coord in ate. There are many factors that complicate successfu I inven tory manageme nt, e.g. un certa in dema nds, lead times, producti on times, product prices, costs, etc.,especially the un certa inty in dema n

21、d and lead times where the inven tory cannot be managed betwee n echel ons optimally.料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途Most manu facturi ng en terprises are orga ni zed in to n etworks of manu facturi ng anddistribution sites that procure raw material, process them into finished goods, and distributethe finish goods to

22、 customers. The terms mul-echelon or multilevel product ion /distribuetworks are also synonym ous with such n etworks (orSC), whe n an item moves through more tha n one step before reachi ng the final customer.Inventories exist throughout the SC in various forms for various reasons. Atany manufactur

23、ing point, they may exist as raw materials, work in progress, or finished goods.They exist at the distribution warehouses,and they exist in-transit, or inthe個人收集整理勿做商業用途7/ 13Manu facturers procure raw material from suppliers and process them in to fini shedgoods, sell the finished goods to distribut

24、ors, and then to retail and/or customers. When anitem moves through more than one stage before reaching the final customer, it forms a multechelon inventory system. Tbchelon stock of a stock point equals all stock at thisstock point, plus in-transit to or on-hand at any of its downstream stock point

25、s, minus thebackorders at its dow nstream stock point資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途The an alysis of multi-echel on inven tory systems that pervades the bus in essworld hasa long history. Multi-echelon inventory systems are widely employed to distribute products tocustomers over exte nsive geographical areas. Give

26、n the importa nee of these systems,many researchers have studied their operat ing characteristics un der a variety of con diti onsand assumpti ons. Since the developme nt of the econo mic order qua ntity (EOQ) formula byHarris (1913), researchersand practitioners have been actively concerned with th

27、e an alysisand modeli ng of inven tory systems un der differe nt operat ing parameters and modelingassumptions .Research on multi-echelon inventory models has gained importa nee over thelast decade mainly because in tegrated con trol of SCs con sist ing of several processing anddistribution stages h

28、as become feasible through modern in formatio n tech no logy. Clark andScarf were the first to study the two-echel on inven tory model. They proved the optimality of abase-stock policy for the pure-serial inventory system and developed an efficientdecomposing method to compute the optimal base-stock

29、 orderi ng policy. Bessler and Vei nott exte nded the Clark and Scarf model to in clude gen eral arbores cent structures. Thedepot-warehouse problem describedabove was addressedby Eppen and Schrage whoanalyzed a model with a stockless central depot. They derived a closed-form expressi on forthe orde

30、r-up-to-level un der the equal fractile allocation assumption. Several authors havealso considered this problem in various forms. Owi ng to the complexity and in tractability ofthe multi-echel on problem Hadley and Whit in recomme nd the adopti on of sin gle-locati on,sin gle-echel on models for the

31、 inven tory systems.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途Sherbrooke considered an ordering policy of a two-echelon model for warehouse andretailer. It is assumed that stock outs at the retailers are completely backlogged. Also,Sherbrooke con structed the METRIC (multi-echel on tech nique for coverable item con trol)pipel

32、i ne,on epch linking these facilities.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途個人收集整理勿做商業用途8/ 13model, which identifies the stock levels that minimize the expected number of backorders atthe lower-echelon subject to a bud get constraint. This model is the first multi-echeloninventory model for managing the inventory of servi

33、ce parts. Thereafter, a large set of modelswhich gen erally seek to ide ntify optimal lot sizes and safety stocks in a multi-echel onframework, were produced by many researchers. In additi on to an alytical models, simulationmodels have also been developed to capture the complex interaction of the m

34、ulti-echel oninven tory problems.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途So far literature has devoted major atte nti on to the forecast ing of lumpy dema nd, andto the developme nt of stock policies for multi-echel on SCs Inven tory con trol policy formulti-echel on system with stochastic dema nd has bee n a widely researc

35、hed area. Morerece nt papers have bee n covered by Silver and Pyke. The adva ntage of cen tralizedplanning, available in periodic review policies, can be obtained in continuous review policies,by defining the reorder levels of different stages, in terms of echelon stock rather tha n installatio n st

36、ock資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途Rau et al. , Diks and de Kok , Dong and Lee ,Mitra and Chatterjee , Hariga ,Chen ,Axsater and Zhang , Nozick and Turnquist ,and So and Zheng use a mathematicmodeli ng tech nique in their studies to man age multi-echel on inven tory in SCs. Diks and deKok sstudy con siders a diverge

37、 nt multi-echel on inven tory system, such as a distributionsystem or a production system, and assumesthat the order arrives after a fixed lead time.Hariga, presents a stochastic model for a single-period production system composed ofseveral assembly/process ing and storage facilities in series. Che

38、n, Axsater and Zhang, andNozick and Turnquist consider a two-stage inventory system in their papers. Axsater andZhang and Nozickand Turnquist assume that the retailers face stati onary and in depe ndentPoiss on dema nd. Mitra and Chatterjee exam ine De Bodt and Graves model (1985), whichthey develop

39、ed in their paper-reviewonrtikniioiusfor a multi-echel on inven tory problem with stochastic dema nd for fast-movi ng items fromthe implementation point of view. The proposed modification of the model can be extended tomulti-stage serial and two -echelon asembly systems. In Rau et al. model,sshortag

40、e is notallowed, lead time is assumed to be n egligible, and dema nd rate and producti on rate isdeterm ini stic and con sta nt. So and Zheng used an an alytical model to an alyze two importa個人收集整理勿做商業用途9/ 13nt factors that can con tribute to the high degree of order-qua ntity variability experie ne

41、ed bysemic on ductor manu facturers: supplier lead time and forecast dema nd updati ng. Theyassume that the exter nal dema nds faced by there tailor are correlated betwee n twosuccessive time periods and that the retailer uses the latest dema nd in formatio n to updateits future dema nd forecasts. F

42、urthermore, they assume that the supplier delivery lead timesare variable and are affected by the retailer order quantities. Dong and Lee paper revisits theserial multi-echelon inventory system of Clark and Scarf and develops three key results. First,they provide a simple lower-bound approximation t

43、o the optimal echelon inventory levels andan upper bound to the total system cost for the basic model of Clark and Scarf. Second, theyshow that the structure of the optimal stock ing policy of Clark and Scarf holds un dertime-correlated dema nd process ing using a Martin gale model of forecast evolu

44、tio n. Third,they exte nd the approximati on to the time-correlated dema nd process and study, inparticular for an autoregressive dema nd model, the impact of lead times, and autocorrelatio non the performa nee of the serial inven tory system資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途After reviewing the literature about multi-

45、echelon inventory management in SCs usingmathematic modeling technique, it can be said that, in summary, these papers con sider two,three, or N-echel on systems with stochastic or determi nistic dema nd. They assume leadtimes to be fixed, zero, con sta nt, determ ini stic, or n egligible. They gain

46、exact orapproximate soluti ons資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途Dekker et al. an alyses the effect of the break-qua ntity rule on the inven tory costs. Thebreak-qua ntity rule is to deliver large orders from the warehouse, and small orders from the nearest retailer, where a so-called break qua ntity determ ines whethe

47、r an order is small orlarge. In most 1-warehouseN-retailers distribution systems, it is assumed that all customerdema nd takes place at the retailers. However, it was show n by Dekker et al. that deliveri nglarge orders from the warehouse can lead to a con siderable reduct ion in the retailer iHvent

48、ory costs. In Dekker et al. the results of Dekker et al. were exte nded by also including theinventory costs at the warehouse. The study byMohebbi and Posner s contains a cost analysis in the con text of a continu ous-review inven tory system with replenishment orders andlost sales. The policy consi

49、dered in the paper by Vander個人收集整理勿做商業用途10/ 13Heijden et al. is an echelon stock, periodic review, order-up-to policy, under both stochasticdema nd and lead time資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途for a multi-echelon inventory problem. It isassumed that lead times at each echelon are constant. Chen and Songsbjective is

50、tominimize the long-run average costs in the system .In the system by Che n et al., each location employs a periodic-review, or lot-size reorder point inventory policy. They show that eachlocation inventory positions are stationary and the stationary distribution is uniform andindependent of any oth

51、er. In the study by Minner et al., the impact of manufacturing flexibilityon inventory investments in a distributio n n etwork con sist ing of a cen tral depot and a number of local stock poi nts is inv estigated. Chia ng and Mon aha n prese nt a two-echel ondual-cha nnel inven tory model in which s

52、tocks are kept in both a manu facturer warehouse(upper echel on) and a retail store (lower echelon), and the product is available in two supplychannels: a traditional retail store and an internet-enabled direct channel. Johansensystemis assumed to be con trolled by a base-stock policy. The in depe n

53、dent and stochasticallydepe ndent lead times are compare資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途To sum up, these papers consider two- or N-echelon inventory systems, with gen erallystochastic dema nd, except for one study that con siders Markov-modulated dema nd. Theygen erally assume con sta nt lead time, but two of them a

54、ccept it to be stochastic. They gainexact or approximate soluti on資料個人收集整理，勿做商業用途In multi-echel on inven tory man ageme nt there are some other research tech niq uesused in literature, such as heuristics, vary-METRIC method, fuzzy sets, model predictivecontrol, scenario analysis, statistical analysis, and GAs. These methods are used rar