1、專題十五閱讀理解之社會生活、說理議論類1.【 2015 湖北卷】 A“ I see you ve got a bit of water on your coat,” said the man at the petrol station.out there?”“ No, it s pretty nice,” I replied, checking my sleeve.馬駒 ) bit“meOh, right. A pony(earlier.”As it happened, the bite was virtuallypainless: more the kind of small bite yo

2、u might getfrom a naughty child. The pony responsible was queuing up for some ice cream in the car parknear Haytor, and perhaps thought I d jumped in ahead of him.The reason why the ponies here are naughty is that Haytor is a tourist-heavy area and touristsare constantly feeding the ponies foods, de

3、spite sighs asking them not to. By feeding the ponies, tourists increase the risk of them getting hit by a car, and make them harder to gather during the area s annual pony drift(遷移 ).The purpose of a pony drift is to gather them up so their health can be checked, the baby onescan be stooped from fe

4、eding on their mother s milk, and those who ve gone beyond their limitedarea can be returned to their correct area. Some of them are also later sold, in order to limit the number of ponies according to the rules set by Natural England.Three weeks ago, I witnessed a small near-disaster a few mils wes

5、t of here. While walking, Inoticed a pony roll over o n his back.“ Hello!” I said to him, assuming he was just rolling for fun,but he was very still and, as I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.I began to properly worry about him. Fortunately, I managed to get in

6、 touch with a Dartmoor sLivestock Protection officer and send her a photo. The officer immediately sent a local farmer outto check on the pony. The pony had actually been trapped between two rocks. The farmer freedhim, and he began to run happily around again.Dartmoor has 1,000 or so ponies, who pla

7、y a critical role in creating the diversity of speciesin this area. Many people are working hard to preserve these ponies, and trying to come up withplans to find a sustainable(可持續的 ) future for one of Dartmoor mosts financially-troubledelements.51.Why are tourists asked not to feed the ponies?A. To

8、 protect the tourists from being bitten1B. To keep the ponies off the petrol stationC. To avoid putting the ponies in dangerD. To prevent the ponies from fighting52.One of the purposes of the annual pony drift is _.A. to feed baby ponies on milkB. to control the number of poniesC. to expand the habi

9、tat for poniesD. to sell the ponies at a good price53.What as the author s first reaction when aheponysaw roll on its back?A. He freed it from the trapB. He called a protection officerC. He worried about it very muchD. He thought of it as being naughty54.What does the author imply about the preserva

10、tion of Dartmoor s ponies?A. It lacks peoplevolvementsin.B. It costs a large amount of moneyC. It will affect tourism in Dartmoor.D. It has caused an imbalance of species2【考點定位】夾敘夾議文閱讀【名師點睛】 夾敘夾議文是近幾年高考經常涉及的一類文體，文章一方面敘述事情， 另一方面又對事情加以評論，此類文章一般先提出論點，然后以事例說明論點，最后得出結論，或者一邊敘述事情經過， 一邊對事情加以分析評論， 文章最后一段用一句概

11、括性的話點明主題，將敘述和議論有機地結合起來，其中“敘”是“議”的基礎，“議”是“敘”的滲透和延伸。考生要注意在通讀全文的基礎上弄清文章結構，閱讀時重點要放在議論部分， 因為該部分表達了作者的觀點或看法， 是文章的精髓。 理解了作者的觀點和看法， 也就把握了全文的主要內容。本文難度不大， 通過作者與小馬的“親密接觸”介紹了英國達特穆爾荒原淘氣的矮種馬，散發出濃濃的英倫風。2.【 2015 湖北卷】 CHilversum is a medium-sized city between the major cities of Amsterdam and Utrecht in theGooi area

12、 of North Holland,the Netherlands. Unlike most of the Netherlands, Hilversumisactually in a hillyarea withthe soil mostlyconsisting ofsand. Once called the GardenofAmsterdam, it stillattracts travelers to come over to cycleand walk through the surroundingforests. They visit it for a relaxing day off

13、 from the urban madness. For Dutch people, Hilversumis all about textile ( 紡織 ) and media industries, and modern architecture.3In history, Hilversum was largely an agricultural area. Dailylife was marked by farming,sheep raising and wool production. A railway link to Amsterdam in 1874 attracted rich

14、 tradersfromAmsterdamto Hilversum.They buildthemselves large villas( 別墅 ) in the woodedsurroundings of the town. One of the families moving in was the Brenninkmeijers, currently the wealthiest family of the Netherlands. They moved in after big success in the textile industry andaided a substantial t

15、extile industry in Hilversum. But the textile boom lasted only several decades.The last factory closed in the 1960s.The change to a media economy started in 1920, when the Nederlandse Seintoestedllen Fabriek (NSF) established a radio factory in Hiversum. Most radio stations called in the large villa

16、s in the leafy areas of the town. Television gave another push to the local economy. Hilversumbecame the media capital of the Netherlands, and Dutch televison stars moved into the leafy neighborhoods surrounding the town.In the early 1900s, modern architcts W.M. Dudokand J. Duikerplaced hundreds ofr

17、emarkable buildings in Hilversum. These modern architectural masterpieces (杰作 ) are so manythat Hilversumalmost feels like an open airmuseum. Dudok alone shaped most 20th centuryHilversum and approximately 75 buildings in1928-1931.It has wide international fame and isincluded in many architecture te

18、xtbooks. Thebuilding hasa remarkable shape and looks like acombination of“ blocks ” . Actually, one may start his journey of modern architecture by walking orbiking the W.M. Dudok Architectural Route in Hilversum.59.Hilversum is different from most of the Netherlands in that _.A. it has a large popu

19、lationB. it is cut off from big citiesC. it has many beautiful gardensD. it is in a hilly area with sandy soil60.What was the greatest contribution of the Brenninkmeijers to Hilversum?A. Building a railway link to AmsterdamB. Helping its textile industry to developC. Constructing large villas for th

20、e poorD. Assisting its agricultural industry61.The beginning of the media industry in Hilversum was marked by the establishment of _.4A. a radio factoryB. the medial capitalC. a radio stationD. a TV station62.What is known about W.M. Dudok s Hilversum Town Hall?A. It consists of approximately 75 bui

21、ldingsB. It looks like an open air museum in the cityC. It is a classic example in architecture textbooksD. It has shaped most of 20th century Hilvesum.【解析】試題分析：本文是一篇說明文。介紹了荷蘭Hilversum 這一地區的地貌特征、工業發展和現代建筑。59. D 細節理解題。根據首段第二句“Unlike most of the Netherlands, Hilversum is actually ahilly area”可知 Hilver

22、sum 不同于荷蘭其他地方之處在于它屬于沙土丘陵地帶。故選 D 項。60.B 細節理解題。根據第二段倒數第三句“ They moved in after big success in the textile industry and aided a substantial textile industry in Hilversum ”可知 Brennikmeijers 為 Hilversum的紡織業做出了巨大的貢獻。故選B 項。61.A 細節理解題。根據第三段首句“The change to a media economy started in 1920,established a radio

23、 factory in Hilversum ”可知 Hilversum 傳媒業興起的興起是以一家無線電廠的建立為標志的。故選A 項。62.C 推理判斷題。根據最后一段倒數第三、四句“His master pieceIt has wide internationalfame and is included in many architecture textbooks ”可知 W. M. Dudok s Hilversum Town Hall是建筑教科書中的一個典范。故選C 項。【考點定位】說明文閱讀【名師點睛】 說明文用平實的語言客觀地解釋或探討各種問題，如機器的制造過程、自然或社會現象產生的原

24、因、工程項目的規劃或問題的解決方案等，介紹自然科學、 社會科學領域的最新成果， 社會經濟發展過程中出現的新生事物等。本文雖短短幾段，卻囊括了荷蘭小鎮Hilversum的前世今生，把一個不怎么出名的小城栩栩如生地呈現在中國讀者的眼前。3.【 2015 湖北卷】 EScience has a lot of uses. It can uncover laws of nature, cure diseases, make bombs, and help5bridges to stand up. Indeed science is so good a t what it does that there

25、s always a temptation(誘惑) to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful. David Brooks, author of The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character,and Achievement, appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.Brooks gained fame for several

26、 books. His latest book The Social Animal, however, is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books. It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics. The book focuses on big questions: What has science revealed about human nature? What are thesources of character? And why are some people

27、happy and successful while others aren t?To answer these questions, Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines （學科） . Consideringthis, you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts. But Brooks has structured his bookin an unorthodox( 非常規的 ), and perhaps unfortunate, way. Instead of intro

28、ducingscientifictheories, he tells a story, within which he triesto make his points, perhaps in order to keep thereader s attention.So as Harold and Erica, the hero and heroine in his story, live through childhood, we hear about the science of child development and as they begin to date we hear abou

29、t the theory of sexual attraction. Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.On the whole,Brooks s story is accleptabifuninspired. As one would expect, his writing ismostly clear and, to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance, the chapter in

30、which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainlynot strong or memorable characters, the more serious problems withThe Social Animallieelsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooksempt to translatte his tale into science.67.The author mentions the functions of sc

31、ience at the beginning of the passage to_.A. illustrate where science can be appliedB. demonstrate the value of Brooks s new bookC. remind the reader of the importance of scienceD. explain why many writers use science in their works68.According to the author, which of the following could be a streng

32、th of the book?A. Its strong basis.B. Its convincing points.C. Its clear writing.D. Its memorable characters.669.What is the author s general attitude towards the book?A. Contradictory.B. Supportive.C . Cautious.D. Critical.70.What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?A. Prob

33、lems with the book.B. Brooks s life experience.C. Death of the characters.D. Brooks s translation skills.【解析】試題分析： 本文是一篇議論文。文章先列舉出科學的許多功能，接著指出科學有巨大的誘惑力，以致許多作家抵擋不住這種誘惑，在文學作品中運用到科學。并以Brooks 的新書Thesocial animal 為例，批判地分析這本書的優勢和不足。67.D 寫作用意題。首段第一、二句首先列舉出科學的許多功能，接著指出科學有巨大的誘惑力，以致許多作家抵擋不住這種誘惑，在文學作品中運用到科學。故選

34、D 項。68.C 推理判斷題。 根據最后一段中“ , his writing is mostly clear and , to be fair, some chaptersstand out above the rest. I enjoyed,可知作者認 為寫”作思路清晰是這本書的一大優勢。故選C 項。69.D 觀點態度題。最后一段中的鏈接詞“ while之”前是這本書的優勢，其后作者指出了其不足。因此作者對這部書持批判的態度。故選D 項。70. A 篇章結構題。文章最后一段中鏈接詞“ while后”面部分開始談論這本書存在的問題。因此緊接著作者應該還是在寫這本的不足。故選A 項。【考點定位】

35、議論文閱讀【名師點睛】議論說理類文章具有以下特點：1一般按提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的方法寫作。 作者一般從日常生活中的熱點問題、社會上的重大問題、 與讀者息息相關的問題入手，即提出問題。 然后， 分析利弊，舉例說明，推理判斷， 即分析問題。最后， 闡述觀點，提出辦法， 即解決問題。 2以作者的觀點或情感為核心， 對細節推理等方面進行考查。 3文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點問題、 重大問題或與生活息息相關的問題等。 考生應注意抓住作者提出的觀點、給出的例證及最后得出的結論。同時， 理清作為論據的諸多事例和理由之7間以及它們和觀點/ 結論之間的內在聯系，把握文章的結構。4.【 2015 北京卷】

36、 DTechnological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attendingcoll

37、ege. Surveys ( 調查 ) on this topic suggests that parents today continue to be“ very ” or“ somewhat ” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generationago. This is us

38、ually interpreted as a sign that today s parents are trying to manage their childrenlives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to letgo of their“ adult” children.In the context ( 背景 ) of this di

39、scussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change inthe case of parents involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations hadwanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible?Probably not. On the other hand, does th

40、e possibility of frequent communication today mean thatthe urge to do so wasn t present a generation ago? Many studies show that older- parentstoday sgrandparents - would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so hadnot been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that fina

41、nces are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of col

42、lege life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has manyimplications well beyondthe role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes co

43、me from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.67. The surveys inform us of _. A. the development of technology8B. the changes of adult children s behaviorC. the parents-provertection of their college childrenD. the means and expenses of stude

44、nts communication68. The writer believes that _.A. parents today are more protective than those in the pastB. the disadvantages of new technology outweigh itsadvantagesC. technology explains greater parental involvement with theirchildrenD. parents changed attitudes lead to college children s delaye

45、dindependence69. What is the best title for the passage? A. Technology or AttitudeB. Dependence or IndependenceC. Family Influence or Social ChangesD. College Management or Communication Advancement70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?【解析】試題分析： 以父母對于上大學的成年子女過度保護的

46、問題為例，提出了科技帶來的一些改變容易被誤認為態度的改變的論點。967.C 細節理解題。 答案在第二段第二句話，parents today continues to be“ very ” or“ somewhat ”overly- protective even after their children move into college dormitories調查顯示現在的父母在”孩子上大學之后仍然非常或者某種程度上地過度保護子女。故選C。68.C 觀點態度題。第三段作者提出調查的結果并不能理解為現在的家長對孩子不放手，接下來的兩段作者論述了出現這種結果的真正原因是科技的發展使得交流手段更豐

47、富，成本更低廉。見第四段最后一句“Many studies show that older parentstoday s grandparentswould have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier。最后一段更是再次強調了這種觀點。故選C。69.A 主旨大意題。由第一段第二句話得出。這種科技的改變容易被誤認為態度的改變。第2-5 段討論到底是科技還是態度的改變。第6 段再次明確表示是科技的改變。故選A 。70.B 文章結構題。文章第一段是intro

48、duction ，第二段是第一個論點，指出父母在子女生活中參與度提高的現象。第三段是第二個論點(關鍵詞 However) ，指出通過調查并不能推斷出父母未能對子女放手，分論點一是科技的進步導致父母對子女生活更多的參與，分論點二 (關鍵詞 Furthermore) 是子女經濟不獨立導致父母對子女生活的過多參與。最后一段總結。故選B。【考點定位】議論文類閱讀【名師點睛】要想讀懂議論文、理解作者的寫作意圖，關鍵在于是否能夠把握議論文的三要素。 首先，論點是作者對所論述事件的基本看法和立場，找準論點有助于把握文章的整體方向和理解文章主題的深層內涵；理清論據材料的內容能夠幫助讀者更深層次地理解論點的含義

49、；論據是作者組織、運用論據的手法。5.【 2015 北京】 DFreedom and ResponsibilityFreedoms challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange newworld and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. Therewe

50、re great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.In Greece, in Athens ( 雅典 ), a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses.And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws wh

51、ich they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and10the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if

52、he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-controlled. To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They weresaved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was forced on him from the outside, b

53、ut because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty forall men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for

54、 all. If people do not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance, aspiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenian s pride and joy to give to their city. T