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ChapterFiveCargoTransportationSEIBOFGDUFS2LearningobjectivesAfterlearningthischapteryouwillbeabletounderstandtheimportanceofoceantransportationandhowlinerfreightisobtainedknowothermodesoftransportationintermsoftheirfeatures,suitabilityandfreightcalculationbeawareoftheimportanceofoceanbillofladinganditsdifferenttypesdescribearangeofothertransportationdocumentsstipulatedeliveryclauseinasalescontractSEIBOFGDUFS35.1OceanTransportationLinertransportationChartertransportationSEIBOFGDUFS45.1.1LinertransportationLiner:definitionavesselwithregularsailingsandarrivalssailingonafixed(regular)sailingroutecallingatfixed(regular)baseportsadoptingacomparativelyfixedtimetablechargesatcomparativelyfixedfreightratesfreightinclusiveofloading&unloadingcostLiner:typesconferencelinersnon-conferenceliners
SEIBOFGDUFS55.1.1LinertransportationLinerFreight=basicfreightrate
+surchargesandadditionalCalculationformulaoflinerfreightTotalFreight =TotalQuantity
×BasicFreightRate
×
(1+
Surcharge/AdditionalRates)BasicFreightRate:quotedbythecarrierSEIBOFGDUFS65.1.1LinertransportationSEIBOFGDUFS75.1.1LinertransportationSurchargesBunkerSurcharge(bunkeradjustmentfactor/BAF)CurrencySurcharge(currencyadjustmentfactor/CAF)PortCongestionSurchargeTransshipmentSurchargePortSurcharge…SEIBOFGDUFS85.1.1LinertransportationAdditionalHeavyliftadditionale.g.forcargoover5MTperunitLengthycargoadditionale.g.forcargoover9mperunitBulkycargoadditionale.g.forcargoover6cbmperunit…SEIBOFGDUFS95.1.1LinertransportationFreightcalculation:IllustrationSuppose:CompanyAexports1000casesofCommodityYtoLondon.Thevolumepercaseis40cmx30cmx20cm,andthegrossweightis30kgpercase.ForCommodityY,thefreightratebasisisW/M,andtheFreightTariff(China—London)isUSD230,witha10%portsurcharge.Howmuchisthetotalfreight?
SEIBOFGDUFS105.1.1LinertransportationSolution:W:30kg=0.03M/TM:0.4x0.3x0.2=0.024m3W>M,“W”isthefreightbasisforthecalculationoffreightTotalFreight =TotalQuantity
×BasicFreightRate×
(1+
Surcharge/AdditionalRates)
=1000cases
×0.03M/T×USD230×(1+10%)
=USD7590Answer:ThetotalfreightcostisUSD7590.SEIBOFGDUFS115.1.2ChartertransportationCharacteristicsNofixedroutesNofixedtimetablesFreightchargedonthevolumeofcargoSuitableforcargoofacompleteshipload(e.g.bulkcargo)Typesvoyagecharter:hiredbasedonaparticularvoyagetimecharter:thehireofashipforaperiodoftimebareboatcharter:thehireofthevesselitselfSEIBOFGDUFS125.1.2ChartertransportationCharterpartythecontractbetweentheship-owner(carrier)andthecharterer(shipper)Contentsthecontractpartiestheshipconditions:e.g.theship’sname,age,nationality,tonnagevoyage:e.g.portsofshipment&destinationcharterfreightdivisionofloading&unloadingcostlaydays,demurrage&dispatchfreightpaymentterms..SEIBOFGDUFS135.1.2ChartertransportationSpecifyingloading&unloadingcostFourmethods:I.&O.orLinerTerms/GrossTerms:InandOutF.I.:FreeInF.O.:FreeOutF.I.O.:FreeInandOutOrF.I.O.S.T.:FreeInandOut,StowedandTrimmedSEIBOFGDUFS145.1.2ChartertransportationLaytime
alsocalledlayday,istheperiodoftimeallowedtothechartererfortheloadingorunloadingofgoods
withoutadditionalchargeMethodsofstipulation
DaysorrunningdaysorconsecutivedaysWeatherworkingdaysof24hoursAweatherworkingdayof24consecutivehours..SEIBOFGDUFS155.1.2ChartertransportationDemurrage
theamountofmoneypaidasapenaltyatanagreedratebythecharterertocompensatetheship-ownerforhislossesincasethechartererfailstohaveloadingandunloadingcompletedwithinthelaytimeDispatch
theamountofmoneypaidasabonusbytheship-ownertothechartereriftheygetloadingandunloadingdoneaheadofschedule.normallydispatchmoney=?thedemurrageSEIBOFGDUFS165.2OthermodesoftransportationAirTransportationRailTransportation&RoadTransportationInternationalMultimodalTransportationContainerTransportation
SEIBOFGDUFS175.2.1AirTransportationTypes
ofairtransportationscheduledairlines charteredcarriers consolidatedconsignment airexpress
SEIBOFGDUFS185.2.1AirTransportationAirtransportationfreightrategeneralcargoratesminimumchargesclassratesspecialcommodityrates… SEIBOFGDUFS195.2.1AirTransportationGeneralcargoratesW:byweight(usu.1kgastheunit)M:bymeasurement(usu.6000cm3=1kg)W/M:byweightorbymeasurement,subjecttothehigher theheavier,thecheaper(unitfreight)e.g.45kgdrawsalineminimumfreight…SEIBOFGDUFS205.2.1AirTransportationAirfreight:illustrationCompanyAwantstosendoneconsignmenttoSydney,Australia.Thegoodsarepackedin50cartons,eachweighing15kgs,withmeasurementas50x40x30cm.TheairfreightrateisquotedatUSD2.00/KG(W/M).Howmuchwouldthetotalairfreightcost?SEIBOFGDUFS215.2.1AirTransportationSolutionW:15kgM:(50x40x30)/6000=10kgW>M,soWwillbeadoptedforthecalculationofairfreightTotalairfreight=TotalQuantity
×BasicFreightRate=50cartons×15kg
×USD2.00=USD1500Answer:thetotalairfreightcostisUSD1500.SEIBOFGDUFS225.2.2RailTransportation&RoadTransportation
Railtransportation
fromadispatchingstationtoadestinationstationlargecapacityrelativelyhighspeedpunctualandeconomicallesspronetobadweather,butconfinedtorailroads,thereforelessflexible
SEIBOFGDUFS235.2.2RailTransportation&RoadTransportation
Roadtransportation
fromaninlandpointtotheseaport,airportandrailwaystationhighflexibilityanddistributiveabilityfacilitatingdoor-to-doorserviceidealforcargoesinsmallquantities,butlimitedincapacityvulnerabletohighriskofpilferageanddamageintransitrelativelyhigheroperationcostSEIBOFGDUFS245.2.3InternationalMultimodalTransportation
onlyonemulti-modaltransportationoperatoronlyonecarriagecontractonefreightrateforthewholejourneyhighoperatingefficiencylowoperatingcostshorttimeperiodforcargomovementmoreandmorepopularinshippingpracticeSEIBOFGDUFS255.2.4ContainerTransportation
Definitionamethodofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedformadoptinganinter-modalsystemprovidingapossiblecombinationofsea,roadandothermodesoftransportationFeaturesvarietyinservice involvingoneoperator lowriskofdamageandpilferage substantialcostsavings
SEIBOFGDUFS265.2.4ContainerTransportation
Typesofcontainersdrycargocontainerrefrigerated/reefercontainertankercontainercarcontainerSizesofcontainersISO/TC104(13sizesof13series)Standardsizes(mostpopular)FEU8’x8’x40’TEU8’x8’x20’
SEIBOFGDUFS275.2.4ContainerTransportation
TypesofserviceAccordingtoplaceofshipmentanddestinationCYtoCY(ContainerYardtoContainerYard)CFStoCFS(ContainerFreightStationtoContainerFreightStation)DRtoDR(DoortoDoor)DRtoCFS(DoortoContainerFreightStation)CFStoDR(ContainerFreightStationtodoor)SEIBOFGDUFS285.2.4ContainerTransportation
AccordingtothecapacityneededFCLforgoodsoffullcontainerloadfreightbasedoncontainercapacityLCLforcargoinsmallquantity(lessthanacontainerload)Carriers’consolidatinggoodsofdifferentshipperstobedeliveredtothesamedestinationSEIBOFGDUFS295.2.4ContainerTransportation
ContainerfreightFCL:determinedmainlybythecapacityofthecontainertheplaceofshipmentDestination…LCL:similartothoseoftheoceanlinerserviceW,MorW/Mthedistanceofvoyage…surchargesandadditionalifapplicableSEIBOFGDUFS305.3TransportationdocumentsBilloflading(B/L)Definitionadocumentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipperwithwhomthecarrierhasenteredintoacontractforthecarriageofgoods.
FunctionareceiptofcargoanevidenceofcontractofcarriageadocumenttitletothegoodsSEIBOFGDUFS315.3TransportationdocumentsContents
onthefaceInformationconcerningcontractedparties,fullparticularsofthecargo,termsofcarriagecontract…onthebackthegeneraltermsandconditionsSEIBOFGDUFS32TypesofBillofLadingaccordingtowhetherthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardthecarryingvesselshippedB/LIssuedaftergoodsshippedonboardthevesselIndicatingdateofshipmentandnameofthevessel
receivedforShipmentB/LGoodsbeingreceivedbutnotyetloadedDifficulttoanticipatedateofarrival,sonotfavorablebybuyerWaysofbecomingShippedB/LExchangeforaShippedB/LaftergoodsareshippedonboardWordingsuchas“GoodsshippedonboardS/SRedStaronMay10,2011”addedandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/LSEIBOFGDUFS33TypesofBillofLadingaccordingtotheconditionoftheexteriorpackingofthereceivedcargocleanB/LProofthatgoodshavebeen“shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition”or“cleanonboard”orthelikeFavoredbybuyersandbanksforfinancialsettlementuncleanB/LMarkedas“unclean”,“foul”etc.e.g..2casesmissing,3cartonswet,1casebroken,casesinadequatelypackedUsuallyunacceptabletobuyersandbanksSEIBOFGDUFS34TypesofBillofLadingaccordingtotheaddressoftheconsigneestraightB/LMadeouttoadesignatedconsigneeOnlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtothecargoNottransferableopenB/LNonameofadefiniteconsigneeTheconsigneeboxleftblankoropen,orbearingthewording“Tobearer”CanbetransferredwithoutendorsementHighrisk→unfavorableininternationaltradeSEIBOFGDUFS35TypesofBillofLadingOrderB/LMadeouttotheorderofanamedpersonNodefiniteconsignee,“Toorder”“Toorderoftheshipper”or“Toorderoftheconsignee”insteadNegotiableandtransferable,butneedendorsementSpecialendorsement:signatureoftheendorserandnameoftheendorseeBlankendorsement:signatureoftheendorserbutnonameoftheendorseeWidelyusedininternationaltradeSEIBOFGDUFS36TypesofBillofLadingaccordingtowhethertransshipmentisinvolvedintransitdirectB/Lportofshipment→portofdestinationPreferredbythebuyertransshipmentB/L
portofshipment→intermediateport→portofdestinationInvolvingadditionalcharges,longertimeandhigherrisksintransit,thereforeunfavorabletothebuyerAcceptableonlywhenthereisnodirectserviceSEIBOFGDUFS37TypesofBillofLadingaccordingtotheperplexityorsimplicityofthecontentlongformB/LdetailedshippingcontractclauseprintedonboththefaceandthebackShortformB/L
simplifiedandabbreviatednodetailedshippingcontractclauseesp.onthebacknotsuitableforevidenceofcontractofcarriageSEIBOFGDUFS38TypesofBillofLadingaccordingtothepaymentconditionoffreightfreightprepaidB/LIssuedonlyafterfreighthavingbeenpaidNormallysuitableforSalesContractsontradeterms(e.g.CFR/CIF)wherethesellerisobligedtoarrangecontractofcarriageandpaythefreight.freighttobecollectedB/L
Wordingsuchas“Freightpayableatdestination”or“Freighttocollectatdestination”isindicatedNormallysuitableforSalesContracts(e.g.FOB)wherecontractofcarriageisarrangedbytheselleronbehalfofthebuyerSEIBOFGDUFS39TypesofBillofLadingaccordingtothevalidityoriginalB/LValidonlyafterbeingsingedbytheshippingcompanyoritsagentShowing“Original”andthenumberofthesignedoriginalsNormallymadeoutinasetofthreeoriginalsAnevidenceshowingtheownershipofgoodsPresentedfortakingthedeliveryofthegoodsatdestination,oneisused,theothersbecomesvoidautomaticallyCopyB/LBearing“Copy”“Duplicate”or“Non-negotiable”NormallyonlyusedforreferenceorforrecordsmadeoutinseveraltobeafullsetoftogetherwiththeoriginalsSEIBOFGDUFS40TypesofBillofLadingStaleB/LpresentedlaterthanthelatestpresentationdatespecifiedintheL/Corpresentedlaterthanthegoods’arrivalatthedestinationUCP600:theB/Lshallbepresentedwithin21daysafterissuance,unlessotherwisestipulatedinthecreditnecessarytoaddaclausethata“StaleB/Lisacceptable”inthecontractforshortvoyagesSEIBOFGDUFS41TypesofBillofLadingAnti-datedB/Ltheshipmentdateshownonthebillbeingearlierthantheactualoneissuedattherequestoftheshippertomeetthetimeofshipmentstipulatedinthecreditfortheavoidanceofanon-paymentconstituteafraud
SEIBOFGDUFS42TypesofBillofLadingAdvancedB/LissuedbeforeactualloadingofthegoodsiscompletedorevenbeforethecommencementoftheactualloadingoperationissuedwhenthetimeofshipmentstipulatedintheL/Cisalmostduebuttheactualloadingofthegoodsisnotyetcompletedorthegoodsarenotreadyforshipment.issuedattherequestofthesellerfortheavoidanceofanon-paymentconstituteafraud
SEIBOFGDUFS43TypesofBillofLadingOndeckB/Lindicatingthatthegoodsarestowedandshippedondeckcarrierbeingresponsibleforthedamage&lossesusu.unacceptabletobuyerandbankunlessthecreditstipulatesotherwisespecialarrangementforinsuranceisneededifapplicableSEIBOFGDUFS445.3TransportationdocumentsOthertypesoftransportationdocuments
SeaWaybillAirWaybillConsignmentNote(RailWaybill)RoadConsignmentNoteMultimodalTransportationDocument(MTD)
SEIBOFGDUFS455.4Shipmentclauseinthesalescontracttimeofshipmentvs.timeofdeliveryforshipmentcontractstimeofshipment=timeofdeliveryforallarrivalcontractstimeofshipment≠timeofdeliverySEIBOFGDUFS465.4ShipmentclauseincontractStipulatingmethodsspecifyingafixedperiodoftimeoradeadlineShipmentistobemadeduringJanuary/February/March2011Shipmentnotlaterthan31stJuly,2011settingatimeperioduponreceiptofpaymentShipmentistobemadewithin30daysafterreceiptoftheL/C.TherelevantL/Cmustreachthesellernotlaterthan30thJune,2011.SEIBOFGDUFS475.4ShipmentclauseincontractIssuesconcerningtimeofshipmentSufficiencyintermsofavailabilityofgoodsavailabilityofshippingspacePaymentNormallyL/Cshouldarriveatleast15daysbeforethetimeofshipmenttoallowtimeforexaminingandmodifyingL/CFlexibility:avoid“shipmentonMay15th”Clarityavoidwordinglike“Immediateshipment”,“Promptshipment”,“Shipmentassoonaspossible”etc.SEIBOFGDUFS485.4ShipmentclauseincontractIssuesconcerningportofshipmentanddestination:closetotheoriginofthegoodsconsideringportfacilities,regulations,specifictransportationconditions,chargesandpossiblesanctions..definiteandspecificbeingawareofdifferentportsinthesamenameSEIBOFGDUFS495.4ShipmentclauseincontractPartialShipmentthecommoditiesunderacontractaretobeshippedinmorethanonelotReasonsforpartialshipmentthelackofmeansofconveyanceshippingspaceunavailablethelimitationofloadingorunloadingfacilitiesattheport
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