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GuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英語國家概況英語國家概況TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland第1頁Chapter3
Governmentand
theCommonwealth
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland英語國家概況第2頁Whatis“constitutionalmonarchy”Whatis“divinerightofkings”第3頁PoliticalParties
ConstitutionGovernmentElectionTheCommonwealthIIIIIIIVVCONTENT第4頁ConstitutionalmonarchyBritainisaconstitutionalmonarchy,thatis,amonarchyinwhichthesovereignhasmainlyadvisoryandceremonialresponsibilities.Theothermajorformofmonarchyistheabsolutemonarchy,inwhichthemonarchyisalsotheruler.Theconstitutionalpositionissummedupinthefamousphrase“TheQueenreignsbutdoesnotrule”第5頁DivinerightofKings(P38)Thepowerofthemonarchywaslargelyderivedfromtheancientdoctrineofthe“divinerightofkings”.ItisheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.Becauseofthisdivineright,theactualexistenceofthemonarchyhasseldombeenquestioned.Clue:Monarchy→theGreatCharter→Parliament→cabinet第6頁TheGreatCharta(MagnaCarta)
KingJohn(1199-1216)thebadreputation(RobinHood)Johnascendedthethronein1199.Hedemandedfeudaltaxesandarmyservice/badrelationshipwiththepope.In1215,KingJohnwasforcedbyagroupoffeudalbaronsandtheChurchtograntthemacharteroflibertyandpoliticalright.Significance:influenceonlegalsystemandhumanrightsmerchantsandcraftsmen—forthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforcetownspeople—freedomoftradeandself-governmentpartoftheBritishConstitutiontoday
第7頁BeginningofParliamenttheGreatCouncil(大議會)CommonersappearedinthemeetingtheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons(existtodayandcollectivelywecallthemtheParliament)ThePuritansandCavaliers(thePuritans:freefarmers,tradesmen,artisans/theCavaliers:Catholicsandfeudallords)TheCivilWar●reason:thedisputeoverthepowerofthekingvis-à-vis(P39)第8頁Thecivilwarbrokeout(1642—1649)BetweentheRoyalists
(theCavalier[保王黨人])
andParliamentarians
(Roundheads[圓顱黨人])
Result:themonarchywasabolishedin1949Englandwasdeclaredacommonwealth,i.e.arepublicTheCivilWarRoundheadswithpikes第9頁TheCommonwealth(1649—1660)(Cromwell統(tǒng)治之下英倫三島共和國)Cromwell,theheadoftheCommonwealthConservativeinsocialreformsandprotectedpropertyownershipIn1660,
ParliamenthadCharlesIIaskingofEngland.ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth.
TheCivilWar第10頁RestorationandtheGloriousRevolutionRestoration:(復(fù)辟)1661,CharlesII:torestoretheoldsocialorder1685,JamesII:toreestablishCatholicismGloriousRevolution1688:jointsovereignofWilliamandMary1689:BillofRights(limitedthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteedtheauthorityofParliament)removedtherulingmonarchandestablishedConstitutionalMonarchy第11頁Constitution(P41)IGreatBritain(UK)isaparliamentarydemocracywithaconstitutionalmonarchas
theheadofstate
BritishConstitutionismadeupof:
StatutoryLaw(成文法)
CommonLaw(判例法)
Conventions(習(xí)慣法)第12頁1.1
StatutoryLawpassedbyParliamentexampletheMagnaCharta(1215)petitionofRights(1627)HabeasCorpusAct(1679)theBillofRights(1689)ActofSettlement(1701)theReformAct(1832)theEuropeanCommunitiesAct(1972)theEuropeanCommunities(Amendment)Act(1986)
Constitution第13頁1.2Commonlaw
deducedfromcustomorlegalprecedentsandinterpretedincourtcasesbyjudges1.3Conventionsrulesandpracticeswhichdonotexistlegally,butareregardedasvitaltotheworkingofgovernment1.Constitution第14頁GovernmentII2.1TheLegislature
2.2TheExecutive
2.3TheJudiciary第15頁2.1TheLegislatureBasicStructureofUKCentralGovernmentMonarch(non-political)Legislature—ParliamentExecutive
Judiciary(non-political)HouseofCommons(political)HouseofLords(semi-political)PrimeMinister&Cabinet(political)Ministers&Civilservice(non-political)HouseofLordsCourtofAppeal第16頁Compare
Britishgovernment
vs
Americangovernment
↓representativedemocracy↓unitarygovernmentwithafederalrepublicConstitutionalmonarchyNoformalwrittenwrittenconstitutionConstitutionHighlydisciplinedpoliticalundisciplinedpoliticalpartiesParties(partycentered)StrongcentralgovernmentweakcentralgovernmentWeakseparationpowersstrictseparationofpowersUK:aunitarystatewithconstitutionalmonarchy第17頁Parliament
Parliamentthelaw-makingbodyofBritainoneoftheoldestrepresentativeassembliesintheworldStrictlyspeaking,theparliamentconsistsoftheKingorQueen,theHouseofLords(上議院),theHouseofCommons(下議院)第18頁QueenElizabethIIBorn:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1953QueenElizabethIIisa“constitutionalmonarch”
Althoughsheisofficiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrunbythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister.2.1.2Queen第19頁BuckinghamPalace
2.1.2Queen第20頁QueenElizabethII2.1.2Queen第21頁Shereignsbutdoesnotrule!
Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers:(P42)anintegralpartofthelegislatureheadoftheexecutive,executiveandjudiciarybranchesthecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown“supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland
More>>Q.WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave?
2.1.2Queen第22頁Inreality,herroleis“ceremonial,un-politicalandsymbolic”:StateopeningoftheParliamentRoyalassenttonewlawMeetingwiththePrimeMinisteratBuckinghamPalacePaystatevisitstoCommonwealthcountriesasheadofstateandnon-CommonwealthcountriesonbehalfoftheBritishgovernment2.1.2Queen第23頁FromBuckinghamtoWestminster
TheStateOpeningofParliament
WednesdayNovember26,2.1.2Queen第24頁TheHouseofLords
oftenreferredtoas“theUpperHouse”TheLordsSpiritual(上議院神職議員)(archbishopsandprominentbishopsoftheChurchofEngland)TheHouseofLordsin
theearly19thcentury
TheLordsTemporal(上議院世俗議員)(hereditarypeersandlifepeersandtheLawLords)第25頁TheUpperHouseReformsReducethenumberofseatsfrom705to666(Mar.1,)Finalcourtofappeal—SupremeCourtTheHouseofLordsmeetsinalavishlydecoratedchamberinthePalaceofWestminsterTheHouseofLords
第26頁Nobilitypeer(age):hereditary/life(1958):Duke/Marquess/Earl(Count)/Viscount/BaronLords/Lady(few:patrilineallines):Lord+ChristianName+FamilyName;Lady+ChristianName+FamilyName(Husband'sfamilynameinsteadofherownaftermarriage)Knight(non-peerage)——Sir(500)第27頁TheHouseofCommons
Oftenreferredtoas“theLowerHouse”(centerofparliamentarypower)Threemajorfunctionstopasslaws,billsandactsofParliamenttoscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactionsofthegovernmenttoinfluencethefuturegovernmentpolicy
第28頁646MembersofParliament,knownas“MPs”forshort,whorepresentthe646geographicalareas/constituencies2.1.4TheHouseofCommons
第29頁ThePrimeMinister—powerfulleaderheadofthegovernmenttheleaderofthemajoritypartyinParliamentcontrolstheParliamentTheCabinetsupremedecision-makingbodyintheBritishgovernmentCabinetmembersarechosenbythePrimeMinisterfrommembersofhisownpartyinParliament.TheExecutive第30頁TheCabinetworksontheprincipleofcollectiveresponsibilityandindividualministerialresponsibilityMinistersresponsiblefortheirparticulardepartment (mostseniormembersaretheDeputyPrimeMinister,ForeignSecretary,ChancelloroftheExchequerandHomeSecretary)CollectiveresponsibilityorresignationTheExecutive第31頁PrivyCouncil(樞密院)abodyofadvisors(450members)currentandformerCabinet
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