參考答案 PAGE19參考答案Chapter1TheBasicsofE-CommerceI.Fillintheblanksineachofthefollowing1.Informationasymmetryreferstoanydisparityinrelevantmarketinformationamongpartiesinatransaction.2.E-commerceisubiquitous,meaningthatisitavailablejustabouteverywhere,atalltimes.3.eBcreatesamarketspacewhereconsumerscanauctionorsellgoodsdirectlytootherconsumers.4.Informationrichnessreferstothecomplexityandcontentofamessage.5.Thephenomenonthatmarketmiddlemendisappeariscalleddisintermediation6.E-businessrefersprimarilytothedigitalenablementoftransactionsandprocesseswithinafirm,involvinginformationsystemsunderthecontrolofthefirm.7.E-commercereferstotheuseoftheInternetandtheWebtotransactbusiness.8.Mostsuccessfule-commercefirmswilladoptmixed“clicksandbricks”strategies,combiningtraditionalsaleschannelssuchasphysicalstoresandprintedcatalogswithonlineefforts.9.Thestockmarketcrashofdot-comcompaniesledtoasoberingreassessmentoftheprospectsfore-commerceandthemethodsofachievingbusinesssuccess.II.Answerthefollowingquestions1.Whatise-commerce?Howdoesitdifferfrome-business?E-commerceinvolves:digitallyenabledcommercialtransactionsbetweenandamongorganizationsandindividuals.Digitallyenabledtransactionsincludeallthosetransactionsmediatedbydigitaltechnology,meaning,forthemostpart,transactionsthatoccurovertheInternetandtheWeb.Commercialtransactionsinvolvetheexchangeofvalue(e.g.money)acrossorganizationalorindividualboundariesinreturnforproductsorservices.E-businessrefersprimarilytothe:digitalenablementoftransactionsandprocesseswithinafirm,involvinginformationsystemsunderthecontrolofthefirm.Forthemostpart,e-businessdoesnotinvolvecommercialtransactionsacrossorganizationalboundarieswherevalueisexchanged.2.Whataresomeoftheuniquefeaturesofe-commercetechnology?Therearesevenfeaturesofe-commercetechnologythatareuniquetothismedium.E-commercetechnology:isubiquitous,meaningthatisitavailablejustabouteverywhere,atalltimes,makingitpossibletoshopfromyourdesktop,athome,atwork,orevenfromyourcar.hasglobalreach,permittingcommercialtransactionstocrossculturalandnationalboundariesfarmoreconvenientlyandcosteffectivelythanistrueintraditionalcommerce.operatesaccordingtouniversalstandardssharedbyallnationsaroundtheworld.Incontrast,mosttraditionalcommercetechnologiesdifferfromonenationtothevidesinformationrichness,whichreferstothecomplexityandcontentofamessage.Itenablesanonlinemerchanttodelivertoanaudienceofmillionsmarketingmessageswithtext,video,andaudio,inawaynotpossiblewithtraditionalcommercetechnologiessuchasradio,television,ormagazines.isinteractive,meaningitallowsfortwo-waycommunicationbetweenmerchantandconsumerandenablesthemerchanttoengageaconsumerinwayssimilartoaface-to-faceexperience,butonamuchmoremassive,globalscale.increasesinformationdensity(thetotalamountandqualityofinformationavailabletoallmarketparticipants).TheInternetreducesinformationcollection,storage,processing,andcommunicationcostswhileincreasingthecurrency,accuracy,andtimelinessofinformation.permitspersonalizationandcustomization:merchantscantargettheirmarketingmessagestospecificindividualsbyadjustingthemessagetoaperson’sname,interests,andpastpurchases.Becauseoftheincreaseininformationdensity,agreatdealofinformationabouttheconsumer’spastpurchasesandbehaviorcanbestoredandusedbyonlinemerchants.Theresultisalevelofpersonalizationandcustomizationunthinkablewithexistingcommercetechnologies.3.Howmanymajortypesofe-commercearediscussedbytheauthorandwhatarethese?Therearefivemajortypesofe-commerce:B2Cinvolvesbusinessessellingtoconsumersandisthetypeofe-commercethatmostconsumersarelikelytoencounter.In2001,consumerswillspendabout$65billioninB2Ctransactions.B2Be-commerceinvolvesbusinessessellingtootherbusinessesandisthelargestformofe-commerce,withanestimated$700billionintransactionsoccurringin2001.C2Cisameansforconsumerstoselltoeachother.InC2Ce-commerce,theconsumerpreparestheproductformarket,placestheproductforauctionorsale,andreliesonthemarketmakertoprovidecatalog,searchengine,andtransactionclearingcapabilitiessothatproductscanbeeasilydisplayed,discovered,andpaidfor.P2PtechnologyenablesInternetuserstosharefilesandcomputerresourcesdirectlywithouthavingtogothroughacentralWebserver.Musicandfilesharingservices,suchasGnutella,areaprimeexampleofthistypeofe-commerce,becauseconsumerscantransferfilesdirectlytootherconsumerswithoutacentralserverinvolved.M-commerceinvolvestheuseofwirelessdigitaldevicestoenabletransactionsontheWeb.4.HowdoyouunderstandthevisionsandforcesbehindtheE-commerceIera?TheE-commerceIerawasaperiodofexplosivegrowthine-commerce,beginningin1995withthefirstwidespreaduseoftheWebtoadvertiseproductsandendingin2000withthecollapseinstockmarketvaluationsforventures.Amongthevisionsfore-commerceexpressedduringtheperiodwerethefollowing:Forcomputerscientists,e-commercewaspartoftheirvisionofauniversalcommunicationsandcomputingenvironmentthateveryoneonearthcouldaccesswithcheap,inexpensivecomputers.Foreconomists,e-commerceraisedtherealisticprospectofaperfectBertrandmarket—amarketwhereprice,cost,andqualityinformationisequallydistributed—andfriction-freecommerce.Forentrepreneursandtheirfinancialbackers,e-commercerepresentedanextraordinaryopportunitytoearnfarabovenormalreturnsoninvestment.Overall,theE-commerceIperiodwasdrivenlargelybyvisionsofprofitingfromnewtechnology,withtheemphasisonquicklyachievingveryhighmarketvisibility.Thesourceoffinancingwasventurecapitalfunds.Theideologyoftheperiodemphasizedtheungoverned“WildWest”characteroftheWeb,andthefeelingthatgovernmentsandcourtscouldnotpossiblylimitorregulatetheInternet,thattraditionalcorporationsweretooslowandbureaucratic,toostuckintheoldwaysofdoingbusinessto“getit,”thatis,tobecompetitiveine-commerce.5.HowdoyouunderstandthesuccessesandfailuresofE-commerceI.E-commerceduringtheE-commerceIerahasbeen:atechnologicalsuccess,withthedigitalinfrastructurecreatedduringtheperiodsolidenoughtosustainsignificantgrowthine-commerceduringthenextdecade.amixedbusinesssuccess,withsignificantrevenuegrowthandcustomerusage,butlowprofitmargins.E-commerceduringtheE-commerceIerahasnot:fulfilledeconomists’visionsoftheperfectBetrandmarketandfriction-freecommercefulfilledthevisionsofentrepreneursandventurecapitalistsforfirstmoveradvantages,lowcustomeracquisitionandretentioncosts,andlowcostsofdoingbusiness.6.IdentifyseveralfactorsthatwilldefinetheE-commerceIIera.Factorsthatwilldefinee-commerceoverthenextfiveyearsincludethefollowing:E-commercetechnologywillcontinuetopropagatethroughallcommercialactivity,withoverallrevenuesfrome-commerce,thenumberofproductsandservicessoldovertheWeb,andtheamountofWebtrafficallrising.E-commercepriceswillrisetocovertherealcostsofdoingbusinessontheWeb.E-commercemarginsandprofitswillrisetolevelsmoretypicalofallretailers.Traditionalwell-endowedandexperiencedFortune500companieswillplayagrowingandmoredominantrole.Thenumberofsuccessfulpureonlinecompanieswillcontinuetodeclineandmostsuccessfule-commercefirmswilladoptamixed“clicksandbricks”strategy.Regulationofe-commerceandtheWebbygovernmentwillgrowbothintheUnitedStatesandworldwide.7.Describethemajorthemesunderlyingthestudyofe-commerce.E-commerceinvolvesthreebroadinterrelatedthemes:Technology:Tounderstande-commerce,youneedabasicunderstandingoftheinformationtechnologiesuponwhichitisbuilt,includingtheInternetandtheWorldWideWeb,andahostofcomplimentarytechnologies—personalcomputers,localareanetworks,client/servercomputing,packet-switchedcommunications,protocolssuchasTCP/IP,Webservers,HTML,andrelationaldatabases,amongothers.Business:Whiletechnologyprovidestheinfrastructure,itisthebusinessapplications—thepotentialforextraordinaryreturnsoninvestment—thatcreatetheinterestandexcitementine-commerce.Newtechnologiespresentbusinessesandentrepreneurswithnewwaysoforganizingproductionandtransactingbusiness.Therefore,youalsoneedtounderstandsomekeybusinessconceptssuchaselectronicmarkets,informationgoods,businessmodels,firmandindustryvaluechains,industrystructure,andconsumerbehaviorinelectronicmarketsSociety:Understandingthepressuresthatglobale-commerceplacesoncontemporarysocietyiscriticaltobeingsuccessfulinthee-commercemarketplace.Theprimarysocietalissuesareintellectualproperty,individualprivacy,andpublicpolicy.8.Identifythemajoracademicdisciplinescontributingtoe-commerceresearch.Therearetwoprimaryapproachestoe-commerce:technicalandbehavioral.Eachoftheseapproachesisrepresentedbyseveralacademicdisciplines.Onthetechnicalside:Computerscientistsareinterestedine-commerceasanapplicationofInternettechnology.ManagementscientistsareprimarilyinterestedinbuildingmathematicalmodelsofbusinessprocessesandoptimizingthemtolearnhowbusinessescanexploittheInternettoimprovetheirbusinessoperations.Informationsystemsprofessionalsareinterestedine-commercebecauseofitsimplicationsforfirmandindustryvaluechains,industrystructure,andcorporatestrategy.EconomistshavefocusedonconsumerbehavioratWebsites,andonthefeaturesofdigitalelectronicmarkets.Onthebehavioralside:SociologistshavefocusedonstudiesofInternetusage,theroleofsocialinequalityinskewingInternetbenefits,andtheuseoftheWebasapersonalandgroupcommunicationstool.Financeandaccountingscholarshavefocusedone-commercefirmvaluationandaccountingpractices.Managementscholarshavefocusedonentrepreneurialbehaviorandthechallengesfacedbyyoungfirmswhoarerequiredtodeveloporganizationalstructuresinshorttimespans.Marketingscholarshavefocusedonconsumerresponsetoonlinemarketingandadvertisingcampaigns,andtheabilityoffirmstobrand,segmentmarkets,targetaudiences,andpositionproductstoachievehigherreturnsoninvestment.Chapter2TheInternetandWorldWideWeb:E-CommerceInfrastructureI.Answerthefollowingquestions1.DiscusstheoriginsoftheInternet.TheInternethasevolvedfromacollectionofmainframecomputerslocatedonafewU.S.collegecampusestoaninterconnectednetworkofthousandsofnetworksandmillionsofcomputersworldwide.2.RelatethekeytechnologyconceptsbehindtheInternet.TheInternet’sthreekeytechnologycomponentsare:Packetswitching,whichslicesdigitalmessagesintopackets,routesthepacketsalongdifferentcommunicationpathsastheybecomeavailable,andthenreassemblesthepacketsoncetheyarriveattheirdestination.TCP/IP.TCPestablishestheconnectionsamongsendingandreceivingWebcomputersandhandlestheassemblyofpacketsatthepointoftransmission,aswellastheirreassemblyatthereceivingend.IPprovidestheaddressingscheme,enablingmessagestoarriveattheproperdestinationcomputer.Client/servertechnology,whichmakesitpossibleforlargeamountsofinformationtobestoredonWebserversandsharedwithindividualusersontheirclientcomputers.3.PleaseDescribetheroleofInternetprotocolsandutilityprograms.InternetprotocolsandutilityprogramsmakethefollowingInternetservicespossible:HTTPdeliversrequestedWebpages,allowinguserstoviewthem.STMPandPOPenablemailtoberoutedtoamailserverandthenpickedupbytherecipient’sserver,whileIMAPenablesmailtobesortedbeforebeingdownloadedbytherecipient.FTPisusedtotransferfilesfromserverstoclientsandviceversa.SSLensuresthatinformationtransmissionsareencrypted.Telnetisautilityprogramthatenablesworktobedoneremotely.Fingerisautilityprogramthatallowsyoutofindoutwhoisloggedontoaremotenetwork.Pingisautilityprogramthatallowsuserstoverifyaconnectionbetweenclientandserver.Tracertletsyoutracktherouteamessagetakesfromaclienttoaremotecomputer.4.WhatarethemainstructuralelementsofInternettoday?ThemainstructuralelementsoftheInternetare:Thebackbone,whichiscomposedprimarilyofhigh-bandwidthfiberopticcableoperatedbyavarietyofproviders.NAPsandMAEs,whicharehubsthatusehigh-speedswitchingcomputerstoconnectthebackbonewithregionalandlocalnetworks.Campusnetworks,whicharelocalareanetworksoperatingwithinasingleorganizationthatconnectdirectlytoregionalnetworks.InternetServiceProviders,whichdealwiththe“lastmile”ofservicetohomesandoffices.ISPsofferavarietyoftypesofservice,rangingfromdial-upservicetobroadbandDSL,cablemodem,T1andT3lines,andsatellitelinkservice.5.Whatarethelimitationsoftoday’sInternet?ToenvisionwhattheInternetoftomorrow—InternetII—willlooklike,wemustfirstlookatthelimitationsoftoday’sInternet.Bandwidthlimitations:Today’sInternetisslowandincapableofeffectivelysharinganddisplayinglargefiles,suchasvideoandvoicefiles.Qualityofservicelimitations:Datapacketsdon’tallarriveinthecorrectorder,atthesamemoment,causinglatency;latencycreatesjerkinessinvideofilesandvoicemessages.Networkarchitecturelimitations:Serverscan’tkeepupwithdemand.FutureimprovementstoInternetinfrastructurewillimprovethewayserversprocessrequestsforinformation,thusimprovingoverallspeed.Languagedevelopmentlimitations:ThenatureofHTMLrestrictsthequalityof“rich”informationthatcanbesharedonline.Futurelanguageswillenableimproveddisplayandviewingofvideoandgraphics.6.PleasedescribethepotentialcapabilitiesofInternetII.InternetIIisaconsortiumworkingtogethertodevelopandtestnewtechnologiesforpotentialuseontheInternet.InternetIIparticipantsareworkinginanumberofareas,includingadvancednetworkinfrastructure;newnetworkingcapabilities;middleware;andadvancedapplicationsthatincorporateaudioandvideotocreatenewservices.InadditiontotheInternetIIproject,othergroupsareworkingtoexpandInternetbandwidthviaimprovementstofiberoptictechnologiesandthroughphotonicstechnologiessuchasDenseWavelengthDivisionMultiplexing,opticalandfiberswitches,opticalswitchingcomponents,opticalintegratedcircuits,andopticalnetworks.WirelessWeband3GtechnologieswillprovideusersofcellularphonesandPDAswithincreasedaccesstotheInternetanditsvariousservices.TheincreasedbandwidthandexpandedconnectionsoftheInternetIIerawillresultinanumberofbenefits,includingIPmulticasting,whichwillenablemoreefficientdeliveryofdata;latencysolutionssuchasdiffserve(differentiatedqualityofservice),whichassignslevelsofprioritytopacketsbasedonthetypeofdatabeingtransmitted;guaranteedservicelevels;lowererrorrates;anddecliningcosts.7.HowdoesWorldWideWebwork?TheWebwasdevelopedduring1989–1991byDr.TimBerners-Lee,whocreatedacomputerprogramthatallowedformattedpagesstoredontheInternettobelinkedusingkeywords(hyperlinks).In1993,MarcAndreesencreatedthefirstgraphicalWebbrowser,whichmadeitpossibletoviewdocumentsontheWebgraphicallyandcreatedthepossibilityofuniversalcomputing.ThekeyconceptsyouneedtounderstandhowtheWebworksarethefollowing:Hypertext,whichisawayofformattingpageswithembeddedlinksthatconnectdocumentstooneanotherandthatalsolinkpagestootherobjects.HTTP(HyperTextTransferProtocol),whichistheprotocolusedtotransmitWebpagesovertheInternet.URLs(uniformresourcelocators),whicharetheaddressesatwhichWebpagescanbefound.HTML,whichistheprogramminglanguageusedtocreatemostWebpagesandwhichprovidesdesignerswithafixedsetoftagsthatareusedtoformataWebpageXML,whichisanewermarkuplanguagethatallowsdesignerstodescribedataandinformation.Webserversoftware,whichissoftwarethatenablesacomputertodeliverWebpageswritteninHTMLtoclientmachinesthatrequestthisservicebysendinganHTTPrequest.Webserversoftwarealsoprovidessecurityservices,FTP,searchengine,anddatacaptureservices.ThetermWebserveralsoisusedtorefertothephysicalcomputerthatrunstheWebserversoftware.Webclients,whicharecomputingdevicesattachedtotheInternetthatarecapableofmakingHTTPrequestsanddisplayingHTMLpages.Webbrowsers,whichdisplayWebpagesandalsohaveaddedfeaturessuchasemailandnewsgroups.8.PleaseDescribehowInternetandWebfeaturesandservicessupporte-commerce.Together,theInternetandtheWebmakee-commercepossiblebyallowingcomputeruserstoaccessproductandserviceinformationandtocompletepurchasesonline.Someofthespecificfeaturesthatsupporte-commerceinclude:Electronicmail(e-mail),whichusesaseriesofprotocolstoenablemessagescontainingtext,images,sound,andvideoclipstobetransferredfromoneInternetusertoanother.E-mailisusedine-commerceasamarketingandcustomersupporttool.Searchengines,whichidentifyWebpagesthatmatchaquerysubmittedbyauser.SearchenginesassistusersinlocatingWebpagesrelatedtoitemstheymaywanttobuy.Intelligentagentsorsoftwarerobots,whicharesoftwareprogramsthatgatherand/orfilterinformationonaspecifictopicandthenprovidealistofresultsfortheusers.Instantmessaging,whichallowsmessagestobesentbetweentwousersalmostinstantly,allowingpartiestoengageinatwo-wayconversation.Ine-commerce,companiesareusinginstantmessagingasacustomersupporttool.Chat,whichallowstwoormoreuserstocommunicateviacomputerinrealtime(simultaneously)andisbeingusedine-commerceasacommunity-buildingtool.Music,video,andotherstandardfiles(suchasphotos,etc.),whichareusedine-commerceasdigitalcontentthatmaybesoldandasmarketingtools.Streamingmedia,whichenablesmusic,video,andotherlargefilestobesenttousersinchunkssothatwhenreceivedandplayed,thefilecomesthroughuninterrupted.Likestandarddigitalfiles,streamingmediamaybesoldasdigitalcontentandusedasamarketingtool.Cookies,whicharesmalltextfilesthatallowaWebsitetostoreinformationaboutauser,andareusedbye-commerceasamarketingtool.CookiesallowWebsitestopersonalizethesitetotheuserandalsopermitcustomizationandmarketsegmentation.TheInternetIIinfrastructurewillpermittherapiddeploymentofnewservicesandgreatlyexpande-commerceopportunities.Emergingservicesinclude：Internettelephony,whichusesVOIPtotransmitaudiocommunicationovertheInternet;digitallibraries,whichwillallowdistributionofsoftwareapplicationsbyASPstoincrease;distributedstorage,whichwillallowASPstostoredataonmultipleservers;distancelearningthroughvideoconferencingthatwillpermitreal-timetwo-waycommunication;digitalvideonetworksthatwillbeabletodeliverbetter-than-broadcastqualityvideoovertheInternet;high-qualityvideoteleconferencing;tele-immersion(themergerofvirtualrealityandvideoconferencing);andm-commerceapplications.II.Fillintheblanksineachofthefollowing1.ThebasicbuildingblocksoftheInternetare:packet-switchinghardware,client/servercomputing,andacommunicationsprotocolcalledTCP/IP.2.Packetswitchingisamethodofslicingdigitalmessagesintoparcelscalled“packets,”sendingthepacketsalongdifferentcommunicationpathsastheybecomeavailable,andthenreassemblingthepacketsoncetheyarriveattheirdestination.3.IPaddressesare32-bitnumbersthatappearasaseriesoffourseparatenumbersmarkedoffbyperiods.4.IPaddressescanberepresentedbyanaturallanguageconventioncalleddomainnames.5.AnintranetisaTCP/IPnetworklocatedwithinasingleorganizationforpurposesofcommunicationsandinformationprocessing.6.ExtranetsareformedwhenfirmspermitoutsiderstoaccesstheirinternalTCP/IPnetworks.7.TheprimarypurposeofWebbrowsersistodisplayWebpages.8.CookiesareatoolusedbyWebsitestostoreinformationaboutauser.Chapter3EDII.Answerthefollowingquestions1.EDIisdescribedastheinterchangeofstructureddataaccordingtoagreedmessagestandardsbetweencomputersystems,byelectronicmeans.2.ThebenefitsofEDIareasfollows:EDIenablescompaniestosendandreceivelargeamountsofroutinetransactioninformationquicklyaroundtheglobe.Thereareveryfewerrorsinthetransferreddataasaresultofcomputer-to-computerdatatransfer.Informationcanflowamongseveraltradingpartnersconsistentlyandfreely.Companiescanaccesspartners’databasestoretrieveandstorestandardtransactions.EDIfostersthru(andstrategic)partnershiprelationshipssinceitinvolvesacommitmenttoalong-terminvestmentandtherefinementofthesystemovertime.EDIcreatesacompletepaperlessTPSenvironment,savingmoneyandincreasingefficiency.Paymentcollectioncanbeshortenedbyseveralweeks.Datamaybeenteredoffline,inabatchmode,withouttyingupportstothemainframe.WhenanEDIdocumentisreceived,thedatamaybeusedimmediately.Salesinformationisdeliveredtomanufactures,shippers,andwarehousesalmostinrealtime.EDIcansaveaconsiderableamountofmoney.3.EDImayseemdifficulttodistinguishfromelectronicmail(e-mail)asbothinvolvethetransmissionofelectronicmessagesbetweencomputersystems.WhatdifferentiatesEDIfrome-mailistheinternalstructureandcontentofthedatamessage.Thecontentofane-mailmessageisnotintendedtobeprocessedinanywaybythereceivingsystem,whereasEDImessagesareintendedforandarethereforestructuredforautomaticprocessing.4.ThemajorfactorsthathavelimitedtheuseoftraditionalEDIare:Significantinitialinvestmentisneeded,andongoingoperatingcostsarehigh.BusinessprocessesmustberestructuredtofitEDIrequirements.Alongstart-uptimeisneeded.Useofexpensive,privateVANsisnecessary.TherearemultipleEDIstandards,soonecompanymayhavetouseseveralstandards.AnEDIcannotsupportdynamictradinginmarketplaces.Thesystemiscomplex.AconverterisrequiredtotranslatebusinesstransactionstoEDIcode.Thesystemisinflexible;itisdifficulttomakequickchanges,suchasaddingbusinesspartners.5.ThereareseveralreasonsforfirmstocreateEDIabilityovertheInternet:TheInternetisapubliclyaccessiblenetworkwithfewgeographicalconstraints.TheglobalnatureoftheInternetoffersthepotentialtoreachthewidestpossiblenumberoftradingpartnersofanyviablealternativecurrentlyavailable.UsingtheInternetcancutcommunicationcostsbyover50percent.UsingtheInternettoexchangeEDItransactionsisconsistentwiththegrowinginterestofbusinessindeliveringanever-increasingvarietyofproductsandserviceselectronically,particularlythroughtheWeb.Internet-basedEDIcancomplementorreplacemanycurrentEDIapplications.Internettoolssuchasbrowsersandsearchenginesareveryuserfriendly,andmostuserstodayknowhowtousethem.Internet-basedEDIhasseveralfunctionalitiesnotprovidedbytraditionalEDI,whichincludecollaboration,workflow,andsearchengines.II.WriteanAbstractofSection3.3inabout200words.Abstract-Intraditionalbusinessenvironments,manyinter-companyprocesses(suchasbuyingandbilling)areperformedusingpaperdocuments,suchaspurchaseordersandinvoices.ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)allowscompaniestoexchangethesedocumentsinastructuredandcomputer-processableformat.Thishelpstoautomateandstreamlinebusinessbyeliminatingorsimplifyingclericaltasks,speedinginformationtransfer,reducingdataerrors,andeliminatingbusinessprocesses.AlthoughEDIhasbeensuccessfullyemployedinspecificindustries(suchasretail)andinsomelargeenterprises,ithasnotbeenwidelyadopted.TheprimarybarrierstowidespreadacceptanceofEDIarethecostsofimplementationandthecostsofcommunication,whichisfrequentlydoneusingValue-AddedNetworks(VANs).ThesecostsaregenerallytoohighforcompaniesthatdonotconductlargenumbersofEDItransactions.Inthispaper,weintroduceaWeb-basedInternetEDImodelthatprovidesvalued-addedfunctionstraditionallyprovidedbyEDIoverVANs.Inthismodel,usersconductbusinesstransactionsusingJava-capablebrowsersinsteadoftraditionalEDIsoftware,eliminatingthecostsofVANsandEDI-relatedapplications.Theproposedmodelisespeciallysuitableformedium-andsmall-sizefirmsthatexchangebusinessdocumentsbutcannotaffordtodoEDIusingVANs.Chapter4OnlineMonearyTransactions=1\*ROMANI.Statewhetherthefollowingaretrueorfalse.Iftheanswerisfalse,explainwhy.1.True.2.True.3.False.OnlyparticipatingstoresaccepteCash.Thecustomer,merchantandbankmustallbeabletousetheeCashsystem.4.False.eChargeisamicropaymentssystemthatautomaticallyplaceschargesonyourhomephonebill.5.True.=2\*ROMANII.Definethefollowingtermsa)DigitalCashissimilartoregularcash,exceptthatitiselectronic.ConsumerscanstoredigitalcashsecurelywithinabankaccountordigitalwalletanduseittomakepurchasesovertheWeb.b)Peer-to-peerpaymentisoftenusedwithinauctionandbarteringsites.Itallowsuserstobuyandsellproductsandservicesonane-commercesite.c)WellsFargoisatraditionalbankthathasestablishedastrongpresenceontheWeb.Theyareoneofthefirstmajorbankstodothis.d)AnE-walletgivesanonlineconsumertheabilitytomakepurchasesquicklyandsecurelybytransferringpersonalandpaymentinformationdirectlyontothesitewithoutmakingtheuser