a1高考概要寫作之說明文知識(shí)導(dǎo)蟲<)要點(diǎn)精析（一）概要寫作的考查能力概要寫作，簡言之就是對(duì)所讀過的文章簡要概括，寫出文章的中心大意，也可稱之為摘要。寫概要時(shí)，讀者要是把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述出來，而不是抄襲文章的原句，更不是把細(xì)節(jié)性信息作為中心，而是要通過對(duì)文章中的單詞、詞組和句子進(jìn)行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，對(duì)文章的具體信息進(jìn)行概括，再用合適的語言表述出來。這一題型主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章主旨大意的概括和準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵詞的能力，同時(shí)考查學(xué)生用簡潔的語言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對(duì)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。因此，概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)，是二者的有機(jī)結(jié)合體，是閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的溝通橋梁?？焖匍喿x，準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨及各段主要內(nèi)容的能力。熟練運(yùn)用語法知識(shí)分析句子成分與結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。主要體現(xiàn)在寫作的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性。對(duì)固定短語和固定搭配的識(shí)記與再現(xiàn)能力。主要體現(xiàn)在不能出現(xiàn)和原文同樣的句子。單詞拼寫能力。（二）概要寫作的評(píng)分參考閱卷時(shí)主要考慮以下內(nèi)容：對(duì)原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；上下文的連貫性；各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。注意：理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要求，完全使用自己的語言，準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，得分相應(yīng)比較高。相反，如果概要寫作部分出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象，得分檔次將會(huì)大大降低；所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無關(guān)不得分。（三）概要寫作的備考建議概要寫作，其實(shí)我們考生并不陌生，在日常的英語教學(xué)中，教師經(jīng)常讓學(xué)生就所學(xué)英語課文逐段概括段落大意或者復(fù)述課文，這在一定程度上都為概要寫作打基礎(chǔ)。除此之外，作為考生，還要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：積累常見的同義短語和句型轉(zhuǎn)換，掌握并運(yùn)用單詞、短語和句型?！扒蓩D難為無米之炊”，即使有再好的寫作技巧，如果沒有相應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)詞匯和句法知識(shí)，也很難寫出概要寫作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基礎(chǔ)詞匯和句法知識(shí)上下功夫，以不變應(yīng)萬變。解構(gòu)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的能力，并重點(diǎn)培養(yǎng)對(duì)語篇的速讀與關(guān)鍵信息的捕捉能力及對(duì)語篇的再造能力。進(jìn)行適度地專題練習(xí)。有計(jì)劃地進(jìn)行適度練習(xí)有利于考生快速掌握概要寫作的要點(diǎn)，找到概要寫作的感覺，沖破對(duì)概要寫作的不適感。平時(shí)可多關(guān)注往年的高考閱讀文章，進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析和主旨概括訓(xùn)練?？砂次捏w和題材，分類訓(xùn)練篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的布局，增強(qiáng)對(duì)文章上下文連貫性的把握。概要寫作首先要掌握各種文體的寫作特點(diǎn)和框架。（四）說明文概要寫作技巧說明文（Exposition）寫作抓住關(guān)鍵句：文章第一段和各段第一句。說明文體的閱讀材料內(nèi)容大致可以分為以下幾類：現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—住題），which...（補(bǔ)充解釋）利弊對(duì)比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A.whileB.Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,.,butitmayalso.研究顯示類：Thestudyrevealsthat.;Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat.（五）說明文概要寫作模板說明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution（causeandeffect）,introductionofanobject（howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant）（六）說明文概要寫作樣文展示Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Wishyouweremorecreative?Justpretend!□Onegreatironyaboutourcollectiveobsessionwithcreativityisthatwetendtoframeitinuncreativeways.Thatistosay,mostofusmarrycreativitytoourconceptofself:Eitherwe’re"creative”orwearen’t,withoutmuchofamiddleground.Dr.Pillay,atechentrepreneurandanassistantprofessoratHarvardUniversity,hasspentagoodchunkofhiscareersubverting（使放棄）theseideas.Hebelievesthatthekeytounlockingyourcreativepotentialistodefytheclichedadvicethaturgesyouto“believeinyourself."Infact,youshoulddotheopposite:Believeyouaresomeoneelse.Dr.Pillaypointstoa2016studydemonstratingtheimpactofstereotypes（固定思維）onone’sbehavior.Theauthors,educationalpsychologistsDenisDumasandKevinDunbar,dividedtheircollege-studentsubjectsintothreegroups,instructingthemembersofonetothinkofthemselvesas“eccentric（古怪的）poets"andthemembersofanothertoimaginetheywere“rigidlibrarians"（thethirdgroupwasthecontrol）.Theresearchersthenpresentedalltheparticipantswithtenordinaryobjects,includingafork,acarrot,andapairofpants,andaskedthemtocomeupwithasmanydifferentusesaspossibleforeachone.Thosewhowereaskedtoimaginethemselvesaseccentricpoetscameupwiththewidestrangeofideas,whereasthoseintherigid-librariangrouphadthefewest.Meanwhile,theresearchersfoundonlysmalldifferencesinstudents7creativitylevelsacrossacademicmajors.Infact,thephysicsmajorsinhabitingthepersonasofeccentricpoetscameupwithmoreideasthantheartmajorsdid.Theseresults,writeDumasandDunbar,suggestthatcreativityisnotanindividualtraitbuta"malleable（易話應(yīng)的）productofcontextandperspective."Everyonecanbecreative,aslongasheorshefeelslikeacreativeperson.Dr.Pillay’sworktakesthisastepfurther:Hearguesthatsimplyidentifyingyourselfascreativeislesspowerfulthantakingthebold,creativestepofimaginingyouaresomebodyelse.Thisexercise,whichhecallspsychologicalHalloweenism,referstotheconsciousactionofinhabitinganotherpersona.Anactormayemploythistechniquetogetintocharacter,butanyonecanuseit.口Unfortunately,thoseideasoftengetdrownedoutbecausemostofusspendwaytoomuchtimeworrying,andabouttwothingsinparticular:howsuccessful/unsuccessfulweareandhowlittlewe’refocusingonthetaskathand.Thesetwinworriesfeedoneachother—anunfocusedpersonisanunsuccessfulone,webelieve一andsowedon’tallowourmindstowanderintoitsquietlyfertilefields.【解析指導(dǎo)】Mainidea這是一篇說明文。哈佛大學(xué)副教授Pillay博士引用前人的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，提出了訓(xùn)練創(chuàng)造力的方法一假裝自己是另一個(gè)人。該實(shí)驗(yàn)證明，創(chuàng)造力不是一個(gè)人的屬性，而是在不同情境和角度下可調(diào)節(jié)的產(chǎn)物。Pillay

博士進(jìn)而指出，創(chuàng)造力可以通過練習(xí)獲得。文章詳細(xì)介紹了該實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程、發(fā)現(xiàn)和結(jié)論。文章最后指出人們之所以不能產(chǎn)生有創(chuàng)意的點(diǎn)子，是因?yàn)槿藗冞^于在乎成功，過于專注眼前事，而讓我們的大腦不能放松。Textstructure全文可以劃分為三個(gè)部分：口第一部分：普通民眾對(duì)是否具備創(chuàng)造力的觀念。□-□第二部分：哈佛大學(xué)副教授Pillay博士在前人實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)上提出了訓(xùn)練創(chuàng)造力的方法?？诘谌糠郑喝藗?yōu)槭裁床荒墚a(chǎn)生有創(chuàng)意的點(diǎn)子。Thepublicccnreptofbeing

creativeornotBxperiineiitsinstructedthreegroupsofstudentstocomeupwithideasassLimingdifferentrolesotstudentstocomeupwassLimingdifferentrolesThepublicccnreptofbeing

creativeornotBxperiineiitsinstructedthreegroupsofstudentstocomeupwithideasassLimingdifferentrolesotstudentstocomeupwassLimingdifferentrolesIEasedonapreviousexperimentDr.PillaycameupwiththewaytogetcreativeF[nd.itigjsicpeathnl^isnotanindividual—trait;creativitjrcanbegainedthroughtrainingAdvisefromDrsPilluyi

pretendtobesomeoineelseWhypeoplefailtogetcreative

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focusedallthetime本文主要是講述創(chuàng)造力不是一個(gè)人的屬性，而是在不同情境和角度下可調(diào)節(jié)的產(chǎn)物。創(chuàng)造力可以通過練習(xí)獲得，并指出訓(xùn)練創(chuàng)造力的方法。Step2：劃分要點(diǎn)。本文分3個(gè)要點(diǎn)，提出主題一給出方法——解釋原因。Step3：標(biāo)主題句或關(guān)鍵詞。已在文中用橫線標(biāo)出每段主題句。Step4：概括。5.SummarywritingManypeopleregardthemselveseithercreativeornotcreative.Yet,expertsprovedcreativityisnotapersonal

qualityandcouldbegainedinspecifiedsituations.Anotherexpertbelievespeoplecouldgetcreativebypretendingtobesomeoneelse.Butmostpeoplefailtodosobecausetheycaresomuchaboutsuccess,forcingthemselvestofocusallthetime.（59words）SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Infact,greatwhitesharksarenotwhite.Thenameisthoughttohavecomeaboutbecausethesesharksarewhiteinonecircumstancewhentheyarelyingdeadonthedeckofaboat.Itwouldbemorepropertocallthisspeciesthe“blackshark”.Theyhaveadarkuppersurface,whichmeanstheirprey（獵物）aredifficulttospotthemapproachingfromthedarkdepths.Speakingofprey,theyhavebeenrecordeddiningoutonawiderangeofspecies,includingwhales,squid（魷魚），turtlesandoccasionallypenguins.“Ifyoumakealistofeverythingthafsbeenfoundinawhiteshark’sstomachyou’dgetavarietyofthings,”saysmarinebiologistGeorgeBurgessoftheUniversityofFloridainGainesville.Butwhafsclearisthattheirtasteschangeastheyage.“Theyarealmostjustfish—eatersuntiltheyare7,8,9feetlong,”saysBurgess.“Astheygetbigger,theywillbegintostarteatingmammalpreyiftheygettheopportunity.”Theseoldersharkspreferseals,sealionsandwalruses.Whentheystrikefrombelow,atspeed,whitesharkscanclearthesurfacebyasmuchas3m.Tolocatetheirprey,whitesharksusealmosteverytrickinthebook.“Theyhaveaseriesofsenses,”saysBurgess.Ina1963study,researchershungaspeakerovertheedgeoftheirboatoffMiamitoseeiftheycouldattractsharkswithsound.Nogreatwhitesharkswerespottedinthisstudy,butit’sreasonabletoassumetheyhavegoodhearingtoo.Asagreatwhitesharkgetsclosertoitsprey,itssenseofsmellbeginstokickin.Astudyofthebrainsofdifferentspeciesofsharksshowsthatthegreatwhite’solfactorybulb嗅球）isespeciallylarge.Theirvisionisnotbad,either.“Theyseeparticularlywell,”saysBurgess.Theyalsohavetwolessfamiliarsenses.Theirlaterallines,whichrunalongtheirsides,candetectchangesinwaterpressurethatrevealtheirprey’smovements.【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文是一篇說明文。說明文的概要寫作一般有三種參考模板：（1）描寫某事物的性質(zhì)功用。即“對(duì)象+性質(zhì)功用+利好”：（Inthepassage）thewriterintroduces...tous,especiallyits...,fromwhichweknow...（2）針對(duì)某個(gè)問題提出解決方法或措施。即“問題+解決方法”：Thepassagetellsus...,including...（3）介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果。即“現(xiàn)象+原因+結(jié)果”：（Theauthor/writersaid/talksabout）...of...,because/but...。本文可以采用第一種模板?！緟⒖挤段摹縏hepassageintroducessomethingaboutwhitesharks,suchastheoriginofthenameandhowtheygettheirprey.（要點(diǎn)1）Whentheyarelyingdeadonthedeckofaboat,theyarewhite,buttheyhaveadarkuppersurface.（要點(diǎn)2）Whattheyeatarevarious,includingawiderangeofspecies.Whentheyaresmalltheyeatfish.Astheybecomebigger,theyeatmammalprey.（要點(diǎn)3）Theirsensessuchashearing,smellandvisionaregood.（要點(diǎn)4)SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Dietershavelongswornthatgrapefruithelpsthemloseweight.TheGrapefruitDiet,alsocalledtheHollywoodDiet,datesbacktothe1930sandhasahostofcelebrityfansincludingsingerKylieMinogue.Itinvolveshavinggrapefruitorgrapefruitjuicewitheverymealwhilecuttingbackoncalories.Now,scientistsarebeginningtobelievethem.Astudyhasfoundthatdrinkinggrapefruitjuicewheneatingfattyfoodlowerstheamountofweightputonbyuptoafifth.Theresearchalsosuggestedthatgrapefruitcouldbeasgoodasprescriptiondrugsatkeepingbloodsugarlevelsundercontrol一akeypartofmanagingdiabetes.Theexperimentswereconductedonmice一butresearcherssaytheresultsjustifystudiesonhumans.ProfessorJosephNapoli,oftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,said,“Weseeallsortsofscamsaboutnutrition.Buttheseresults,basedoncontrolledexperiments,warrantfurtherstudyofthepotentialhealth—promotingpropertiesofgrapefruitjuice.”Theresearchersfoundthatwhenthemicewerefedfattyfoodforthreemonths，thosegivengrapefruitjuicetodrinkgainedupto18percentlessweightthanthosegivenwater.Theyalsohadlowerbloodsugarandinsulinlevels一despiteeatingthesamenumberofcaloriesanddoingthesameamountofexerciseasthemicewhodrankwater.Infact，grapefruitjuicewasasgoodatcontrollinginsulinasthewidelyuseddiabetesdrugmetformin,thejournalPLOSONEreports.However,thefruitjuiceonlyhadaneffectonweightwhentheanimalsatefattyfood.Theresearcherssaidtheydidnotknowhowgrapefruitstopsthepoundsfrompilingon.SpokesmanMarietteAbrahams,adietician,saiduntilthenitistooearlyforpeopletotrygrapefruitdiets."Grapefruitshouldbepartofahealthybalanceddiet,butitshouldn’tbethefocusofthediet,”shesaid.【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文是一篇科普類說明文，主要介紹了葡萄柚的減肥功效。第一段介紹了葡萄柚用于減肥的歷史背景；第二至七段的內(nèi)容是：研究表明，葡萄柚對(duì)人的身體健康有很多好處；第八段介紹了葡萄柚汁減肥的局限性；最后一段對(duì)葡萄柚飲食提出了不同的意見?？忌谧鞔饡r(shí)，應(yīng)注意條理清晰，避免混亂性語句；語言簡潔，要點(diǎn)全面，可將原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以節(jié)約詞數(shù)。另外，考生在作答時(shí)應(yīng)注意語言的準(zhǔn)確性和語句間的銜接性。【參考范文】DietersthinkgrapefruitjuicehelpsloseweightandtheGrapefruitDietortheHollywoodDietwasapopularwayoflosingweightinthe1930s.（要點(diǎn)1）Theexperimentsconductedonmice，whichcanalsoapplytohumans，showsthatgrapefruitjuicebenefitsthelossofweightandthecontrolofbloodsugarandinsulinlevels.（要點(diǎn)2）However，thefruitonlytakeseffectwhentheanimalseatfattyfood.（要點(diǎn)3）Theoppositeviewdoesn’tthinkeatinggrapefruitcanbethefocusofthediet.（要點(diǎn)4）□P實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Couldfastfoodmakeithardertostopandsmelltheroses?AnewstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontosuggeststhatfastfoodmightmakeithardertostopandsmelltheroses.ResearcherspointedoutthatAmericanshavegainedmoreandmoreleisuretime,yettheyaren’tanyhappier.Theproblemcouldbethatmodernconveniencesmakeusmoreimpatient,andthereforelessabletoappreciatesmallmomentsofjoy.Totestthetheory,theUniversityofTorontoresearcherscarriedoutafewdifferenttestsfocusedonfastfoods,thetypicalAmerican“symbolsofthecultureofimpatience,”andhappiness.Inoneofthetests,researcherstold257peopletoratepicturesbasedonwhethertheyweresuitableforads.Participantssawaseriesofpictures:Onegroupsawfastfoodinregularpackagingwhiletheothergroupsawthesamefoodsetoutonceramictableware（瓷器餐具）.Afterward,someoftheparticipantswereshownphotographsof“scenicnaturalbeauty”andthenwereaskedtoratetheirhappiness.Othersratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthepictures.Theresearchersfoundthatpeoplewhosawthefastfoodbeforeviewingthenaturephotostendedtoratetheirhappinesslower.Yetthosewhosimplyratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthenatureshotsbeforehandwereactuallyalittlehappierifthey’dseenfastfoodinadvance.Researcherssaidthatsuggestsfastfooddoesn’tdirectlycauseunhappinessbutdecreasestheabilitytoenjoythings.Researcherscautioned,however,thatmuchmoreresearchwasneededtodetermineexactlyhowfastfoodandhappinessarecorrelatedandhowstrongtherelationshipreallyis.【參考范文】AstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontoshowsfastfoodwillaffectpeople’sabilitytoenjoythings,thusmakingthemlesshappy.Inonetest,amongthe257participants,thosewhosawpicturesofnaturalbeautyafterbeingshownfastfoodratedtheirhappinesslowerthanthosewhodidn’t.Butresearcherssaidmoreresearchwasneededtoconfirmthefindings.SummaryDirectionsReadthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Thepoaching,orillegalkilling,ofrhinos（犀牛）inSouthAfricaisgrowingworseeachyear.Thegovernmentrecentlyreportedthatarecordnumberofrhinoswerepoachedin2014,ayearwhichhadmorerhinokillingsinSouthAfricathaneverbefore.TheWorldWildlifeFund,orWWF,saysabout20,000rhinosliveinSouthAfrica.Thatismorethan80percentoftherhinosintheworld.EdnaMolewa,SouthAfrica’senvironmentalissuesministersays,“During2014,wearesadtosaythis：1,215rhinoswerekilled.Thisisariseinthenumberofpoachedrhinosfrom1004in2013andindeedveryworrying.”Theanimalsarehuntedfortheirhorns.ManypeopleinAsiabelievethehornhascuringpower,whichdrivespoachers,atallcosts,madformorehorns.Butthereisnoscientificevidenceforthisbelief.Thehornismadeofkeratin.Thatisthesamethingashumanhair,fingernailsandtoenails.Ms.Mo1ewasaid386suspectedpoacherswerearrestedlastyear,anincreasefromtheyearbefore.Butrhinoprotectionworkerssaypoachersoftengounpunishedafterarrest.SouthAfrica’slegalsystemisineffective.Ms.MolewasaidmoreneedstobedoneandSouthAfricaistakingstrongmeasurestoprotectrhinos.Theeffortsincludemovingsomeoftheanimalstosecretplacesinneighboringcountries.“Nowapproximately100rhinoshavebeenmovedtoneighboringstatesintheSADCregionduring2014and200morerhinoswillbemovedthisyear”Molewasaid.JoShaw,therhinoprogrammanagerattheWWF,said,“we’retalkingaboutalossofahundredrhinosamonth.Ormorethanthreeaday.Wereallyneedtoseeeffectiveactionnotjustatanationallevelbutinternationally."Shesaysofficialsshouldfindthecriminalgroupsresponsibleforthepoachingandpunishthem.【參考范文】ThepoachingofrhinosisgettingworseinSouthAfricaeachyear.Manyrhinosarekilledfortheirhornswhichisbelievedtohavecuringpower.Althoughmorepoachersarearrested,theyhardlygetpunished.SothemembersofWWFarecallingonmoremeasureswhichshouldtakentoprotectrhinos.,includingeffectivelegalsystem,rhinoslivingplaceandeveninternationalcooperation.SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.PuppyDogEyesArefortheBenefitsofHumansDogsmakepuppydogeyesforthebenefitofhumansandrarelyusethepleasingfacialexpressionwhenontheirown,anewstudyhasshown.Ithaslongbeenassumedthatanimalfacialexpressionsareinvoluntaryanddependentonemotionalstateratherthanawaytocommunicate.ButscientistsattheUniversity’sDogCognitionCentreatPortsmouthUniversityhavefoundthatdogsmostlyusefacialexpressionswhenhumansarepresent,asadi