大學(xué)新概念英語閱讀（一）【篇一】PlateTectonicsandSea-floorSpreadingThetheoryofplatetectonicsdescribesthemotionsofthelithosphere,thecomparativelyrigidouterlayeroftheEarththatincludesallthecrustandpartoftheunderlyingmantle.Thelithosphereisdividedintoafewdozenplatesofvarioussizesandshapes,ingeneraltheplatesareinmotionwithrespecttooneanother.Amid-oceanridgeisaboundarybetweenplateswherenewlithosphericmaterialisinjectedfrombelow.Astheplatesdivergefromamid-oceanridgetheyslideonamoreyieldinglayeratthebaseofthelithosphere.SincethesizeoftheEarthisessentiallyconstant,newlithospherecanbecreatedatthemid-oceanridgesonlyifanequalamountoflithosphericmaterialisconsumedelsewhere.Thesiteofthisdestructionisanotherkindofplateboundary：asubductionzone.Thereoneplatedivesundertheedgeofanotherandisreincorporatedintothemantle.Bothkindsofplateboundaryareassociatedwithfaultsystems,earthquakesandvolcanism,butthekindsofgeologicactivityobservedatthetwoboundariesarequitedifferent.Theideaofsea-floorspreadingactuallyprecededthetheoryofplatetectonics.Initsoriginalversion,intheearly1960’s,itdescribedthecreationanddestructionoftheoceanfloor,butitdidnotspecifyrigidlithosphericplates.ThehypothesiswassubstantiatedsoonafterwardbythediscoverythatperiodicreversalsoftheEarth’smagneticfieldarerecordedintheoceaniccrust.Asmagmarisesunderthemid-oceanridge,ferromagneticmineralsinthemagmabecomemagnetizedinthedirectionofthegeomagneticfield.Whenthemagmacoolsandsolidifies,thedirectionandthepolarityofthefieldarepreservedinthemagnetizedvolcanicrock.ReversalsofthefieldgiverisetoaseriesofmagneticstripesrunningparalleltotheaxisoftheTheoceaniccrustthusservesasamagnetictaperecordingthehistoryofthegeomagneticfieldthatcanbedatedindependently;thewidthofthestripesindicatestheratethesea-floorspreading.板塊結(jié)構(gòu)與海床擴(kuò)展板塊結(jié)構(gòu)理論描述巖石圈的運(yùn)動。巖石圈是相對堅硬的地球外層，包括全部地殼和部分地幔。巖石圈被劃分為幾十個大小不同形狀各異的板塊，一般來說這些板塊都處于相對運(yùn)動之中。一道中海脊是板塊之間的邊界，在那里新的巖石圈的物質(zhì)從下部注入。當(dāng)板塊從中海脊脫離時，它們滑向在巖石圈基部較易變形的地層上。因?yàn)榈厍虻拇笮”举|(zhì)上是不變的，只有同等數(shù)量的巖石圈物質(zhì)在其它地方被吞沒，新的巖石圈才能生成。銷毀舊巖石圈的地方形成另外一種板塊邊界：一塊潛沒的區(qū)域。在這里，一塊板塊潛沒到另一板塊的邊緣之下并結(jié)合入地幔之中。兩種板塊邊界均與地層系統(tǒng)、地震以及火ft活動相關(guān)，但在兩種邊界處觀察到的諸般地質(zhì)活動卻迥然不同。2060軸線平行的條形磁區(qū)。這樣海洋殼就扮演了磁帶的角色，記錄下能夠鑒定時間的地磁場的歷史。條形磁區(qū)的寬度表明了海底擴(kuò)展的速度。【篇三】OilRefiningAnimportantnewindustry,oilrefining,grewaftertheCivilwar.Crudeoil,orpetroleum–adark,thickoozefromtheearth–hadbeenknownforhundredsofyears,butlittleusehadeverbeenmadeofit.Inthe1850sSamuelM.Kier,amanufacturerinwesternPennsylvania,begancollectingtheoilfromlocalseepagesandrefiningitintokerosene.Refining,likesmelting,isaprocessofremovingimpuritiesfromarawmaterial.Kerosenewasusedtolightlamps.Itwasacheapsubstituteforwhaleoil,whichwasbecominghardertoget.Soontherewasalargedemandforkerosene.Peoplebegantosearchfornewsuppliesofpetroleum.ThefirstoilwellwasdrilledbyE.L.Drake,aretiredrailroadconductor.In1859hebegandrillinginTitusville,Pennsylvania.Thewholeventureseemedsoimpracticalandfoolishthatonlookerscalledit"DrakesFolly".Butwhenhehaddrilleddownabout70feet(21meters),DrakestruckHiswellbegantoyield20barrelsofcrudeoiladay.NewsofDrakessuccessbroughtoilprospectorstothescene.Bytheearly1860’sthesewildcatterswerefor"blackgold"alloverwesternPennsylvania.TheboomrivaledtheCaliforniagoldrushof1848initsexcitementandWildWestatmosphere.Anditbroughtfarmorewealthtotheprospectorsthananygoldrush.Crudeoilcouldberefinedintomanyproducts.Forsomekerosenecontinuedtobetheprincipalone.Itwassoldingrocerystoresanddoor-to-door.Inthe1880srefinerslearnedhowtomakeotherpetroleumproductssuchaswaxesandlubricatingoils.Petroleumwasnotthenusedtomakegasolineorheatingoil.【篇四】譯文煉油一種重要的新興工業(yè)——煉油業(yè)在國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭后成長起來。未加工的石油，或原油——一種深色的地下的稠漿——數(shù)百年來一直為大眾所知，但是人們卻很少使用過它。在十九世紀(jì)五十年代，薩繆爾·M·科爾，賓西法尼亞西部的一位制造商，開始從當(dāng)?shù)氐囊绯鑫镏惺占筒⑺鼰挸擅河?/p>