APragmaticStudyonPoliteness12英2小組成員：劉盼魏夢娟孫嫻薛奇妹楊潔陳佳煒APragmaticStudyonPolitenes1CatalogueDefinitionBackgroundLeeh'sPPGuYueguo’sPP

Catalogue2DefinitionPolitenessasasocialphenomenoncanbeobservedinalllanguagesandcultures，andithaslongbeenmadeanimportantobjectofstudyinlinguistics.PolitenessPrincipleisthatinthesameotherconditions,minimizingtheexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.Politenessistheattitudeofonepartytoanotherparty.Itcomestobothparties.TheEnglishfamouspragmatistG.N.Leech(1983.64)calledthetwoparties"self"and"other".Inletters,"self”usuallymeanstothewriter,and"other"maybethereceiver,orathirdpartywhohasbeenmentionedornotmentionedintheletter.Therefore,politeness,whatawriterexpresscanbeaimedatareceiverorathirdparty.Itisnotsymmetryinnature.DefinitionPolitenessasasoci3TwomainapproachestopolitenessbeforeLeechLakoff1)

formality:don’timpose/remainaloof2)hesitancy:givetheaddresseehisoptions3)equality:actasthoughyouandtheaddresseewere

equal/makehimfeelgoodBrown&Levinson（FST）Positiveface---thepositiveconsistentself-imagethat

peoplehaveandwanttobeappreciatedandapprovedofbyatleastsomeotherpeople.Negativeface----therightstoterritories,freedomofactionandfreedomfromimposition;essentiallythewantthatyouractionsbenotimpededbyothers.Twomainapproachestopoliten4

Thepolitenessprincipleisaseriesofmaxims,which

Leechhasproposedasawayofexplaininghow

politenessoperatesinconversationalexchanges.Leechdefinespolitenessasformsofbehaviorthatestablishandmaintaincomity.Helistssixmaxims:tact,generosity,approbation,modesty,agreement,andsympathy.Notethatthesemaximsvaryfromculture-to-culture,meaning,whatmaybeconsideredaspoliteinoneculture,maybedownrightrudeorstrangeinanother.Leech'smaximsThepolitenessprincipleisa5

TheTactmaxim

Thetactmaximstates:'Minimizethecosttoother;maximizethebenefitstoother'ThefirstpartofthismaximfitsinwithBrownandLevinson'snegativepolitenessstrategyofminimisingtheimposition,andthesecondpartreflectsthepositivepolitenessstrategyofattendingtothehearer'sinterests,wants,andneeds

e.g.CouldIinterruptyouforasecond?IfIcouldjustclarifythisthen.

TheTactmaxim

Thetactmax6TheGenerositymaxim

Leech'sGenerositymaximstates:'Minimizethebenefittoself;maximizecosttoself.'Unlikethetactmaxim,themaximofgenerosityfocusesonthespeaker,andsaysthatothersshouldbeputfirstinsteadoftheself.

e.g.Yourelaxandletmedothedishes.Youmustcomeandhavedinnerwithus.TheGenerositymaxim

Leech'sG7TheApprobationmaximTheApprobationmaximstates:'Minimizedispraiseofother;maximizepraiseofother.'e.g.Iheardyousingingatthekaraokelastnight.Itwas,um...different.John,Iknowyou'reagenius-wouldyouknowhowtosolvethismathproblemhere?TheApprobationmaximTheAppro8TheModestymaximTheModestymaximstates:'Minimizepraiseofself;maximizedispraiseofself.'

e.g.Oh,I'msostupid-Ididn'tmakeanoteofourlecture!Didyou?TheModestymaximTheModestym9TheAgreementmaximTheAgreementmaximrunsasfollows:'Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother;maximizeagreementbetweenselfandother.'ItisinlinewithBrownandLevinson'spositivepolitenessstrategiesof'seekagreement'and'avoiddisagreement,'towhichtheyattachgreatimportance.e.g.Idon'twantmydaughtertodothis,Iwanthertodothat.B:Yes,butma'am,Ithoughtweresolvedthisalreadyonyourlastvisit.TheAgreementmaximTheAgreeme10TheSympathymaximThesympathymaximstates:'Minimizeanitipathybetweenselfandother;maximizesympathybetweenselfandother.'Thisincludesasmallgroupofspeechactssuchascongratulation,commiseration,andexpressingcondolences-allofwhichisinaccordancewithBrownandLevinson'spositivepolitenessstrategyofattendingtothehearer'sinterests,wants,andneeds.e.g.Iwassorrytohearaboutyourfather.TheSympathymaximThesympathy11GuYueguo’sPolitenessPrinciple1.TheSelf-denigrationMaxim2.TheAddressMaxim3.TheRefinementMaxim4.TheAgreementMaxim5.TheVirtues-Words-DeedsMaximGuYueguo’sPolitenessPrincip12GuconcludesthattheSelf-denigrationMaximisthemostChineseculture-specificpolitenessmaxim.HesaysthattheChinesepeopleusuallydenytheother'scomplimentanddenigratethemselvestoshowthattheyaremodestwhentheyarecomplimented.GuconcludesthattheSelf-den13ThankyouThankyou14APragmaticStudyonPoliteness12英2小組成員：劉盼魏夢娟孫嫻薛奇妹楊潔陳佳煒APragmaticStudyonPolitenes15CatalogueDefinitionBackgroundLeeh'sPPGuYueguo’sPP

Catalogue16DefinitionPolitenessasasocialphenomenoncanbeobservedinalllanguagesandcultures，andithaslongbeenmadeanimportantobjectofstudyinlinguistics.PolitenessPrincipleisthatinthesameotherconditions,minimizingtheexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.Politenessistheattitudeofonepartytoanotherparty.Itcomestobothparties.TheEnglishfamouspragmatistG.N.Leech(1983.64)calledthetwoparties"self"and"other".Inletters,"self”usuallymeanstothewriter,and"other"maybethereceiver,orathirdpartywhohasbeenmentionedornotmentionedintheletter.Therefore,politeness,whatawriterexpresscanbeaimedatareceiverorathirdparty.Itisnotsymmetryinnature.DefinitionPolitenessasasoci17TwomainapproachestopolitenessbeforeLeechLakoff1)

formality:don’timpose/remainaloof2)hesitancy:givetheaddresseehisoptions3)equality:actasthoughyouandtheaddresseewere

equal/makehimfeelgoodBrown&Levinson（FST）Positiveface---thepositiveconsistentself-imagethat

peoplehaveandwanttobeappreciatedandapprovedofbyatleastsomeotherpeople.Negativeface----therightstoterritories,freedomofactionandfreedomfromimposition;essentiallythewantthatyouractionsbenotimpededbyothers.Twomainapproachestopoliten18

Thepolitenessprincipleisaseriesofmaxims,which

Leechhasproposedasawayofexplaininghow

politenessoperatesinconversationalexchanges.Leechdefinespolitenessasformsofbehaviorthatestablishandmaintaincomity.Helistssixmaxims:tact,generosity,approbation,modesty,agreement,andsympathy.Notethatthesemaximsvaryfromculture-to-culture,meaning,whatmaybeconsideredaspoliteinoneculture,maybedownrightrudeorstrangeinanother.Leech'smaximsThepolitenessprincipleisa19

TheTactmaxim

Thetactmaximstates:'Minimizethecosttoother;maximizethebenefitstoother'ThefirstpartofthismaximfitsinwithBrownandLevinson'snegativepolitenessstrategyofminimisingtheimposition,andthesecondpartreflectsthepositivepolitenessstrategyofattendingtothehearer'sinterests,wants,andneeds

e.g.CouldIinterruptyouforasecond?IfIcouldjustclarifythisthen.

TheTactmaxim

Thetactmax20TheGenerositymaxim

Leech'sGenerositymaximstates:'Minimizethebenefittoself;maximizecosttoself.'Unlikethetactmaxim,themaximofgenerosityfocusesonthespeaker,andsaysthatothersshouldbeputfirstinsteadoftheself.

e.g.Yourelaxandletmedothedishes.Youmustcomeandhavedinnerwithus.TheGenerositymaxim

Leech'sG21TheApprobationmaximTheApprobationmaximstates:'Minimizedispraiseofother;maximizepraiseofother.'e.g.Iheardyousingingatthekaraokelastnight.Itwas,um...different.John,Iknowyou'reagenius-wouldyouknowhowtosolvethismathproblemhere?TheApprobationmaximTheAppro22TheModestymaximTheModestymaximstates:'Minimizepraiseofself;maximizedispraiseofself.'

e.g.Oh,I'msostupid-Ididn'tmakeanoteofourlecture!Didyou?TheModestymaximTheModestym23TheAgreementmaximTheAgreementmaximrunsasfollows:'Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother;maximizeagreementbetweenselfandother.'ItisinlinewithBrownandLevinson'spositivepolitenessstrategiesof'seekagreement'and'avoiddisagreement,'towhichtheyattachgreatimportance.e.g.Idon'twantmydaughtertodothis,Iwanthertodothat.B:Yes,butma'am,Ithoughtweresolvedthisalreadyonyourlastvisit.TheAgreementmaximTheAgreeme24TheSympa