UintlEnjoythecolorfulcampuslife!BasicListeningPracticeKeys:l.C2.D3.B4.D5.AListeningInTaskl:OnthefirstdayKeys:(l)thefirstday(2)changing(3)reallygood(4)hardworkers(5)wentoverherhead(6)explained(7)notes(8)Wednesday(9)participation(lO)educationTask2:Howtoselectelectivecourses?Keys:(l)extratraining(2)chemistry(3)accounting(4)manyfieldsofstudy(5)betterpotential(6)businessdegree(7)challenging(8)howtolearn(9)betterunderstanding(10)narrow-mindedTask3:HowtogetstraightA*s?Keys:l.B2.C3.D4.A5.DSpeakingOutMODEL1MODEL2MODEL3LetrsTalkTask1Maintainingthequalityorincreasingtheintake?Keys:(l)quality(2)young(3)25(4)difficult(5)government(6)quality(7)cut(8)extra-cautious(9)afford(lO)experience(11)more(12)blame(13)budget(14)puzzled(15)serviceTask2:What*syouranswer?Accordingtotheinterviewee,it'sdifficulttostrikeabalancebetweenmaintainingtheeducationalqualityandmakingsureasmanypeopleaspossiblereceiveuniversityeducation.Inthepastyears,Chinahasbeenconfrontedwiththesameproblem.Theuniversityenrollmenthasbeenontheincreaseandsomeinstitutionsofhigherlearningdonothaveenoughteachersandteachingfacilities,thusaffectingtheeducationalquality.Task3:Let'sgroupwork!FurtherListeningandSpeakingListeningTask:Taskl:ProblemswithoureducationalsystemScript:Hi,everybody.Mytopictodayis"Problemswithoureducationalsystem".Idisagreeonalotofthewaysthatthingshavehappenedforalongtimeinoureducationalsystem.Itseemsthateducatorsjustwanttogivestandardizedtests,whichfocusonlyonacademicperformanceandneglectstudents'abilitiesandinterestinotherareas.Ithinktherearealotofpeoplewhoareveryintelligent,buthaven'thadtheopportunitiestheycouldhavehadiftheyhadlearnedinabroader-mindededucationalsystem.Ifeelthatalotofcoursesthatstudentsarerequiredtotakeinhighschoolaretooacademic,and,asaresult,manykidshavelosttheirinterestinleaming.Educatorsoftenfailtorecognizevariouskindsofintelligence.Theysimplyexertalotofpressureonstudentstobeaswell-roundedaspossible.Ithinkbeingwell-roundedisn'treallypossible.Andasaconsequence,somestudentsIbelievetobeintelligentcan'tgetintogoodcollegesifthey,youknow,haven'tscoredwellonthemathsection,eveniftheyarebrilliantwriters.Anotherthingthatdisturbsmeisthattheso-calledweakstudentsareseparatedfromtherestoftheschool.Somekidsarekeptinaseparateclassiftheirgradesarelowerthanothers'.Andthey'reveryawareoftheirsocialposition,youknow.Ithinkitcausesthemtoactinawaythatisnotreallypositive.TheyYejustactinginawaytheyareexpected.Oftentheirgradesgofrombadtoworse.Andthat'sprettysad.Ithinkthatmanyofthekidsinthoseclassesareintelligent,buttheyneveractuallyrealizetheirpotentialbecauseofthewaytheyaretreatedearlyonintheireducation.Keys:(l)standardizedtests(2)abilitiesandinterest(3)interest(4)pressure(5)well-rounded(6)getintogoodcolleges(7)therestoftheschool(8)frombadtoworseTask2:ThefinalexamScriptAtauniversity,therewerefoursophomorestakingachemistrycourse.Theyweredoingsowellonallthequizzes,midterms,labs,etc.thateachhadan"A"sofarforthesemester.Thesefourfriendsweresoconfidentthatontheweekendbeforethefinal,theydecidedtogouptotheUniversityofVirginiaandpartywithsomefriendsthere.Theyhadagreattimeanddidn'tmakeitbacktoschooluntilearlyMondaymorning.Ratherthantakingthefinalthen,theydecidedtofindtheirprofessorafterthefinalandexplaintohimwhytheymissedit.Theyexplainedthattheyhadplannedtocomebackintimeforthefinalexam,but,unfortunately,theyhadaflattireonthewaybackanddidn'thaveaspare.Asaresult,theymissedthefinal.Theprofessorthoughtitoverandthenagreedtheycouldmakeupthefinalthefollowingday.Theguyswererelievedandelated.Thenextday,theprofessorplacedtheminseparaterooms,handedeachofthemapaper,andtoldthemtobegin.Theylookedatthefirstproblem,worthfivepoints.Itwasasimplequestiononachemicalreaction."Cool,"theyallthoughtatthesametime,eachoneinhisseparateroom,"thisisgoingtobeeasy."Eachfinishedtheproblemandthenturnedthepage.Onthesecondpagewasaquestionworth95points:"Whichofthetireswasflat?"Keys:(l)course(2)quizzes(3)semester(4)confident(5)party(6)make(7)missed(8)theyhadaflattireonthewaybackanddidn'thaveaspare(9)placedtheminseparaterooms,handedeachofthemapaper(10)OnthesecondpagewasaquestionworthTask3:HarvardUniversityScriptHarvardUniversityistheoldestinstituteofhigherlearningintheUnitedStates.Founded16yearsafterthearrivalofthePilgrimsatPlymouth,theuniversityhasgrownfromninestudentswithasinglemastertothepresentenrollmentofmorethan21,000students,includingundergraduatesandstudentsin10graduateandprofessionalschools.Over14,000peopleworkatHarvard,includingmorethan2,100facultymembers.HarvardhasproducedeightAmericanpresidentsandmanyNobelPrizewinners.Duringitsearlyyears,HarvardofferedaclassicacademiccoursebasedonthemodelofEnglishuniversities,butconsistentwiththeprevailingPuritanphilosophy.AlthoughmanyofitsearlygraduatesbecameministersinPuritanchurchesthroughoutNewEngland,theuniversitywasneverformallyaffiliatedwithaspecificreligiousgroup.UnderPresidentPusey,HarvardstartedwhatwasthenthelargestfundraisingcampaigninthehistoryofAmericanhighereducation.Itwasan82.5-million-dollarprogramfortheuniversity.Theprogramincreasedfacultysalaries,broadenedstudentaid,creatednewprofessorships,andexpandedHarvard'sphysicalfacilities.NeilL.RudenstinetookofficeasHarvard's26thpresidentin1991.Aspartofanoverallefforttoachievegreatercoordinationamongtheuniversity'sschoolsandfaculties,RudenstineencouragedacademicplanningandidentifiedsomeofHarvard'smainintellectualpriorities.Healsostressedtheimportanceoftheuniversity'sexcellenceinundergraduateeducation,thesignificanceofkeepingHarvard'sdoorsopentostudentsfromfamiliesofdifferenteconomicbackgrounds,andthetaskofadaptingtheresearchuniversitytoaneraofbothrapidinformationgrowthandseriousfundshortage.Keys:I.B2.A3.C4.D5.DViewingandspeaking:Task1UniversitybudgetcutsScriptHost:Well,DavidLammy,theUniversityMinister,joinsmefromWestminster.Nowthanksforjoiningusthislunchtime,Mr.Lammy.Howdothesecuts...tieinwithyourmuchtrumpetedcommitmenttoincreasinghighereducation?Interviewee:Well,Ithinkit'simportanttoremindviewersthatwewillspendwellover12billionpoundsonhighereducationthisyearandtoalsosaythattherewillbemorestudentsatuniversitynextyearthaneverbeforeinourhistory.Butwhatisimportantisthatwhentheygettouniversity,isthattheyhavegoodfacilities,goodbuildings,thattheyhavegoodcontactwiththeirlecturersand,forstudentsfrompoorerbackgroundsthattheyreceiveagrant.Andyouknow40percentofstudentswhoaregoingtouniversityareinreceiptofsomegrants.Sowehavetoplan...Host:Butthere'sgoingtobelessmoneynextyear.That'sthebottomline,isn'tit?Interviewee:Er,weareaskinguniversitiestomakeaonepercentcutintheirteachinggrant.That's51millionoutofatotalbudgetofoverfivebillion.Look,IthinktherearefamiliesacrossthecountrypreparingforChristmasspendingabitlessandthey're,youknow,it'salotmorethanonepercentthatthey're,they'refeeling.SoIthinkthisisreasonabletoaskuniversitiesifwearetoensurethatwecancontinuetosendmoreyoungpeopletouniversityandweremaincommittedtothat.Host:Andbriefly,whataboutthesetwo-yeardegrees?Thisisareductioninstandards,isn'tit?Interviewee:Well,we,we,we...It'simportantinthiscountrythatwerememberthatstudentsaren*tjusttheclassic18-to21-year-oldundergraduates.Wewantmaturestudents.Wewantmoreparttimestudentsandoverthelastfewyearswe'vebeengrowingthenumberoffoundationdegree,two-yeardegreesthatensurethattransitionintohighuniversityandhighlevelskills.That'swhatwewanttosupportandthat'swhatwe'reindicatinginthegrantletterthatwe'vesenttouniversitiesoverthelastfewdays.Host:OK.DavidLammy,thankyousomuchforjoiningus.Interviewee:Thankyou.Keys:(l)increasing(2)12/twelve(3)more(4)facilities(5)lecturers(6)poorer(7)grant(8)one(9)budget(10)less(ll)young(12)classic(13)part-time(14)growing(15)two-yearTask2:TalkafterviewingScriptTherewillbemorestudentsatuniversitiesnextyearthaneverbeforeinourhistory.Whentheygettouniversity,theyhavegoodfacilities,goodbuildings,aswellasgoodcontactwiththeirlecturers.Studentsfrompoorerbackgroundsreceiveagrant.40percentofstudentswhoaregoingtouniversitywillreceivesomesortofgrant.Unit1testPartIKeys:l.A2.B3.D4.B5.DPartII⑴for(2)with(3)opportunity(4)tuition(5)explore(6)encounter(7)adventure(8)Aswithanycountry,itisnotadvisabletocarrylargeamountsofcasharoundwithyou(9)Traveler*schecksareoneofthesafestandeasiestwaystotransportmoney,becauseyoumayhavethemreplacediftheygetlostorstolen(10)Itiswisetobringabout$100withyouinU.S.cash,soyouwillbeabletomanageuponyourarrivalintheStatesPartIIIl.C2.A3.B4.D5.APartIVl.C2.A3.A4.D5.C6.B7.A8.C9.B10.CUint2Ourglobeisindanger!I.LeadinTask1:sandstorm;airpollution;deforestationwaterpollution;meltingpolaricecap;lightpollutiondrought;desertification;litteringBasicListeningPracticeKeys:LB2.D3.A4.A5.CListeningInTaskl:Weshouldhaveproperrespectfornature!Script:Martha:Doyouthinkmostpeopleinyourculturerespectnature?Ed:Ithinkso.Um...morenowthanbefore.Martha:Whatdoyouthinkisthemostseriousenvironmentalproblemintheworldtoday?Ed:Today...Ithinkdamagetotheozonelayerisabigproblem,andanotherproblemispollutioninbigcitiesandthingslikethat.Martha:Howdoyoulearnaboutenvironmentalproblems?Ed:Um...throughschool.Alotofclubspromoteenvironmentalsafety,andsomeTVprograms,too.Theytalkaboutenvironmentalsafetyandstufflikethat.Martha:Doyouthinkstudentsshouldlearnmoreabouttheenvironmentatschool?Ed:Ithinkso.So,astheygrowolder,theycanbemoreawareofalltheproblemsthataregoingon,andalsotopreventmoreproblemsfromoccurring.Martha:Ifyoucouldcreateanewlawtohelptheenvironment,whatwoulditbe?Ed:Anewlawfortheenvironment?Um...I'dprobablysaythatwhenpeoplethrowawaytheircigarettebutts,theyhavetothrowthemintothegarbagebin,notjustthrowthemeverywherebecauseit'sjustlitteringandIhatethat.Sotheyshouldbefinediftheythrowthemonthefloororontheground.Martha:That'sagoodidea.Whatdoyoupersonallydotohelpprotecttheenvironment?Ed:I'msoagainstlittering.Ineverlitter.IfIseesomebodylitter,Igetreallyangry.SoIalwaysthrowmytrashintothegarbagebin.Keys:(l)nature(2)environmentalproblem(3)pollution(4)promote(5)awareof(6)fromoccurring(7)law(8)throwaway(9)fined(lO)trashTask2:RiverpollutionScript:Ifyouseedeadfishfloatingontheriverornoticethatthewaterisdiscoloredandsmelly,youknowtheriverhasbeenpolluted,andtherearefourmainpossiblecausesforit.First,fertilizer.Iflargeamountsoffertilizerorfarmwastedrainintoariver,theconcentrationsofnitrateandphosphateinthewaterincreaseconsiderably.Algaeusethesesubstancestogrowrapidly,turningthewatergreen.Thismassivegrowthofalgaeleadstopollution.Whenthealgaedie,theyarebrokendownbytheactionofthebacteria,whichquicklymultiply,usingupalltheoxygeninthewaterandthereforecausingthedeathoffish.Second,industrialwaste.Factoriessometimesdischargechemicalwasteintorivers.Examplesofsuchpollutantsincludecyanide,lead,copper,andmercury.Thesesubstancesmayenterthewaterinsuchhighconcentrationsthatfishandotheranimalsarekilledimmediately.Sometimesthepollutantsenterthefoodchainandaccumulateuntiltheyreachtoxiclevels,eventuallykillingfishandotheranimals.Third,oilpollution.Ifoilentersaslow-movingriver,itformsarainbow-coloredfilmovertheentiresurface,preventingoxygenfromenteringthewater.Fourth,warmwater.Industryoftenuseswaterforcoolingprocesses,sometimesdischarginglargequantitiesofwarmwaterbackintorivers.Ahighertemperatureofthewaterlowersthelevelofdissolvedoxygenandupsetsthebalanceoflifeinthewater.Keys:l.D2.A3.B4.C5.DTask3:CurbingcarbonemissionsScript:Althoughitisnotaneasytask,ChinaisstrivingtofulfillthepromisetocutitscarbondioxideemissionsperunitofGDPby40to45percentinthenext10years.ZhangGuobao,DirectoroftheNationalEnergyAdministration,said,"Thegovernmentputsgreatemphasisonseekingharmoniousdevelopmentbetweencitiesandtheenvironment,andisreadjustingtheenergystructurebygivingprioritytothedevelopmentofcleanandlow-carbonenergies,includinghydroelectric,nuclear,wind,andsolarpower."Governmentauthoritieshaveclosedsmall,coal-firedplantswithatotalcapacityof60.06millionkilowattsinthepastfouryears.Thisyear'stargetofclosing10millionkilowattsofcapacitywillbeachievedbyAugust."Wehavepromisedtotheinternationalcommunitythat15percentofourpowerwillbegeneratedfromnonfossilsourcesby2020,"DirectorZhangsaid.Atpresent,non-fossilenergyaccountsforonly7.8percent.Chinaismakingeffortstoincreasetheproportionofcleanenergyinitstotalenergyconsumption.StatisticsshowthatChinainvestedUS$34.6billionincleanenergylastyear,exceedingtheUnitedStateswhichinvestedUS$18.6billion.Thus,Chinahasbecometheworldleaderingeneratingcleanenergy.Fiveyearsearlier,China'sinvestmentincleanenergywasonlyUS$2.5billion.However,China'scarbonemissionreductiontargetcannotbeachievedeasily.Theshifttoalow-carboneconomymightbemetatacosttosociety.Forinstance,morethan400,000peoplewerelaidoffasaresultoftheshutdownofsmallcoal-firedpowerplantsinthepastfouryears.ManystudiesindicatethattheefforttocurbgreenhousegasemissionsmaydelayChina'sdevelopment,affectpeople'sincome,andleadtounemployment.Keys:l.D2.D3.A4.B5.CSpeakingOutMODEL1MODEL2MODEL3Let?'sTalkTaskl:DisappointmentoverclimatenegotiationsKeys:doesn*treallyactuallycommitanyonetodoinganything,theatmospheresimplecan'ttakethekindofemissionswe'vebeenseeinginthebusiness-as-usualscenarioandthere'snorealcommitmenttochangethat.There'snorealcommitmenttoputseriousmoneyonthetableIt'snotbackedbyaction,Itdoesnotconstitutea...adeal.It'sahollowshellitlacksanythingonemissionscutsThere'snoguaranteethattherewillbenewmoney,thatthemoneywillbereal,thatthere'sactuallyacommitmenttogetthere,orthatitwillbechanneledinnewways,Task2:What'syouranswer?Twospeakersholdanegativeattitudetowardtheworldclimateconference.Task3:Let'sgroupwork!Developedcountriesshouldbearmoreresponsibilities.First,theycausedmostoftheworldpollutionintheirindustrializationprocess.Second,theyarealreadyeconomicallyadvanced,withmorefundstodealwithpollutionproblems.Ontheotherhand,developingcountriescausedlesspollutioninthepast,andnowtheyneedrapiddevelopment.Therefore,aninternationalagreementtheKyotoProtocolin1997stipulatedcommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilitiesfordevelopedanddevelopingnations,whichmeansthatbothshouldberesponsibleforenvironmentalprotectionandcutcarbondioxideemissions,buttheformermusttakemoreresponsibility.Recently,however,somewealthycountrieshaveinsistedthatdevelopingcountrieslikeChinashouldshouldermoreresponsibilities.VI.FurtherListeningandSpeakingListeningTask:Taskl:TheenvironmentandthedevelopmentScript:Li:Hi,ProfessorWang.I'mLiLin,acorrespondentfortheuniversitynewspaper.Thestaffandstudentsherearegettingmoreandmoreinterestedintherelationshipbetweentheenvironmentandeconomicdevelopment.Whatdoyouthinkisthemostseriousenvironmentalproblematpresent?Whatmeasuresshouldweadopttoimprovetheenvironmentanddeveloptheeconomyatthesametime?Wang:Therearemanyenvironmentalproblems:airpollution,waterpollution,desertification,overfishing,destructionofnaturalhabitats,acidrain,overconsumptionofwildanimalsandplants,etc.Butlyingatthecenterofallthoseproblems,asIseeit,isthecontradictionbetweeneconomicgrowthandtheenvironment.SincetheUnitedNationsEarthSummitin1992,growingnumberofpeopleandgovernmentshaveadoptedthenewideaof"sustainabledevelopment".Thismeanstoday'seconomicgrowthshouldnotwipeouttheresourcesandoptionsforfuturegenerations.Planninganddevelopmentshouldensurenotonlyeconomicgrowth,butalsosocialadvancementandenvironmentalhealth.Inotherwords,someeconomicbehaviormustberestrictedorcontrolled.Instillingprinciplesofsustainabledevelopmentintogovernmentplanning,resourcemanagementandeconomicpolicyisthemostimportantstepChinacantaketosolveitsenvironmentalproblems.Chinahasalreadytakensomeremarkablestepstoreducedamagetotheenvironment.Forinstance,followingthehugefloodsof1998,thegovernmentbannedloggingintheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverinordertoprotectforestsandreducetheriskoffloods.Still,thebasiccontradictionbetweentheenvironmentanddevelopmentpersists.Muchworkistobedonebeforewecanachievetheaimofabalancebetweeneconomicgrowthandtheenvironment.Keys:(l)waterpollution(2)overconsumption(3)economicgrowth(4)resources(5)socialadvancement(6)restricted(7)governmentplanning(8)economicpolicy(9)remarkablesteps(lO)balanceTask2:rFhickcloudofpollutioncoveringsouthernAsiaScriptAUnitedNationsstudysaysathickcloudofpollutioncoveringsouthernAsiathreatensthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Scientistssaythepollutioncouldincreaselungdiseaseandcauseearlydeath.Thecloudisalsodamagingagricultureandaffectingrainfalllevels.IthasaffectedmanycountriesinsouthernAsia.Thepollutioncloudisthreekilometershigh.Scientistssayitcanmovehalfwayaroundtheworldinaweek.Thecloudistheresultofforestfires,theburningofagriculturalwaste,andhugeincreasesintheburningoffuelsbyvehicles,industries,andpowerstations.Pollutionfrommillionsofbadcookingstoveshasmadetheproblemworse.Manypoorpeopleburnfuelslikewoodandanimalwasteinsuchstoves.Scientistssaythecloudofpollutionappearstocoolthelandandoceansbyblockingsunlight.TheysayitreducestheamountofsunlightreachingtheEarth'ssurfacebyasmuchas15percent.Atthesametime,heatinsidethecloudwarmsthelowerpartsoftheatmosphere.Harmfulchemicalsfromthecloudaremixingwithrainfall.Thisacidraindamagescropsandtreesandthreatenspublichealth.Scientistsareconcernedthatthepollutionwillintensifyduringthenext30yearsasthepopulationofAsiaincreasestoanestimated5,000millionpeople.Keys:l.D2.B3.A4.C5.CTask3:MountainregionsfaceanumberofdangersScriptMountainpeoplearoundtheworldareingreatdangerofthenegativeeffectsoftheworseningenvironment,accordingtoaUNreport.Asglobalwarminganddeforestationaccelerateandtechnologymakeswilderplacesmoreaccessible,environmentalandsocialpressuresontheworld'sremotestregionsincrease.TheUNhasfoundthatmanymountainousregions—inhabitedbyoneoutoffiveoftheworld'speople-arebarelyrecognizablewhentheyarecomparedtowhattheywerelike60yearsago.Thisismostlybecauseforestswerecuttomakewayforcattlegrazingandagriculture.TheauthorsoftheUNstudyexpect98percentofthemountainareastoexperiencesevereclimatechangeby2055.Biologicallossesareexpectedtobeheavy.ThemountainsofEurope,partsofCaliforniaandthenorthwestAndesinSouthAmericaareamongthemostthreatenedmountainareasintheworldandshouldbegivenpriorityinconservation.TheUNisanxioustoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfacingmountainareasbecausetheyareinhabitedbysomeofthemostvulnerablepeople.Thesepeoplecouldlosetheircultureandtheirlivelihoodwitheventhesmallestshiftsinclimate.Atthesametime,manymountainregionsarelosingpeople.ThousandsofvillagesinEuropearedesertedmostoftheyear.InotherareaslikeNepal,peoplearedriftingtothecitiesinsearchofwork.Keys:(l)negative(2)report(3)warming(4)pressures(5)mountainous(6)barely(7)makewayfor(8)expect98percentofthemountainareastoexperiencesevereclimatechangeby2055(9)TheUNisanxioustoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfacingmountainareas(lO)ThousandsofvillagesinEuropearedesertedmostoftheyearViewingandspeaking:Taskl:Santa'shometownindangerScriptWeatherexpertsmayhavefoundanewproblemcausedbyglobalwarming,onewhichmanypeoplewillpayattentionto:TherearesignsthatSanta'shomeintheNorthmaybeintroublebecauseofwarmertemperatures.TheFinnishtownofRovaniemiontheArcticCircle,whichmanyEuropeanssayisthehomeofSantaClaus,hashaditswarmestwinterin40years.Asaresult,therehasbeenmuchlesssnowthanusual—meaningnosnowmen,nosnowballs,andpossiblynotenoughsnowforSantatoridehissleighon.Moreimportantforlocalresidents,itmaymeanfewertourists,aswell.Santa'swintryhometownnormallyattractsthousandsofvisitorseachyear,andmillionsofdollars.AnnePelttari-Bergman,thetown'stouristdirector,worriesthatthetowncouldbeintroubleifsnowlevelsdonotreturntonormal.Sheexplains:"Snowisreallyimportantforus,ofcourse,forSantaClaus,forChristmastourism,andalsoforourwintertourismbecausewinterisourbestseason.Itisreallyimportantforus."Weatherexpertsandtownresidentsarehopingthiswarmwinterisanone-timething.FewpeoplecanimagineaholidaywhenevenSantadoesnothaveawhiteChristmas.Keys:(l)signs(2)warmertemperatures(3)warmest(4)snow(5)attracts(6)trouble(7)normal(8)season(9)one-time(10)whiteTask2:TalkafterviewingScriptTheimageofSantaClausflyinginasleighpulledbyreindeerandleavingtoysandgiftsforeverychildisknownworldwide,andSantaClaushasbecomethemostbelovedofChristmassymbols.ButiftheweatheratSanta'shometownweretobecomesowarmthattherewasnomoresnowatChristmas,SantaClauswouldlosehischarm.SosnowisreallyimportantforSantaClaus,forhishometown'sChristmastourism,anditswintertourismaswinteristhebestseasoninSanta'shometown.Unit2testPartIKeys:l.C2.C3.B4.C5.DPartII(l)chemicals(2)atmosphere(3)particles(4)trapped(5)lasts(6)human-based(7)progressed(8)EveninAncientRomepeoplecomplainedaboutsmokeputintotheatmosphere(9)Airpollutioncanhaveseriousconsequencesforthehealthofhumanbeings(lO)CitieswithlargenumbersofautomobilesorthosethatusegreatquantitiesofcoaloftensuffermostseverelyfromairpollutionproblemsPartIIIl.A2.C3.D4.C5.BPartIVl.B2.C3.D4.C5.C6.A7.D8.D9.B10.CUint3CulturemakesmewhatIamTaskl:OnthefirstdayCollectivismIndividualismIndividualismCollectivismBasicListeningPracticeKeys:l.B2.A3.D4.B5.AListeningInTask1:CompetitioninAmericaKeys:LC2.A3.C4.B5.DTask2:Howtoselectelectivecourses?Keys:(1)roots(2)what(3)moral(4)diligence(5)sin(6)teachings(7)centuries(8)Ififsworthdoingatall,it*sworthdoingwell(9)InEnglishanewwordhasbeencreatedtodescribepeoplewhoworkcompulsively(lO)OthersholdthatworkaholicsarevaluablemembersofsocietybecausetheyareextremelyproductiveTask3:Cross-culturaltipsondoingbusinessKeys:l.D2.A3.D4.A5.CSpeakingOutMODEL1M0DEL2M0DEL3Let?"sTalkTask1internationalSlaveryMuseumKeys:1.(1)transatlanticslavetrade(2)unknownlands(3)dignityorpayment2.(l)rich(2)cottonandsugar(l)allovertheworld(2)familyhistory(3)changed200thanniversary(l)banned(2)takingpartin(3)slavery(4)freedTask2:What*syouranswer?VI.FurtherListeningandSpeakingListeningTask:Taskl:ProblemswithoureducationalsystemScript:ToAmericans,punctualityisawayofshowingrespectforotherpeople'stime.Beingmorethan10minuteslatetoanappointmentusuallycallsforanapologyandmaybeanexplanation.Peoplewhoarerunninglateoftencallaheadtoletothersknowofthedelay.Ofcourse,thelessformalthesituation,thelessimportantitistobeexactlyontime.Atinformalget-togethers,forexample,peopleoftenarriveasmuchas30minutespasttheappointedtime.Buttheyusuallydon'ttrythatatwork.Americanlifestylesshowhowmuchpeoplerespectthetimeofothers.Whenpeopleplananevent,theyoftensetthetimedaysorweeksinadvance.Oncethetimeisfixed,ittakesalmostanemergencytochangeit.Ifpeoplewanttocometoyourhouseforafriendlyvisit,theywillusuallycallfirsttomakesureitisconvenient.Onlyveryclosefriendswilljust''dropin"unannounced.Also,peoplehesitatetocallotherslateatnightforfeartheymightalreadybeinbed.Thetimemayvary,butmostpeoplethinktwiceaboutcallingafter10:00p.m.Tooutsiders,Americansseemtiedtotheclock.PeopleinsomeEasternculturesvaluerelationshipsmorethanschedules.Inthesesocieties,peopledon'ttrytocontroltime,buttoexperienceit.ManyEasterncultures,forexample,viewtimeasacycle.Therhythmofnature—fromthepassingofseasonstothemonthlycycleofthemoon-shapestheirviewofevents.Iftheyhavewastedsometimeorletanopportunitypassby,theyarenotveryworried,knowingthatmoretimeandopportunitieswillcomeinthenextcycle.ButAmericansoftenwanttojumpatthefirstopportunity.Theyareunwillingtostandbyidlyandgiveuptheopportunity.TheearlyAmericanheroBenjaminFranklinexpressedthatviewoftimelikethis:"Doyoulovelife?Thendonotwastetime,forthatisthestufflifeismadeof.”Keys:l.C2.B3.A4.C5.DTask2:OurpersonalspaceScriptOurpersonalspace,thatpieceoftheuniv