1、關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別與濃縮關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別信息單位:語(yǔ)句根據(jù)其信息分布情況分為信息單位,小句(clause)常被看作一個(gè)信息單位信息焦點(diǎn):每一個(gè)信息單位中必然有一個(gè)負(fù)載最重要信息的成分,即 “信息焦點(diǎn)”.它是說(shuō)話人想要重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)的信息,主要是新信息.英語(yǔ)單句的焦點(diǎn)常在句子的尾部,即末尾焦點(diǎn)(end-focus)原則.除焦點(diǎn)信息外,還有比較新的信息,稱為重要信息關(guān)鍵信息包括焦點(diǎn)信息和重要信息,主要指焦點(diǎn)信息關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別E.g.A. That he has kept talking about the heavy traffic to explain why he was late again is obvio

2、us.B. It is obvious that he has kept talking about the heavy traffic to explain why he was late again. (信息焦點(diǎn))A句比較累贅,聽(tīng)話人很難準(zhǔn)確及時(shí)理解信息,而B(niǎo)句遵循了次重要信息(obvious)到重要信息(he was kept talking about the heavy traffic),再到最重要信息(to explain why he was late again)的逐漸深入的原則,相對(duì)容易理解.聽(tīng)話人在一定的舊信息基礎(chǔ)上理解(半)新信息,最后理解焦點(diǎn)信息,符合人們的認(rèn)知規(guī)律.關(guān)

3、鍵信息識(shí)別一般情況下,除強(qiáng)調(diào)句和倒裝句外,英語(yǔ)單句信息的分布順序是:從一般到特定、從泛指到特指、從已知到未知、從次重要到重要、從舊信息到（半）新信息，再到信息焦點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別英語(yǔ)復(fù)句的信息分布情況：（1）遞進(jìn)關(guān)系復(fù)句的主要信息在后一個(gè)分句。 e.g China is not only an engine for Asian economy but also an engine for global economy（2）轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系復(fù)句中，but復(fù)句主要信息在后一個(gè)分句，though/ although, nevertheless, however等復(fù)句，主要信息既可以前置，也可以后置，前置更常見(jiàn)

4、。 e.g. He is young, but he has made so many achievements. she succeeded in the entrance examination though she did not work hard though. vs. Though she did not work hard enough, she succeeded in the entrance examination. 關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別（3）假設(shè)、讓步、條件以及因果關(guān)系復(fù)句中，前置和后置都可以，但是前置更常見(jiàn)。 e.g. He resigned as his health was

5、 decaying. vs. As his health was decaying, he resigned. You should have avoided the mistake if you had taken your parents advice. vs. If you had taken your parents advice, you should have avoided the mistake. The president will remain calm and persevered no matter what difficulties he may encounter.

6、 vs. No matter what difficulties he may encounter, the president will remain calm and persevered. The European society is becoming a bit more chaotic as more and more immigrants are flocking in. vs. As more and more immigrants are flocking in, the European society is becoming a bit more chaotic.句子信息

7、分布與句子成分英語(yǔ)單句中，主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)都承載著不同的信息，其中前四種承載著大部分重要信息。 主語(yǔ)：要么引出主題，要么引出上文并未出現(xiàn)的新主題即新信息，要么重復(fù)上文提出過(guò)的新信息（此處為半新信息）； 賓語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)處的新信息或半新信息進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明、闡釋、強(qiáng)調(diào)、歸納、分析等，從而產(chǎn)生本句內(nèi)部真正的新信息； 謂語(yǔ)則連接主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，其信息含量相對(duì)較少，且可以通過(guò)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)推理出來(lái)因此：四大成分所承載的信息重要程度依次是：賓語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)。（符合英語(yǔ)句子末尾焦點(diǎn)原則）一般來(lái)說(shuō)（除主謂句外），句子信息分為：次要信息（定語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)）、重要信息（主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)）和焦

8、點(diǎn)信息（賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）E.g句子信息分布與句子成分Past experience demonstrates that a partnership between China and the United States is beneficial to both nations.The rapid growth of Chinas economy has brought opportunities and benefits to many countries, in particular the United States.Statistics show that among Chinas lar

9、ge and medium-sized industrial enterprises, large enterprises account for nearly 40 percent of the annual revenue.China aims to maintain average annual economic growth rate of 7.5% from 2006 to 2010.句子信息分布與句子成分 To continue efforts to cool investment growth in some overheated sectors, the government

10、has made macro-economic control a top priority.Governor Huang said Guangdong has one of the most dynamic marketplaces in China plus well-developed foreign trade, and is overall an attractive place to invest in.Hong Kong has a sound legal and regulatory system, which undoubtedly attracts a huge volum

11、e of investment from the mainland and overseas.英語(yǔ)話語(yǔ)信息呈現(xiàn)規(guī)則英語(yǔ)句子一般遵循末尾焦點(diǎn)原則，而本句的焦點(diǎn)信息即新信息到下文或許就成了半新信息或者重要信息而不再是焦點(diǎn)信息，從而引出更新信息，并以此類推。所以英語(yǔ)話語(yǔ)的信息呈現(xiàn)一般規(guī)則：新信息I1 更新信息I2 (I2)或I3 (I3)I4 依此類推 句1 句2 信息轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)鍵信息濃縮與信息儲(chǔ)存簡(jiǎn)化關(guān)鍵信息是口譯記憶非常重要的一個(gè)操作,可以極大減輕譯員儲(chǔ)存負(fù)擔(dān)從而提高口譯效率簡(jiǎn)化關(guān)鍵信息又成為關(guān)鍵信息濃縮,可以通過(guò)不同方式來(lái)完成. (1)可以用簡(jiǎn)化了的語(yǔ)言符號(hào)、數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和特殊符號(hào)來(lái)完成，這

12、些符號(hào)可以是大腦中的，也可以是書(shū)面的。E.g. Chinas progress has aroused some fear in the world community. Some countries led by the United States are concerned about how China will use its ever-increasing strength.關(guān)鍵信息可以濃縮為：中或C 美或US擔(dān)或worry關(guān)鍵信息濃縮與信息儲(chǔ)存（2）可以借助大腦中的意象進(jìn)行記憶。E.g The 15-year period following the Cold War has de

13、monstrated that if China and the United States co-operate with each other, they not only find significant common interests on the strategic level but also realize conditions of mutual benefit in respective economic development.本例可以通過(guò)形象化來(lái)記憶關(guān)鍵信息，即中美合作的情景以及給雙方帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略利益的相關(guān)圖畫(huà)；也可以選擇符號(hào)記憶或記錄，如 中美合 經(jīng)戰(zhàn)略練 習(xí)練習(xí)一：聽(tīng)下列英語(yǔ)句子，在大腦中呈現(xiàn)出每個(gè)句子的關(guān)鍵信息。artifact 手工制品 partisan 黨派的Fossil fuels 化石燃料 rectify 矯正，調(diào)整Eco-friendly vehicles 環(huán)保汽車a 26 0C energy-saving campaign 一場(chǎng)倡導(dǎo)26度空調(diào)溫度的節(jié)能運(yùn)動(dòng)Maglev line 磁懸浮線路Resumption of uranium enrichment 濃縮鈾活動(dòng)重啟練 習(xí)