1、English LiteratureChapters 78Key Points in Chapter 7Movement toward RomanticismJames ThomsonEdward YoungGeorge CrabbeWilliam CowperWilliam BlakeIntroductionWorksRobert BurnsIntroductionWorksExtremes tend to provoke a reaction. With Pope and then Samuel Johnson at the helm, the 18th century raged for

2、ward with the heroic couplet and almost outlawed other forms.However, from the very outset (beginning), some dissenting (different) voices existed and tried to make themselves heard.There was also the sly (巧妙的) but steady assertion of emotion in the age of reason.With Robert Burns and William Blake

3、coming forth eventually on the scene, the stage were well set for a new generation of poets, the Romantics.Movement toward RomanticismQuestionsWho dominated the 18th centurys British literature with the heroic couplet and almost outlawed all other forms? Pope Johnson & Samuel Johnson2.1（True or fals

4、e? ) James Thomsons The Seasons (1740) and Edward Youngs Night Thoughts (1742) were good examples of Johnsons literary style. _ 2.2 Why? Their poems are only the form of undercurrents of thought flowing beneath a classic surface.Questions 3. Before _ and _ eventually came forth on the scene, the maj

5、or stage of British literature was still of the neoclassic form, not Romanticism, although varying dissent also appeared. 4. Whose poems, claimed to be translated from the Gaelic of ancient Scottish poet, Ossian, have now been proved as literary forgery, which were additionally edited and inserted s

6、ome of his own writing, not really Ossians? James McPhersonsWilliam Blake Robert Burns莪相（古代愛爾蘭說唱詩人Questions5. _ had the precocity (早熟 ) in literature that led him to early fame in writing lyrics, but took his own life because he did not do as well as he had hoped and suffered _.Chattersondire povert

7、y6. What event was thought to add to the fire for change fast spreading the literary field of Britain? The death of Chatterson at 17(極端貧困)Nationally, Industrial Revolution (Industrialization, Further capitalization and Urbanization)The survival of fittest (the sharper contradiction between capitalis

8、ts and the labors)These are the national basis of the production of Romanticism1. Historical BackgroundMovement toward RomanticismInternationally, The French Revolutions-declared Liberty, Equality and Fraternity (自由、平等、博愛)Rousseau(法國啟蒙思想家): The writers began to explore the new ideas about Nature, So

9、ciety and EducationThese paved the way for the development of Romanticism in the literature internationallyMovement toward Romanticism2. Literature Background:The early works with Romantic tendency are following:(1) Thomas Paines The Declaration of Rights of Man claiming Liberty, Equality and Frater

10、nity. (2) Edmund Burke published his Reflections on the Revolution in France. (3) William Godwins Inquiry Concerning Political Justice (政治正義論)against the injustice, economic system and the oppression of the poor.(4) Mary Wollstonecraft urged the equal rights for women in her A Vindication of the Rig

11、ht of Woman (為女權(quán)辯護(hù)). Movement toward Romanticism3. The DefinitionRomanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirationsMovement toward Romanticism3. The Definiti

12、onThe Romantic Movement, associated with vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideas, is simply the expression of life as seen by the imagination rather than by prosaic pr()zeiik common sense.Movement toward RomanticismThe contrast between Romanticism and Neoclassicism:Romanticism: associated wit

13、h vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideasNeoclassicism: associated with order, common sense and controlled reasonMovement toward RomanticismDuration:Beginning time: 1798 marked by the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge.Ending time: 1832 marked by the death of Scott and

14、 the passage of the first Reform Bill.Movement toward RomanticismThe spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingThe creation of a world of imaginationThe return to nature for materialsSympathy with the humble and glorification of the common placeEmphasis upon the expression of individual geniusA sense

15、of melancholy melnkli (愁思) and loneliness of the characterThe rebellious spirits of the authorThe major achievements are poetryCharacteristics Main representativespoets:Pre-Romanticism: William Blake(威廉布萊克) & Robert Burns (伯恩斯)The first generation: William Wordsworth (沃茲沃斯), Coleridge (塞繆爾泰勒柯爾雷基) &

16、Robert Southey (羅伯特紹迪)The younger generation: (Byron, Shelley and Keats) Main representativesnovelistsJane Austen - love and marriageWalter Scott - main works about human natureMain RepresentativesGothic novelists (in a style emphasizing the grotesque, mysterious, and desolate.哥特式小說家：著重描寫怪誕、恐怖和孤寂的小說

17、)Ann Radcliffe and Mary Shelley:Gothic novels:It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century and was one phase of the Romantic MovementIts principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the readers emotion. Main RepresentativesJames

18、Thomson(1700-1748)He is remembered now mostly for his The Seasons.The Castle of Indolence with its medieval allegorical kind of story, is read occasionally as well.The Seasons is a long poem of over 5,500 lines, composed in blank verse instead of the tyrannical heroic couplet.Edward Young(1683-1765)

19、He is now known solely for his long poem of some ten thousand lines, Complaint, or Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality, popularly known as Night Thoughts.The work helped to move poetry forward toward the age of Romanticism: for one thing, it was written in blank verse, not in the fashiona

20、ble heroic couplet; then the poem is an adequate expression of emotions.Night Thoughts is noted for its psychological probings and its mixing of personal sentiments with religious deliberations. William Cowper (1731-1800)His personal life was turbulent and depressing. He was high-strung and suicidal

21、.His blank verse proved to be the best of his time.His major works include the Onley Hymns and The Task, for which he is known and read today. William Blake (1757-1827)IntroductionBlake was an important _in between two literary periods, pointing directly to that of Romanticism.There were _factors in

22、 his life that helped to orient his thematic thrust: One was his _that enabled him to see visions and develop a kind of mysticism. The other was his contact with some _ people.The two major thematic strands that make up the basic fabric of his poetry include his concern with_.Blake was basically _la

23、ndmarksocial events and his mysticisma visionary (幻想家)twonative sensitivityradical (激進(jìn)的) William Blake (1757-1827)WorksSongs of Innocence“Infant Joy”“The Blossom”“The Lamb”“The Divine Image”Songs of Experience“Infant Sorrow”“The Sick Rose”“The Tiger”“The Human Abstract” Robert Burns (1759-1796)Intro

24、ductionBorn into a poor _farmers family. He experienced dire poverty and had close contact with common life and common people.He is critical of _and its hypocrisy and rigid morality.Burns wrote in the Scottish dialect,_, and a medley of the two.ScottishCalvinismEnglish Robert Burns (1759-1796)Works

25、“A Red Red Rose”“Tam OShanter”“For A That an A That” A Red Red RoseO my Luves like a red, red roseThats newly sprung in June;O my Luves like the melodieThats sweetly playd in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I:And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a the seas gang dry:Till

26、a the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun:I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o life shall run.And fare thee well, my only LuveAnd fare thee well, a while!And I will come again, my Luve,Tho it were ten thousand mile.Key Points in Chapter 818th Century FictionJonathan Swi

27、ftWorksGullivers TravelsDaniel DefoeIntroductionRobinson CrusoeSamuel RichardsonHenry FieldingAesthetic TheoriesWorksLaurence SterneTobias Smollett 18th Century Fiction18th century was one in which the novel as a genre prospered not only in the practice, but also in the theory of the craft.The write

28、rs developed the realistic method of presentation and brought story-telling infinitely closer to the real life as lived by the real people. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)WorksThe Battle of the BooksTale of a TubThe Irish Drapiers LettersA Modest ProposalIt is one of the most caustic satires ever written

29、 in literary historyGullivers Travels Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Gullivers TravelsThis is a savage satire in the form of a fabulous travelogueThe book consists of four parts, each recording one voyage to one outlandish “remote” place.Part I: “A Voyage to Lilliput”Part II: “A Voyage to Brobdingnag”Par

30、t III: “A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibari, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, and Japan”Part IV: “A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhunms” Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)IntroductionHis views on the novel focus on two things of significance to the emerging genre (novel): its realism and its moral aesthetic.His protago

31、nists are common people with real common names and speak as “I”, telling their own stories in the first-person narrative, addressing the readers directly without any mediation, just so as to increase the realistic effect of immediacy and involvement. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)Robinson CrusoeIt is the

32、work for which Defoe is remembered by all.The popular Robinson Crusoe story as people normally know it is in fact the narrative focus of the first part.It is first and foremost a middle class book, offering justification for the class forthcoming rise to pre-dominance in national life.The book is a

33、typical Puritan tale.Robinson Crusoe is frequently seen simply as a true-to-life, no more and no less, specimen of the ordinary humankind. Bodying forth the sum total of the perseverance and indomitableness of human spirit. It is this quality in the character that remains eternally charming and grea

34、t. Samuel Richardson (1689-1751)Pamela, Or Virtue Rewarded marks the beginning of conversational manner of narration.Richard has been seen as the beginning in one of these psychological realism in the history of the English novel. Henry Fielding (1707-1754)Aesthetic TheoriesHis was the first attempt

35、 ever to define the novel as a prose epic (“Prosaic-comic-epic Writing” as he calls it) that is not inferior to an epic poem. Fielding sees the novel as a vehicle for moral inculcation, a mirror and an imitation of nature and life. Though imitating life, art is, to him, not life.Fielding deems it necessary for a writer to have four basic qualitiesnative gift, adequate l