1、企業信息管理名詞解釋（3分，15分）:10年秋的考題：1、信息戰略：作為經營戰略的一個環節，將具有經濟價值的信息、信息基礎設施和人的因素這三個信息資源的要素有機的結合在一起，并加以充分利用的計劃。它是信息管理的各項具體工作的基本出發點。2、新經濟：是建立在信息技術革命和經濟全球化基礎上的經濟。3、系統：是由若干相互聯系，相互制約的元素結合在一起，并形成具有特定功能的有機整體。這種有機整體有三層含義：這些元素是為了達到某個或某些共同的目標而結合的；這種結合要遵守某些規則；這種結合意味著這些元素之間有較強的相互依存和相互作用的關系，往往不可輕易地分割為獨立單元而存在。4、邏輯設計：指在邏輯上確定信

2、息系統的功能，解決信息系統能“做什么”的問題，為下一階段的系統設計提供依據。5、計算機黑客：是人們對那些利用所掌握的技術未經授權而進入一個計算機信息網，以獲取個人利益、故意搗亂或尋求刺激為目的的人的總稱。管理信息系統：是運用系統理論和方法，以電子計算機和現代通訊技術為信息處理手段和傳輸工具，能為企業管理決策提供信息服務的人機系統。CIO：是負責制訂企業信息政策和標準、對于企業的信息資源進行全面規劃和管理的高級管理人員。CIO由副總裁級的管理人員擔任。專家系統：一個具有大量專門知識與經驗的計算機系統，作為人工智能的一種技術，把某一領域內的專家們的知識提煉出來，建成一個知識庫，以解決該領域的有關問

3、題和決策。專家系統通過知識庫，利用啟發式算法，經驗規則和推理方法解決難以尋找某些規律或定量描述的困難問題。決策支持系統：是以管理學、運籌學、控制論和行為科學為基礎，以計算機和仿真技術為手段，輔助決策者解決半結構化或非結構化決策問題的人機交互信息系統。決策支持系統以提高決策效益為目標，對決策者起到支持和輔助作用，但不能代替決策者決策。企業信息化：指企業通過信息技術、信息系統的應用和信息資源的開發利用而服務于企業的戰略發展、經營活動及企業全方位變革和發展，不斷提高生產、經營、管理、決策的效率和水平，提高企業經濟效益和企業競爭力的過程。電子商務：是各參與者之間以電子方式而不是以物理交換或直接物理接觸

4、方式完成的業務交易。信息產業：是指直接與應用信息技術生產信息產品、制造信息設備，進行信息的采集、存儲、加工、傳遞和開發利用信息產品等服務活動相關產業部門集合。生命周期法：指在進行系統分析和設計時，自上而下、由全局出發全面規劃分析，然后一步步設計實現的信息系統開發方法。原型法：指一開始就憑借著系統分析人員對用戶要求的理解，在強有力的軟件環境支持下，給出一個實實在在的系統模型*或原型），這個原型大致表達了系統分析員當前對用戶的需求了解和他希望系統實現后的形式。然后，系統分析人員和用戶一道對該模型進行評價，根據評價的結果，再對模型進行反復修改，直到用戶滿意為止。二填空題（每空1分，共25分）：1、企

5、業的四種資源是人力、資金、物質、信息資源。2、系統按管理職權級別的不同分成：戰略管理級、戰術管理級 、作業處理級。3、對信息技術的使用分為職能級、公司級、全行業級三個不同的戰略層次。4、從信息系統作用觀點看，信息系統四個主要部件組成，即信息源 、信息處理部件、信息用戶、信息管理者。5、管理信息系統是運用系統理論和方法，以計算機 和現代通訊技術為信息處理手段和傳輸工具，能為企業管理決策提供服務的人機系統。6、企業信息系統建設的4個基本原則是以系統工程的觀點指導信息系統的建設、與用戶密切配合、“一把手”原則、重視企業信息系統的戰略規劃。7、數據庫概念的基本目標是減少數據冗余、增加數據的獨立性。8、

6、一個較成熟的DSS結構是由交互語言系統、問題處理系統 和 知識系統構成。*企業信息系統結構按組成方式不同分為：概念結構、功能結構、軟件結構、硬件結構。*信息系統的生命周期5個組成部分：確定需求、系統開發、系統安裝配置、系統運行、系統更換。*信息系統外部因素造成的安全隱患有計算機犯罪 、黑客 和計算機病毒。*信息基本特征：客觀性、價值性、等級性、可分離性、可傳輸性、可再生性。*系統特征：整體性、關聯性、層次性、目的性、適應性。*專家系統的子系統是：知識獲取子、咨詢解釋子、知識庫子和推理子系統。*信息系統內部因素產生的安全隱患是 軟件 和數據質量 問題。*互聯網給企業與個人帶來的最大利益就是信息共

7、享。*文檔三大類：系統文檔、用戶文檔、操作文檔。*資源是由信息、信息基礎設施、人的因素等三種要素組成。*數據管理包括：數據標準化、數據定義、制定代碼體系、數據安全保護等內容。*.信息系統三個基本行為部件是：輸入、處理、輸出。*系統戰略規劃主要內容：企業目標的確定、解決目標的方式確定 、企業信息系統目標的確定、系統方案的確定 。三、選擇題（1分，共10分）：10年秋的考題：1、下面哪個是最高級的信息系統（DSS）2、哪種決策問題最適于用交互式計算機軟件系統來解決（半結構化決策問題）3、耦合指一個系統內兩個模塊之間的相互依賴關系，最理想的耦合形式是（數據耦合）4、下面哪些是信息處理器中的內容？（A

8、.硬件、B軟件、D系統開發人員）5、管理信息系統有哪些主要功能？(A數據處理B計劃C控制D預測和決策）6、信息資源管理的基本內容包括（ABC）A資源管理的方向和控制B建立企業信息資源指導委員會 C信息資源的組織結構7、下面哪個不屬于信息系統的應用保障措施（D）A輸入輸出授權認證B程序化例行編輯檢查C總量控制技術D總體保障8、下面哪個不屬于安全控制措施環節？（B）A人B設備C組織D技術9、確定系統邏輯優先順序的主要標準有哪些？（ABCD）A潛在的利益分析B對企業的影響C成功的可能性D需求10、繪制系統結構圖時要遵循模塊設計的原則是（ABC）A低耦合B高聚合 C作用范圍要在控制范圍之中 D獨立性*

9、從信息系統的作用觀點看，哪個不是信息系統主要部件？（B.系統分析員）*信息存儲的載體有（ABC）A書刊B聲像存儲媒體C計算機存儲器*企業信息系統開發的四個階段是（ABCD）A系統設計B系統評價C系統分析D系統實施*作為信息系統評價指標的有（ABCD）A可靠性B經濟性C正確性D準時性*信息系統對產品質量有那些影響？（ABCD）A、利用信息產品軟件，簡化產品的設計與生產過程。B、有助于建立高標準的質量體系。C、縮短運行周期。D、改進設計質量和精度。*保證軟件質量的關鍵是（B軟件測試）。*B2G是指 (企業與政府機構之間進行的電子商務活動)*企業中信息化委員會的工作通常由（CIO）負責。*信息系統維

10、護中最重要的方面是（B軟件維護）*信息系統的成功與失敗最主要因素是非技術因素，其中關鍵是（用戶）*存在開發費用高，維護困難，系統維護需要開發單位的長期支持 等缺陷的企業IT項目建設模式是(委托開發)*企業信息系統的開發工作小組的開發人員有（ABC）A管理人員 B程序設計人員 C系統分析設計人員*信息技術獲取競爭優勢主要體現在：（無線通信和電子商務）。*以下幾個特征中哪個不是系統的特征（C 及時性）*結構化生命周期法的缺點主要表現在哪個階段？（需求分析階段）*信息系統對組織的影響作用體現在 (BCD) B.信息系統對組織戰略提供支持c.信息系統對組織變革提供支持 D.信息系統可能成為組織的累贅

11、*常見的數據安全保護對象有（ABD）A數據定義B數據文件D程序*以下幾個選項哪些是代碼的類型（ABCD）A序碼B塊碼 C分組碼D助記碼*計算機網絡的特點有（ABCD）A共享性 B可靠性 C分散性D可擴充性*專家系統的核心部分是（AD）。A知識庫子系統B知識獲取子系統C咨詢解釋子系統D推理子系統*下面幾個子系統哪個不是專家系統的子系統？（D）A知識獲取子系統B咨詢解釋子系統C推理子系統D訂貨子系統*按管理對象和管理職能，企業系統劃分子系統的數量與（ABC）有關。A產中品種的多少B產品復雜程度 C工藝特點*企業信息系統硬件的邏輯配置方案有（ABCD）A多用戶系統B單機C計算機網絡D工作站方案*哪個

12、不屬于企業的特殊環境？（A）A技術B產品用戶C競爭對手D供應商*在客戶關系生命周期中 (AB)。 A.考察期是客戶關系的孕育期 B.形成期表明雙方建立了一定的相互信任和相互依賴關系c.穩定期是客戶關系快速發展期 D.退化期是在穩定期后的一個時期 三、簡答題（3分，共12分）1、簡述信息資源管理體系。答：信息資源管理體系包括：1、組織結構和人的因素；其中人的因素的主要包括：認識CIO的在企業中的地位和作用；發揮信息化委員會的功能；重視人才培養；提高整個企業的信息利用能力。2、數據資源管理；包括：數據的標準化、數據的定義、制定代碼體系、數據的安全保護。3、信息基礎資源的管理和評價；包括：網絡系統的

13、管理、信息系統和企業模型；信息系統的評價。4、信息戰略管理；包括：信息戰略、制定信息戰略的體制。2、如何選擇軟硬件？答：應針對信息系統所采取的計算機處理方式，來考慮選擇軟硬件。1.硬件選擇：1）實用性，有可擴充性；2）容易開發容易使用，較強的通信能力以及可靠、可用、可維性好，開放性好；3）信譽好的廠家產品；性能價格比高。避免：1）先購機后作系統分析與設計；2）一味求先進，把技術可行性建立在不成熟的時髦機上。 2、軟件選擇：系統軟件分為操作系統和應用軟件。其中，操作系統是核心，它的功能和性能在一定程度上決定系統的整體水平。應用軟件又分：應用軟件包和自編程序。前者經過優化，編制質量和運行質量較高的

14、商業軟件，后者是由企業自行設計的軟件。3、簡述信息戰略的主要內容。答：1、信息；2、信息基礎；3、人的因素。4、簡述知識與經濟的內、外部特癥。答：簡答：知識與信息的關系。答：1、信息是關于事物運動狀態和規律的的消息，是事物存在和變化的情況，是客觀世界中各種事物狀態和特征的反映。而知識則是人類認識世界的成果或結晶，它是人類認識活動的產物。沒有人的認識活動，就沒有知識。2、知識是經過人加工過的系統化和結構化的信息。人的一生要接受很多信息，那些對人有意義的信息經過加工整理，形成系統化的信息結構，加以記憶記錄，就形成了知識。在一定意義上可以這樣說，知識二次信息、人造信息。3、知識是信息，但是信息不一定

15、是知識。作為人類知識，它是人類認識世界的成果或結晶，其作用就是要幫助人們更好的認識世界、理解世界和改造世 界，就是要消除或減少人們認識的不確定性。所以，知識是一種信息。然而，信息是無處不在的，有物質運動就有相應的信息。在眾多信息中，被人加工整理的信息 只是一部分，還有許多信息沒有被人加工利用，這些沒有沒人加工的信息就不是知識。簡答：信息的概念和基本特征答：信息是客觀事物的特征通過一定物質載體形式的反映，它是加工后的數據。信息的基本特征有：客觀性、價值性 、等級性、可分離性、可傳輸性和可再生性 。*簡述：信息化社會的主要特征。答：信息化社會主要包括：1、社會的信息化：指社會系統的信息化；2、工廠

16、自動化：指生產過程自動化；3、辦公自動化：指使用計算機實現辦公過程即管理過程的信息化；4、家庭自動化：指人們生活的信息化。信息化社會的特征：1）信息、知識、智力日益成為社會發展的決定力量;2）信息技術、信息產業、信息經濟日益成為科技、經濟、社會發展的主導因素;3）信息勞動者、腦力勞動者、知識分子的作用日益增大;4）信息網絡成為社會發展的基礎設施。簡答：信息系統對企業組織產生何種影響？答：1）提高企業競爭優勢。2）改進企業的工作效率和生產銷售方式。3）促進企業內部運行和管理方式的改進。4）促進企業產品質量的提高。5）促進企業組織的變革。簡答：信息技術對企業發展戰略的意義答：1）企業間的協同；企業

17、間可以利用信息系統成為信息伙伴，甚至可以將他們的信息系統聯結起來，共享信息資源。2）使用信息系統還可以取得全行業的競爭優勢；3）網絡經濟；4）企業的業務流程重組。業務流程重組旨在消除低效的業務與部門，減少無效勞動及提高對市場與客戶的反映速度，使流程的每一步都能獲得價值增值；業務流程重組強調企業整體全局上的最優而不是單個環節或作業任務的最優。簡答：的建立對提高企業生存能力的作用。答：縮短生產周期、降低生產成本、了解市場信息。*簡答：系統維護的任務和系統評價的內容答： 系統維護任務的是為了使信息系統適合環境和各種其他因素的變化，當信息系統發生故障或局部不理想時，及時進行維修和改進，保證信息系統正常

18、工作并滿足系統用戶對系統的要求。系統評價內容：1 .達到目標性能的測定,包括：企業管理人員對系統效率的評價；輸出報表質量如何，企業管理人員是否滿意；操作是否方便；系統平均無故障時間；數據資源的利用率；系統的可擴展性及可維護性。2.系統安全性和可靠性,包括： 系統各個環節上的校驗措施是否完善；安全保密措施是否健全；對各種意外情況有無預防措施與應急計劃；數據轉儲是否符合要求，是否有效。3 .系統管理的科學性,包括：運行記錄是否完備；系統維護是否有嚴格審批制度；主管人員能否及時了解情況；主管人員是否有技術手段和組織途徑檢查系統的各部分。4.系統的經濟效益與社會效益分析系統的效益分析是評價企業管理信息

19、系統的重要方面。一般從社會效益和經濟效益兩個方面來評價四、論述題（5分，共20分）：1、管理信息系統開發應具備的條件及其作用答：條件：1）企業主要領導重視，特別是一把手親自參與和領導，也稱一把手原則；2）企業具有開發管理信息系統的需求；3）具有一定的科學管理的基礎；4）有一支高水平的信息系統開發的專業隊伍；5）必要的資金支持和資源條件；管理信息系統極大提高了企業在市場中的生存能力和競爭力，主要作用：1）對市場作出快速反應；2）縮短生產周期；3）降低產品成本；4）及時了解市場信息。2、如何分析現行系統。答：企業信息系統是根據“基于原系統，高于原系統”的規則對現行系統的映射。應對以下幾方面進行分析

20、：1目標分析：分析各類目標的層次關系和權重關系；分析各項分目標之間的協調與沖突關系；了解系統目標是否與環境適應。2組織機構與功能分析：了解組織的總體結構及組織內部各部分之間的關系；分析各組織機構的職能是否明確，是否發揮了應有的作用；分析組織機構設置的合理性，找出存在的問題；根據計算機輔助管理的要求，為企業決策者提供調整機構設置的參考意見。3、業務流程分析：對現有的業務流程進行分析，提出合理的改進方案。4用戶需要分析：了解企業總體上的信息需求；了解每項應用的詳細信息需求。5、薄弱環節分析：找出企業信息收集、處理、傳輸、儲存等方面存在的問題。3、企業系統規劃方法的原則和基本研究步驟。 答：BSP法

21、基本原則：1.企業信息系統必須支持企業的戰略目標。2.企業信息系統的總體規劃應當表達出企業的各個管理層次的要求。3.企業信息系統應向整個企業提供一致的信息。4.企業信息系統應在組織結構和管理體制改變時保持工作能力。5.企業信息系統的總體規劃應當由系統結構中的子系統開始實現。 BSP研究步驟：1.研究的準備工作；2.研究的開始階段；3.定義企業過程；4.定義數據類；5.分析當前業務與系統的關系；6.定義系統的總體結構；7.確定系統的優先順序。4、*試述：信息系統安全保障重要環節的內容。答：重要環節的安全保障內容： 1.人員系統：防范內部和外部人員利用計算機進行犯罪；對信息系統管理人員進行培訓，提

22、高管理水平；減少信息系統用戶錯誤；簡化控制技術的復雜性，使人們操作起來。2、組織系統：組織內部設立超級系統管理機構，負責信息系統的總體安全保障；把信息系統不同的功能分開進行分工管理，各負其責，減少系統之間的相互干擾。3、.技術系統：降低硬件失靈的次數和影響；減少軟件錯誤；注意通信環節的安全性；數據庫的安全性；應用程序存放安全性。五、案例分析（9分，共18分）：1、下列模型展示的內容中，信息技術是如何作用于生產力的？4.對勞動者的影響 5.對勞動工具的影響 6.對勞動對象的影響2、分析下列圖形內容，給出信息技術不同發展階段的名稱及其主要內容。5.計算機時代 6.網絡時代 7.內容時代 8.智能時

23、代請您刪除一下內容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the Na

24、tional Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sh

25、eryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball

26、is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a w

27、omens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team pr

28、ovides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped

29、 on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and

30、the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rule

31、s based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of runnin

32、g, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about

33、 the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could n

34、ot move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated go

35、al. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a si

36、de, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety

37、 of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original player

38、s were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It wa

39、s 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were

40、ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there we

41、re two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began govern

42、ing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the Unite

43、d States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carry

44、ing regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game

45、 changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has pr

46、obably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics ha

47、s been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor qual

48、ity of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had t

49、o govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, bu

50、t four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997

51、 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor ex

52、ercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine play

53、ers to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points

54、, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass ba

55、ckboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most te

56、ams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the

57、1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with bal

58、conies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball

59、and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black

60、 teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the peri