1、Art 語法精講(人教選修 6 Unit 1 )第一部分：語氣的定義和種類1 語氣 (mood)語氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示說話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。2 語氣的種類、陳述語氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問句 和某些感嘆句。如： There are two sides to every question.每個(gè)問題都有兩個(gè)方面。 Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師啊！、祈使語氣：表示說話人對(duì)對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求或命令。如： Never be lat

2、e again! 再也不要遲到了。 Don t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。、虛擬語氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。 I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。 May you succeed! 祝您成功！虛擬語氣在語法里算得上是個(gè)難點(diǎn)。讓我們就從最簡(jiǎn)單的開始吧。第二部分：簡(jiǎn)單句中的虛擬語氣一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示說話人的謙虛

3、、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣，常用于日常會(huì)話中。如： .Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?請(qǐng)你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎？ .It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此時(shí)may須置于句首(多用于正式文體中)、 May good luck be yours! 祝你好運(yùn)！、 May you be happy! 祝你快樂！、 May you do even better! 祝你取

4、得更大成就！、 May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long.祝愿我們的友情天長(zhǎng)地久。、May you be happy. ( 注意那個(gè) be ) 祝你幸福。2、用動(dòng)詞原形。例如：(1) .Long live the people! 人民萬歲！(2) .“ God bless you, ” said the priest. 牧師說： “愿上帝保佑你！ ”(3) .Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！(該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)也不加“ s ”)（1）

5、.God save me.（2） .Heaven help us.四、表命令1. 命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱 （you） ，而且通常省略主語（也就是 you） 。2. 句子尾通常加上感嘆號(hào)： ！3. 虛擬語氣動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)（Simple Present） ，如： work, be , go4. 否定形式的命令語氣，可用助動(dòng)詞 do,加上not。（1） . Work !（2） . Work harder !（3） . Be more alert ! （ 虛擬語氣動(dòng)詞 Be）（4） . You go out !（5） . Do not work so hard. （do not表示否定的虛擬

6、語氣）（6） . Don't be afraid. （ 口語中常用 don't 代替 do not）五、在一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)中。如：（1） .You d better set off now. 你最好現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)。（2） .I d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告訴你這個(gè)秘密。第三部分：名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣第一節(jié)：賓語從句 （Subordinate Clasue） 中的虛擬語氣一、在動(dòng)詞wish 后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣在動(dòng)詞 wish 后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞 that 。1） 、對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬（與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反）

7、：從句用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式（ 時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的 ） 。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語be 和were（was） ，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用過去式。例：1. I wish （that 可省略 , 下同 ）I knew the answer to the question.（wish,動(dòng)詞過去式knew）我希望知道這個(gè)答案。（事實(shí)上是不知道）2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.（wish, were）但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。 （ 事實(shí)上不可能）3. I wish I were a bird.（wish, were）但愿我是只小鳥。 （

8、 事實(shí)上不可能）4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.（wished,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞 were）（ 事實(shí)上并不在家）5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.（wishes,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞 understood）現(xiàn)在他在中國(guó)，他希望能懂得中文。 （ 事實(shí)上并不懂）6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.（will wish,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞 were）（ 事實(shí)上并不和我們

9、在一起）2） 、對(duì)過去情況的虛擬（和過去的事實(shí)相反） ：用 wish 表示對(duì)過去事情的遺憾。 其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為： 賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時(shí)， 或 would, could, might+ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：1. I wish （that 可省略，下同 ）I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。 （ 事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了 ）2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會(huì)。 （ 其實(shí)已失去）3. We wished he had spoken to us.（wished ， had + spoke

10、n）（ 事實(shí)上他并沒同我們講）4. I wish you had called earlier.（wish, had + called）（ 事實(shí)上已遲了 ）5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.（will wish,had + listened）（ 事實(shí)上并不如此 ）例題分析： I wish I longer this morning, but I had to get up and come toclass.A. could have sleptB. slept C. might have sleptD. have slept動(dòng)詞

11、wish 后面接從句，表達(dá)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)相反的情況時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣， 即用過去式（表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）或過去完成式（表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作） 。本題后半句謂 語動(dòng)詞 have 用的是過去時(shí)hadto get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以 , 選項(xiàng) A）could have slept 是答案3） 、對(duì)將來情況的虛擬（ 表示將來的主觀愿望） ：從句動(dòng)詞 "would/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形 "（ 時(shí)間上較后）（ 請(qǐng)注意： 主句和從句的主語不相同 ） 。用 wish 表示對(duì)將來事情的愿望。例：1.

12、I wish it would stop raining.（虛擬動(dòng)詞 would+ 動(dòng)詞原形 stop）我希望雨能停止。 （ 事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢 ）2. I wish you would be quiet.（would + be）我希望你安靜一些。 （ 事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢 ）3. You wished she would arrive the next day.（would + arrive）你希望她第二天會(huì)到。 （ 事實(shí)上她還沒到 ）4. I wish she would change her mind.（would + change）我希望她會(huì)改變主意。 （ 呵呵，女孩子可沒那么容易就

13、改變主意喔）5. He will wish we would join him the following week.（would + join）（ 只是希望我們和他在一起，實(shí)際上還沒在一起）4） 、注意：1. 如果將 wish 改為過去式wished, 其后 that 從句中的動(dòng)詞形式不變。例如：I wished I hadn't spent so much money.我要是那時(shí)沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。2. 如果 that 從句中用 would , 一般表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請(qǐng)求I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices

14、 would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣由于這些動(dòng)詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見， 認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣， 這些詞語后面 的“ that ” 從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣， 且均以 “ should+ 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示這種語氣， 但事實(shí)上 “ should 常被省略，故此從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用原形，常用的此類動(dòng)詞有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg

15、表示“提議、勸告、建議”的： move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“決定、命令”的：decide, order表示“主張”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、堅(jiān)持”的：consent, insist例如：I.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2 .He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.3 .When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he

16、said,“The razor and waterdo the job. "(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時(shí)，他說“剃刀和水就行了"。)4 .He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work.(他費(fèi)了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù)，直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。)5 .One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English spea

17、king country.(我們建議學(xué)生應(yīng)在說英語的國(guó)家呆上兩三年。)在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中虛擬語氣很普遍，其結(jié)構(gòu)如：order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (should) do6 .I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.但注意：在insist 后的從句中，如果是堅(jiān)持自己，用陳述語氣，堅(jiān)持別人做什么事

18、情 用虛擬語氣.8.she insists that she is right.9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.或者說，suggest, insist 不表示建議或堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)，即它們用于其本意暗示、表 明、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為時(shí)，賓語從句用陳述語氣。10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判斷改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò))11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.()12. Your pale face

19、 suggests that you are ill.(錯(cuò))13.I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.()14.I insisted that you were wrong.例題分析： 15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios after 11 o'clock at night.A. were not playedB. not be playedC. not to playD. did not play全句意思是：“旅館管理部門懇請(qǐng)客人晚上11點(diǎn)后不要打開收音

20、機(jī)”。句中的謂語動(dòng)詞request (請(qǐng)求)所引出的從句應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語氣，即動(dòng)詞原形或“ should +動(dòng)詞原形”。本句 的主語從句中，主語 radio是謂語動(dòng)詞play的客體，謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。所以，答案是 C) not be played 。在上述這類句子中不能用動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)形式表示虛擬語氣，所以 A)不正 確。選項(xiàng)B) not to play是動(dòng)詞帶to的不定式，不能在句中作謂語。選項(xiàng) D)did not play 也是動(dòng)詞play的過去時(shí)形式，同樣不能在本句中作為虛擬語氣來使用。而且，它是主動(dòng)語 態(tài)形式，而本題要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。練習(xí)：16) . The chairman requested

21、 that .A the members studied more carefully the problemB the problem was more carefulnessly studiedC with more carefulness the problem could be studiedD the members study the problem more carefully17) . The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting . A would be discussed B will be dis

22、cussed C be discussed D may be discussed18) . The doctor insisted that his patient . A that he not work too hard for three months B take it easy for three months C taking it easy inside of three months D to take some vacations for three months三、在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中的虛擬

23、語氣在 expect, believe, think, suspect等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中，我們經(jīng)常用“ should 動(dòng)詞原形( 或完成形式) ” ，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.我們從來沒想到他是個(gè)如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。練習(xí)：1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran ， they would be faced by a large army? A It is believed B Sho

24、uld they believe C They would believe D If they would believe2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon. A will leave B may leave C leave D leaves四、 would rather ， would sooner ， had rather ， would (just) as soon ， would prefer 之后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) a

25、s soon ， would prefer(希望) 也用來表達(dá)主觀愿望， 它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。 謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚眠^去完成式表示與過去事實(shí)相反。表示”寧愿做什么”或" 對(duì)過去做的事的懊悔 " 。(1) .I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2) .Johnwould rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3) .Don't live in the world, I would rather( I wou

26、ld just as soon) you die.(4) .I would rather you go tomorrow.(5) .I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.(6) .The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。(7) .To be frank ， I'd rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地說，我希望你不要卷

27、入這件事。(8) .You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you went on business first. 你沒有必要這么著急，我寧愿你先去上班。(9) .I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being. 我倒希望你暫時(shí)先不要就此事發(fā)表意見。(10) .Frankly speaking ， I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the

28、time being. 坦白地說，我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對(duì)此事什么也不要做。(11) .Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early ？為什么你不愿讓你 的孩子早點(diǎn)上床呢？(12) .I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather 后用動(dòng)詞原形I would rather stay at home today. would rather.than.中用動(dòng)詞原形I would rather stay at

29、 home than go out today.五、 “ had hoped ”后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣用“ had hoped ”表示原來希望做到而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情，其賓語從句的謂語用"would+動(dòng)詞原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. 我原本希望她到美國(guó)去念書，但她說她喜歡留在中國(guó)。第二節(jié)：主語從句中的虛擬語氣一、“It is （was）+ 形容詞（或過去分詞）+that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣在形如“It is

30、 （was）+ 形容詞（或過去分詞）+that ”結(jié)構(gòu)中，使用某些表示愿望、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語從句的謂語也用虛擬語氣。其表達(dá)形式為 should 動(dòng)詞原形或省略should 直接用動(dòng)詞原形（美國(guó)英語中省去should ）常用的形容詞： * natural （ 自然的 ）, appropriate （適當(dāng)?shù)?）,advisable （合適的 ）, preferable （ 更可取的 ）, better （ 更好的 ）* necessary （ 必須的 ）, important （ 重要的 ）, imperative （ 急需的 ）, urgent

31、 （ 急迫的 ）, essential （ 本質(zhì)的 ）, vital （ 必不可少的 ）* probable （ 很可能的 ）, possible （ 可能的 ）* desirable （ 極好的 ）advisable （合理的） ， compulsory （必須的） ， crucial （緊急的） ， desirable （理想的） ， essential （必要的） ， imperative （迫切的） ， incredible （驚人的） ， necessary （必要的） ， possible （可能的） ， strange （奇怪的） ， urgent （緊迫的） 。常用的過去分詞

32、（Past Participle）:* required （需要的 ）, demanded （ 要求 ）,requested （被請(qǐng)求的 ）, desired （要求 ）* suggested （建議 ）, recommended （推薦 ）* orderd （ 命令 ）1. It is necessary that we （should 可省略 , 下同） have a walk now.（necessary, should + have） （ 表示有需要去散步）1. It was necessary that we （should） make everything ready ahead

33、of time.（necessary, should + make） （ 表示有必要事先做好準(zhǔn)備）3. It is required that nobody （should） smoke here.（required,should + smoke）（ 表示要求不要在此抽煙 ）4. It is important that every pupil （should） be able to understand theruleof school.（important, should + be） （表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī)）5. It's important that we （should

34、） take good care of the patient.（important, should + take） （ 表示重要的是照顧好病人）6. It is natural that she should do so. （形容詞 natural, should+ 動(dòng)詞原形do）7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible. 這些申請(qǐng)表應(yīng)盡早地寄回，這是很重要的。8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足夠的錢，為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提供資金。9.It is desired that we （ should ） get everything ready this evening. 希望 我們今晚一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。注： 在上述所列形容詞后面用 that 引出的賓語從句中， 謂語動(dòng)詞也要用虛擬語氣。10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience. 湯