1、Lecture Three EXCEPT Standardiza5on Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected to other land masses, the great variety of plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance dispersal of seeds, a process that requires both a method of transport and an equivalence between the ecology of

2、the source area and that of the recipient area.There is some dispute about the method of transport involved. Some biologists argue that ocean and air currents are responsible for the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii. Yet the results of ota5on experiments and the low temperatures of air currents ca

3、st doubt on these hypotheses. More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental aKachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excre5on of the seeds. While it is likely that fewer varie5es of plant seeds have reached Hawaii externally tha

4、n internally, more varie5es are known to be adapted to external than to internal transport.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with A discussing dierent approaches biologists have taken to tes5ng theories about the distribu5on of plants in Hawaii（ B） discussing dierent theories about th

5、e transport of plant seeds to Hawaii C discussing the extent to which air currents are responsible for the dispersa of plant seeds to Hawaii D resolving a dispute about the adaptability of plant seeds to bird transport E resolving a dispute about the ability of birds to carry plant seeds long distan

6、cesBecause of its accuracy in outlining the Earth's subsurface, the seismic reec5on remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In eld prac5ce, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid paKern. As ea

7、ch source is ac5vated, it generates a wave train that moves downward at a speed determined uniquely by the rock's elas5c characteris5cs. As rock interfaces are crossed, the elas5c characteris5cs encountered generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reected back to the surf

8、ace, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. The seismic records must be processed to correct for posi5onal dierences between the source and the receiver, for unrelated wave trains, and for mul5ple reec5ons from the rock interfaces. Then the data acquired at each of the specic source loca5ons a

9、re combined to generate a physical prole of thesubsurface, which can eventually be used to select targets for drilling.Which of the following best describes the organiza5on of the passage?(A) A method is cri5cized, and an alterna5ve is suggested.(B) An illustra5on is examined, and some errors are ex

10、posed.(C) An asser5on is made, and a procedure is outlined.(D) A series of examples is presented, and ais drawn.(E) A hypothesis is advanced, and supg evidence is supplied.The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the na5on speaking it is in some

11、 ways the exact counterpart of the convic5on of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand leX actual wants unsa5sed, so also many linguists are deaf to tho

12、se instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversa5on, and in which, consequently, a word has to be modied or dened in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: “He took his s5ckno, not Johns, but his own.” No language is perfect, and if w

13、e admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to inves5gate the rela5ve merits of dierent languages or of dierent details in languages.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) analyze an interes5ng feature of the English language(B) refute a belief held by some linguists(C) s

14、how that economic theory is relevant to linguis5c study(D) illustrate the confusion that can result from the improper use of language(E) suggest a way in which languages can be made more nearly perfect EXCEPT rephrase）-原句：The historians have broadened the conven5onal view of nineteenth-century femin

15、ism.答案：The historians have expanded the tradi5onal view of nineteen-century feminism.原句：The case histories revealed how the authori5es administered jus5ce.答案：The case histories indicated the manner in which those inpower appor5oned jus5ce.原句：The minority groups lack access to the sizable orders that

16、 are generated bylarge companies.答案：The minority groups do not have sucient opportunity to secure business createdby large corpora5ons.原句：This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally答案：This dichotomy is useful, but only if its limita5ons are recognized.useful compe55

17、ondevelopmentavailability store uses compe55ve develop available storageinterac5onevolu5on of intelligencedierenceimprovement in brainfunc5onsAccording to the passage, improvement in brain func5on among early large mammals resulted primarily from which of the following?The interac5on resul5ng from t

18、he dierences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain func5onsA B C DEInterplay of predator and preyPersistence of free-oa5ng awareness in animals of the grasslands Gradual dominance of warm-blooded mammals over cold-blooded rep5les Interac5on of early large mammals with less

19、intelligent speciesImprovement of the capacity for memory among herbivores and carnivores EXCEPT notLargesuch rms can expenses.face poten5ally crippling xedgovernmentwould should could might+beKermore enlighteningmore convincingbe improved思路剖析would be + more convincing取非缺點spiral arrangements wind-po

20、llinated plantswill notoccur in a nu mber of non- (a prac5ce .feed on） could have +improved 取非缺點（Netsmaller ph × ）Less con5nuous EXCEPT Q：The author .in order toA. .B. .C. .D.E. .illustrate,give an example ofgive a specic example ofFor example For instance Such aslikeHence Thus Therefore As a r

21、esult結論例子或比喻結論舉例作用題同義變換同義變換 For example For instance Such aslike例子或比喻結論basketballball games舉例作用題同義變換For example直奔There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete informa5on.Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being "of limited valu

22、e, and useful chiey for the study of the perversion of truth by memory”.No very sa5sfactory account of the mechanism that caused the forma5on of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small for

23、ces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theore5cally, this convec5on would carry the con5

24、nental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the contin

25、ents. Such a back-coupling, in which the posi5on of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying mo5ons.On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convec5on does not normallyoccur along lines, and it certainlydoes not occur along lines br

26、oken by frequent osets or changes in direc5on, as the ridge is. Also it is dicult to see how the theory applies to theplate between the Mid-Atlan5c Ridge and the ridgeThe author refers to a “conveyor belt” in order to(A) illustrate the eects of convec5on in the mantle(B) show how temperature dierenc

27、es depend on the posi5ons of the con5nents(C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlan5c Ridge(D) describe the complicated mo5ons made possible by back-coupling(E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridgesOf Homers two epic poems, the Odyssey has always been more popular t

28、han the Iliad, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that are accessible to readers. Its subject (to use Maynard Macks categories) is “life-as-spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, pre

29、sents “life-as-experience”: readers are asked to iden5fy with the mind of Achilles, whose mo5va5ons render him a not par5cularly likable hero. In addi5on, the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of the gods involvement in human ac5ons, and to the extent that modern readers nd this

30、complexity a needless complica5on, the Iliad is less sa5sfying than the Odyssey, with its simpler scheme of divine jus5ce. Finally, since the Iliad presents a historically veriable ac5on, Troys siege, the poem raises historical ques5ons that are absent from the Odysseys blithely imagina5ve world.Was

31、 Felix Mendelssohn (18091847) a great composer? On its face, the ques5on seems absurd. One of the most giXed prodigies in the history of music, he produced his rst masterpiece at sixteen. From then on, he was recognized as an ar5st of preternatural abili5es, not only as a composer but also as a pian

32、ist and conductor. But Mendelssohns enduring popularity has oXen been at odds some5mes quite sharply with his cri5cal standing. Despite general acknowledgment of his genius, there has been a no5ceable reluctance to rank him with, say, Schumann or Brahms. As Haggin put it, Mendelssohn, as a composer,

33、 was a “minor master . . . working on a small scale of emo5on and texture.”Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected to other land masses, the great variety of plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance dispersal of seeds, a process that requires both a method of transport and

34、 an equivalence between the ecology of the source area and that of the recipient area.There is some dispute about the method of transport involved. Some biologists argue that ocean and air currents are responsible for the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii. Yet the results of ota.on experiments and

35、the low temperatures of air currents cast doubt on these hypotheses. More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental aKachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excre5on of the seeds. While it is likely that fewer varie5es of plant s

36、eeds have reached Hawaii externally than internally, more varie5es are known to be adapted to external than to internal transport. EXCEPT EXCEPT One Sentence Whole Passage assess evalua5onThe common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the na5on speaki

37、ng it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the convic5on of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand leX actual wants unsa5sed, so also many linguists

38、 are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversa5on, and in which, consequently, a word has to be modied or dened in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: “He took his s5ckno, not Johns, but his own.” No language is p

39、erfect, and if we admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to inves5gate the rela5ve merits of dierent languages or of dierent details in languages.EXCEPT One Sentence Whole Passage EXCEPT It can be inferred from the passage that. The passage/authorthat The passage/author imp

40、lies that.of about concerning regarding + KW） which of the following statements about is true?op5c nerves EXCEPT I.which of the following is most similar to the situa5on in?s imilar to, analogous to , parallel, consistent withII. Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the tradi5onal

41、 oral mode to recorded wriKen form, much was inevitably lost. Editors oXen decided what elements were signicant to the eld research on a given tribe. Na5ve Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought signicant were oXen

42、deemed unimportant by their interviewers.Which of the following is most similar to the ac5ons of nineteenth century ethnologists in their edi5ng of the life stories of Na5ve Americans?(A) A witness in a jury trial invokes the FiXh Amendment in order to avoid rela5ngally incrimina5ngevidence.(B) A st

43、ockbroker refused to divulge the source of her informa5on on the possible future increase in a stocks value.(C) A sports announcer describes the ac5on in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar.(D) A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert(E) A pol

44、i5cian fails to men5on in a campaign speech the similari5es in the posi5ons held by her opponent for poli5cal oce and by herself. EXCEPT it is correct/it is true/of courseno doubt/without doubt/undoubtedly do/may/seem/appear/perhaps however adj：no maKer how adjadj+ as+ pron+maybe: no maKer how adj T

45、his view may be correct: it has the advantage that. on the other hand, this theoryis implausible because( The use of the records does yield some informa5on about the nonelite, but this informa5on gives us liKle insight into the mental lives of the nonelite. (par5allycorrect,qualiedapproval,enthusias

46、mtemperedbyminorreserva5on,guardedcri5cism,tenta5veacceptance,reluctant acceptanceGREModerate EXCEPT In the context in which it appears, “coinages” (line 9) most nearly means In the context of the passage, “ramica5on” is closest in meaning toclosestWhether the languages of the ancient American peopl

47、es were used for expressing abstract universal concepts can be clearly answered in the caseof Nahuatl. Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the forma5on of extensive compounds. By the combina5on of radicals orseman5c elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual

48、 rela5ons, oXen of an abstract universal character.The t.nime (“those who know”) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availedthemselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from T

49、oltec coinages. Of these forms themost characteris5c in Nahuatl is the juxtaposi5on of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complementeach other to evoke one single idea. Used as metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specic or essen5al traits of the being

50、 they refer to,introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.8. In the context in which it appears, “coinages” (line 9) most nearly means(A) adapta5ons(B) crea5onsthe inven5on of a new word or phrase. A newly invented word or phrases(C) idiosyncrasies(D) pronuncia5ons(E) curr

51、enciesHydrogeology is a science dealing with the proper5es, distribu5on, and circula5on of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. The hydro logic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipita5on, thence along and into the ground surface, and nally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evapora5on and transpira5on.The term “geohydrology” is some5mes erroneously used as a sy