1、跨文化交際/sarahzhaoCase 1 Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be very tired. Youre old Catherine (an elderly American lady): Oh, Im NOT old, and Im NOT tired. Quite offended跨文化交際/sarahzhaoCase 2 美國教授Davis曾在中國講學三個月，回去之后，當有人問他對中國之行的感覺時，他的回答竟是“中國人不尊重知識和學術”。中國人都稱呼他為“戴維斯先生”，很多時候他都渾然不知是在叫自己，他甚至于對一些常見的中國人說：“你可以

2、正式地稱呼我教授，或是親切些稱呼我博士，或是把我當朋友，叫我小名，可是不要叫我先生。”可惜的是聽者渺渺，新見面者更是十之八九叫他先生。 Our Most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. -John F. Kennedy Studying a second language without learning the culture is like learning how drive a car by studying a drivers manual and never getting behind a steerin

3、g wheel. -K. J. Irving跨文化交際/sarahzhao To know anothers language and not his culture is a very way to make a fluent fool of ones self. -Winston Brembeck 學習別人的語言而不學習人家的文化完全就是把自己變成是一個能說會道的傻瓜。 跨文化交際/sarahzhao Developing intercultural awareness usually goes along with learning a new language and being ex

4、posed to a new culture. Intercultural awareness is the ability to understand cultures. Intercultural communication studies involve a variety of factors and is relatively a new field.跨文化交際/sarahzhao跨文化交際跨文化交際CCC Cross-Cultural Communication 1. What is culture? 什么是文化？ 2. What is communication? 什么是交際？

5、3. What is cross-cultural communication? 什么是跨文化交際？跨文化交際/sarahzhaoWhat is culture? 什么是文化？什么是文化？跨文化交際/sarahzhao Culture involves at least three components: what people think, what they do, and the material products they produce. Thus , mental processes, beliefs, knowledge, and values are parts of cult

6、ure.跨文化交際/sarahzhaoAn Iceberg of Culture跨文化交際/sarahzhaoWhat is culture? 什么是文化？什么是文化？ 文化是人類社會物質產品和精神產品的總和。 Culture is the sum total of the ways of life, beliefs, customs, etc.跨文化交際/sarahzhaoWhat is communication? 什么是交際？什么是交際？ The activity or process of giving information to other people or to other l

7、iving things, using signals such as speech, body movements, or radio signals，and so on.交際是通過符號向他人傳遞信息的過程跨文化交際/sarahzhaoModels of communication交際的模式 Source of information encoder code channel decoder retrieval of information 信息源 編碼者 編碼 渠道 解碼器 - 獲取信息跨文化交際/sarahzhaoMeanings in communication交際中的意義 1） Ut

8、terance Meaning話語意義 is what an utterance normally means. 2.）Speakers meaning說話人的意圖 is what the speaker has intended to convey by way of utterance meaning. 3） Hearers meaning聽話者的理解 is what the hearer has understood on the basis of the utterance meaning. 跨文化交際/sarahzhaoCase 6 A: 你知道誰拿了我的手機嗎？ B: 我沒拿 A:

9、 我不是那個意思跨文化交際/sarahzhaoCase 7 A: Do you like rugby? B: I am a New Zealander, you know A: (confused.) （Of course I do. You know, I am a New Zealander.）跨文化交際/sarahzhaoCommunicative Breakdown/Failure 交際失敗 信息源 編碼者 編碼 渠道 解碼器 - 獲取信息跨文化交際/sarahzhaoWhat is cross-cultural communication? Cross-cultural commun

10、ication looks at how people, from differing cultural backgrounds, endeavor to communicate. Its core is to establish and understand how people from different cultures communicate with each other. Its charge is to also produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures can better commun

11、icate with each other. 跨文化交際/sarahzhaoFactors in CCC影響跨文化交際的因素 語言交際(verbal communication) 非語言交際(non-verbal communication) 一切不使用語言進行的交際活動，包括：眼神、手勢、身勢、微笑、面部表情、服裝打扮、沉默、身體的接觸、講話人的距離、講話的音量、時間觀念、對空間的使用等。跨文化交際/sarahzhaoFactors in CCC影響跨文化交際的因素 語言因素：語音，語法語言因素：語音，語法 非語言因素：文化背景非語言因素：文化背景跨文化交際/sarahzhao Our ul

12、timate goal of English learning: To learn how to understand and effectively communicate有效的交流 with people from other nations and cultures.跨文化交際/sarahzhaoNames & Addressing William Jefferson Clinton Hillary Rodham ClintonBarack Hussein Obama跨文化交際/sarahzhaoCase 2 美國教授Davis曾在中國講學三個月，回去之后，當有人問他對中國之行的

13、感覺時，他的回答竟是“中國人不尊重知識和學術”。中國人都稱呼他為“戴維斯先生”，很多時候他都渾然不知是在叫自己，他甚至于對一些常見的中國人說：“你可以正式地稱呼我教授，或是親切些稱呼我博士，或是把我當朋友，叫我小名，可是不要叫我先生。”可惜的是聽著渺渺，新見面者更是十之八九叫他先生。跨文化交際/sarahzhao跨文化交際/sarahzhaoMr. Vs. 先生先生 My name is John Davis. But you can call me John. 美國有一家雜志曾就稱呼問題在150種工商行業中做過調查，結果發現其中85%的稱呼只喊名字。跨文化交際/sarahzhaoWhen d

14、o they use MR.?Strangers 陌生人稱呼同學的爸爸，爺爺等長輩，鄰居的長輩（但不是親屬） 稱呼沒有特殊頭銜的上級/教師 （not very close）跨文化交際/sarahzhaoMr. Vs. Professor 對于有頭銜的人，加上其頭銜以示尊重 Professor 教授 Pro. Ambassador 大使 Doctor 博士Dr. President 主席，總統Pres.跨文化交際/sarahzhao“先生先生” 魯迅先生，蔡元培先生，楊振寧先生 江藍生先生？ 在中國文化中，“先生”的稱呼用于學術界人士時是為對高級學者既嚴肅又親密的尊重稱謂。跨文化交際/sarah

15、zhao Please Translate： 這位是我們的趙老師。 這位是我們的張經理。 跨文化交際/sarahzhao頭銜、職位稱呼頭銜、職位稱呼 趙老師、 韓書記、 李部長、 張處長、 王秘書、 趙經理、 陳主任、 Teacher Secretary Minister Section chief Secretary Manager Director跨文化交際/sarahzhao以頭銜相稱以頭銜相稱 Queen Elizabeth Prince Charles Your/His/Her Majesty Your Highness President Roosevelt Mr. Preside

16、nt Senator Fulbright General Patten Colonel Quail Judge Harley Your Honor Father White Reverend Brown Sister Mary 跨文化交際/sarahzhao以職業相稱以職業相稱 Waiter 服務員 Conductor 售票員 Usher劇院領座員 Porter 行李搬運工，守門員 Boy(旅館、餐廳的男服務員、男勤雜員或家庭男仆)跨文化交際/sarahzhao Please Translate: 嘿，先生，您/你的錢包掉了。 小姐，你手帕掉了。 Hey，Sir/Mister, you dro

17、pped your wallet. You dropped your handkerchief, Lady!跨文化交際/sarahzhaoSir & Madam 通用于社會各界人士，不分職務和職業，不分年齡，表達的人際關系不親密.（下級對上級、晚輩對長輩，士兵對長官，老百姓對警察、學童對教師、店員對顧客） 一般不與姓氏連用： Dear SirMadam Sir John White; Sir John 約翰-懷特爵士 Madam President 總統女士 Madam Chairman 主席女士 Madam Ambassador 大使女士跨文化交際/sarahzhaoLady Lad

18、ies （and gentlemen） （敬稱） Lady+姓：稱呼貴族/有地位的人的妻子或女兒 Lady Smith史密斯夫人、史密斯小姐 Lady President 總統女士跨文化交際/sarahzhaoRight or Wrong? Bess Fitz, your neighbor, is about 70 years old. You call her “Grandma” to show closeness. Sam Strange is your uncle. When you introduce him to your classmates, you say, “This is

19、my uncle Strange.”親屬稱謂稱呼親屬稱謂稱呼非親屬成員：非親屬成員：叔叔、阿姨；叔叔、阿姨；爺爺、奶奶；爺爺、奶奶；大哥、大姐、大哥、大姐、大嫂；大爺、大嫂；大爺、大媽、大叔大媽、大叔 But seldom in English!Uncle/aunt + first name 跨文化交際/sarahzhao親屬稱謂親屬稱謂 Father/dad(dy)/pa Mother/mom(my)/mum/ma Grandfather/grandpa Grandmother/grandma/granny Uncle Aunt (Auntie) 父親/爸爸 母親/媽媽 爺爺/外公 奶奶/外

20、婆 伯伯，叔叔，舅舅 阿姨，姑媽跨文化交際/sarahzhao親屬稱謂親屬稱謂 Sister Brother Cousin Sister-in-law Brother-in-law Father-in-law Mother-in-law 姐姐，妹妹 哥哥，弟弟 堂兄弟姐妹/表兄弟姐妹 嫂子，弟妹 姐夫、妹夫 岳丈、公公 岳母、婆婆跨文化交際/sarahzhao親屬稱謂親屬稱謂Give me some milk, Ma. Can we go now, mum? What are you doing, dad? Hi! Aunt (Mary). (瑪麗)姑媽，你好!Take me swimming

21、, Uncle (John). (約翰)叔叔，帶我去游泳吧。Whats your name, son? 孩子，你叫什么名字?Heres a letter for you, Grandma Margaret. 瑪格麗特奶奶，這是你的信。跨文化交際/sarahzhaoCan we say these? 妹妹，過來一下：Sister, come over here. 哥哥，接著。 Brother, catch! 表哥，你好。 Hello, Cousin. Sister Mary；Brother Joseph 宗教、職業、社會團體的稱呼。 跨文化交際/sarahzhaoWhich one do you

22、 choose? If a professor is called by his first name by his students, it indicates that: A. He is not respected. B. He is affable（平易近人）. C. He has a sense of equality. D. The students are impolite.跨文化交際/sarahzhaoWhich one do you choose? If a professor is called by his first name by his students, it i

23、ndicates that: A. He is not respected. B. He is affable. C. He has a sense of equality. D. The students are impolite.跨文化交際/sarahzhaoDo you know why? 如果一個婦女，年齡已經四五十歲，你稱呼她為“小姐”? “小姐？！我做你大媽都差不多了！” But in the West, if you call a woman about 40 or 50 “Miss”, she would be rather happy. 跨文化交際/sarahzhao英漢語中

24、都有的頭銜職位稱呼語英漢語中都有的頭銜職位稱呼語Doctor醫生，博士Professor教授Chairman主席Prime minister/premier總理President總統，主席，會長Captain船長，上尉 Nurse 護士 Colonel 上校 General將軍 Lieutenant 陸軍中尉、海軍上尉 Judge 法官 Governor 州長，地方長官 Mayor市長跨文化交際/sarahzhao 漢語中沒有的稱呼： senator( 議員)跨文化交際/sarahzhaoHow do the differences happen? Why does the Chinese l

25、anguage have so much more detailed and specific kinship terms than in English? Why kinship terms are so much more often used in Chinese than in English? Why do we use titles to call people so much more often than western people ?跨文化交際/sarahzhaoHow do the differences happen? All the addressing habits

26、 have been formed through history. They have deep roots in the culture in which they are formed. 跨文化交際/sarahzhao China: agricultural; people of the same family (family name) live together; people have a strong sense of family (large family) West: industrial and commercial; people move very often; nu

27、clear family (small family)跨文化交際/sarahzhao 以血緣家庭為紐帶的中國傳統社會；農耕經濟；大一統的專制體大一統的專制體制制 （patriarchal家長制的）家長制的） 以地緣政治為基礎的希臘城邦制國家；工商業工商業，小國寡民；民主民主政治體制政治體制 （Democratic民主的）民主的）Power distance權力差距權力差距跨文化交際/sarahzhaoPower distance權力差距權力差距 Power distance is the extent to which less powerful members of institutions

28、機構 and organizations組織 within a country expect and accept that power is distributed分布 unequally. (Hofstede) 某個社會接受某些機構或組織間存在不平等的程度，它能反映社會中弱勢成員和強勢成員的價值觀。 跨文化交際/sarahzhaoPower distance權力差距權力差距 Power distance describes also the extent to which employees accept that superiors上級 have more power than they

29、 have. In countries with high power distance employees are too afraid to express their doubts and disagreements with their autocratic專制的 and paternalistic家長作風的 bosses. 跨文化交際/sarahzhao 孔子： 君君，臣臣，父父，子子。 Thomas Jefferson: (The Declaration of Independence) All men are created equal.人生而平等。跨文化交際/sarahzhao

30、較小的權力差距較小的權力差距 (奧地利、英、德、美奧地利、英、德、美)較大的權力差距較大的權力差距 （日本、印度、中國、馬來西亞）（日本、印度、中國、馬來西亞）社會不平等最小化社會不平等最小化 在這個世界上每個人都有其合適的不同位置在這個世界上每個人都有其合適的不同位置 所有的人都是獨立自主的所有的人都是獨立自主的 只有少部分人是獨立的，其他大部分人都是不獨立的只有少部分人是獨立的，其他大部分人都是不獨立的 等級制只是為了方便，只是作用的不平等等級制只是為了方便，只是作用的不平等 等級制意味著實質性的不平等等級制意味著實質性的不平等 上級把下級看作和自己一樣的人上級把下級看作和自己一樣的人 上

31、級把下級視為是不同的人上級把下級視為是不同的人 下級把上級看作和自己一樣的人下級把上級看作和自己一樣的人 下級認為上級適合自己根本不同的人下級認為上級適合自己根本不同的人 上級可以接近上級可以接近 上級很難接近上級很難接近 權力的運用要合法，并要求確認其使用的權力的運用要合法，并要求確認其使用的目的是好還是壞目的是好還是壞 權力是原本就好或壞的社會基礎，它的使用與其是否合權力是原本就好或壞的社會基礎，它的使用與其是否合法無關法無關 每個人都有同樣的權力每個人都有同樣的權力 權力擁有者具有特權權力擁有者具有特權 那些有權力的人總認為應該做到表面上不那些有權力的人總認為應該做到表面上不是那樣強大是

32、那樣強大 那些有權力的人應該總是盡可能地做到強大那些有權力的人應該總是盡可能地做到強大 不同層次的人很少感覺受到威脅，并盡力不同層次的人很少感覺受到威脅，并盡力去相信他人去相信他人 其他人都是潛在威脅者，并很少相信其他人其他人都是潛在威脅者，并很少相信其他人 強勢成員和弱勢成員本質上是和諧的強勢成員和弱勢成員本質上是和諧的 強勢成員和弱勢成員本質上是沖突的強勢成員和弱勢成員本質上是沖突的 弱勢成員之間的合作是穩固的弱勢成員之間的合作是穩固的 弱勢成員由于互不相信，所以很難合作弱勢成員由于互不相信，所以很難合作跨文化交際/sarahzhaoScene 1 (United States)Jeff:

33、 (Approaches Dr. Newcomers office unannounced) Hey, Dr. N., hows it going on?Dr. Newcomer: Hey, Jeff, whats up?Jeff: (Steps /into/ the office) I thought I would stop by if I could talk to you about my paper assignment.Dr. Newcomer : Sure, come in, have a seat. What are you thinking about?Jeff: Well

34、. I have some trouble coming up with a topic. Do you have any ideas?Dr. Newcomer : I suggest doing something that is very interesting to you, otherwise the assignment might bore you to death. Also . you might try doing a search on the Internet. Sometimes youll find topics that you might not ever hav

35、e thought of yourself.Jeff: Yeah . thats good idea. If I find something can I stop by and show it to you before I get started?Dr. Newcomer : Sure, just stop by or leave a message on my voice mail.Jeff: OK, yeah. OK, well . thanks a lot.Dr. Newcomer : Sure.跨文化交際/sarahzhaoScene 2 (China)Mino: (Approac

36、hes Dr. Chous office and knocks on the door) Good morning, Professor Chou.Dr. Chou: Hello, Mino.Mino: I am here for my appointment.Dr. Chou: Yes.Mino: May I come in?Dr. Chou: Yes.Mino: Thank you. (Enters Dr. Chous office) I am here to approve my topic for the research paper assignment, as you reques

37、ted.Dr. Chou: Yes, what have you decided?Mino: I would like to research the natural resources of Northern India, if that is acceptable.Dr. Chou: Yes, that topic is fine.Mino: Thank you. Thank you for seeing me this morning.Dr. Chou: Yes, you are welcome. 跨文化交際/sarahzhao? What difference have you fou

38、nd in the above two scenes? Which do you prefer?跨文化交際/sarahzhao商務英語商務英語跨文化交際案例分析跨文化交際案例分析 跨文化交際/sarahzhaoCCC BreakdownAmerican: How long will it take you to finish this report?Chinese: I do not know. How long should it take?American: You are in the best position to analyze time requirements. Chinese

39、: 10 days.American: Take 15. It is agreed you will do it in 15 days.跨文化交際/sarahzhaoAmerican: where is my report?Chinese: It will be ready tomorrow.American: But we agreed that it would be ready today.The Chinese hands in his resignation.The American is surprised. 跨文化交際/sarahzhaoDiscussionWhats wrong

40、 ？ 跨文化交際/sarahzhaoAmerican: How long will it take you to finish this report? American: I asked him to participate. Chinese: His behavior makes no sense. He is the boss. Why doesnt he tell me?Chinese: I do not know. How long should it take? American: He refuses to take responsibility. Chinese: I asked him for an order.American: You are in the best position to analyze time requirements. American: I pres