1、采礦工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)：礦業(yè)工程 姓名：常曉贇 學(xué)號(hào)：1370845Page1:Evidence of early copper mining exists in many parts of the world . For example , a recent archeometallurgical expedition has uncovered a prehistoric mining complex at PhuLon(“Bald Mountain”)on the Mekong River in Thailand , that may be dated as early as 2000BC

2、.Workers at this complex used massive river cobble mauls to break the friable skarn matrix that held squatz veins rich in malachite (Pigott, 1988). The world's oldest known copper smelting furnace,dating to 3500BC, has been found near the modern Timna copper mine in Israel (Raymond , 1986). 在世界上

3、許多地方都有早期銅開采存在的證據(jù)。例如，最近一個(gè)冶金考古探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)史前采礦綜合體在在泰國(guó)湄公河的PhuLon（“禿山”）上，這可能要追溯到公元前2000年。工人們用大量鵝卵石撞擊易碎的富含孔雀石的矽卡巖脈石（Pigott，1988）。世界上已知的最古老的銅礦石冶煉爐可以追溯到公元前3500年，它被發(fā)現(xiàn)是在以色列的現(xiàn)在亭納銅礦（Raymond，1986）。The link between native copper and malachite might well have been suggested to Neolithic man by the common association

4、of these two forms of the metal in outcrops.But the process by which he then learned how to extract copper from the malachite remains an historic mystery . One suggested answer is that both metal smelting and pottery making appeared to have evolved about the same time . The potter , the first techni

5、cian in the management of heat , had under his control all the materials and conditions necessary for smelting copper(Raymond, 1986).自然銅礦和孔雀石之間的了解更可能被新石器時(shí)代的人建議為這兩種金屬露頭形式之間常見的關(guān)聯(lián)。但是他們?nèi)绾螌W(xué)會(huì)從孔雀石中提取銅的過(guò)程仍然是一個(gè)歷史之謎。一個(gè)可能的答案是金屬冶煉和陶器整理都是在同一時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的。陶器整理，第一個(gè)在高溫下來(lái)操作的技術(shù)，它對(duì)于控制所有材料和條件成為冶煉銅的必要條件（Raymond，1986）。Page5:Room

6、-and-Pillar Mining:In the method known as room-and-pillar mining ,the ore body is excavated as completely as possible , leaving parts of the ore as pillars to support the hanging wall .The dimensions of the stopes and pillars depend upon factors such as the stability of the hanging wall, the stabili

7、ty of the ore ,the thickness of the deposit, and the rock pressure . Generally , the objective is to extract the ore as completely as possible without jeopardizing working conditions or personnel safety . Typically , the pillars are arranged in a regular pattern, and they can be circular , square ,

8、or shaped as longitudinal walls that separate the stopes . 房柱采礦法：作為房柱采礦法，礦體要盡可能地被完全挖掘，留下一部分礦石作為支柱來(lái)支撐頂板。采場(chǎng)和支柱的尺寸取決于頂板的穩(wěn)定性、礦石的穩(wěn)定性、礦體的厚度和巖石壓力等因素。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，目標(biāo)是在沒(méi)有危害的的工作條件和人員安全的條件下盡可能完全地開采礦石。通常情況下，支柱以規(guī)則形狀排列，它們可以是圓形，方形，或者與采場(chǎng)分離的縱向壁排列形狀。Although some of the ore left in the pillars can be extracted by “robbing”as

9、 a final operation in the mine , the ore in the pillars usually is regarded as nonrecoverable .雖然留在支柱中的一些礦石可以在最后的開采中被作為“揩油”開采出來(lái)，但是支柱中的礦石通常被視為不可回收的。Page6:The slope of the pit wall is one of the major elements affecting the size and shape of the pit .The pit slope help determine the amount of waste th

10、at must be moved to mine the ore . The pit slope is usually expressed in degrees from the horizontal plane . 露天礦邊坡的坡度是影響露天礦大小和形狀的主要因素之一。露天礦邊坡幫助確定開采礦石中必須移除走的廢石量。露天礦邊坡角通常是表示為邊坡和水平面的夾角。A pit wall needs to remain stable as long as mining activity is in that area. The stability of the pit walls should be

11、 analyzed as carefully as possible . Rock strength ,faults , joints , presence of water ,and other geologic information are key factors in the evaluation of the proper slope angle . The slope may be stated as a simple , overall average for the pit (e.g,45°),but a more detailed study may show th

12、at the physical characteristics of the deposit cause the pit slope to change with rock type , sector location, elevation , or orientation within rock the pit.Fig.2 illustrates how the pit slopes may vary in the deposit . 只要在采礦活動(dòng)區(qū)內(nèi)露天礦邊坡必須保持穩(wěn)定。露天礦邊坡穩(wěn)定性必須要盡可能仔細(xì)地分析。巖石強(qiáng)度，斷層，節(jié)理，含水狀態(tài)和其他地質(zhì)信息是評(píng)價(jià)合適邊坡角的關(guān)鍵因素。露天

13、邊坡角可以是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的，整體平均值（比如，45°），但是一個(gè)更加詳細(xì)的研究表明礦石的物理特性引起露天礦邊坡角隨著巖石的種類、扇形位置，海拔或巖石傾向改變。圖2演示了露天邊坡角如何隨著礦體改變。A proper slope evaluation will give the slopes that allow the pit walls to remain stable .The pit walls should be set as steep as possible to minimize the strip ratio . The pit slope analysis determi

14、nes the angle to be used between the roads in the pit . The overall pit slope used for design must be flatter to allow for the road system in the ultimate pit. 一個(gè)合適的邊坡角評(píng)估將使露天礦邊坡保持穩(wěn)定。露天礦邊坡應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)地盡可能陡以減小剝采比。露天礦邊坡分析決定露天礦道路的角度。整體露天礦邊坡角的設(shè)計(jì)必須符合允許最終境界的道路系統(tǒng)。Page10:In practice neither the grades nor the econom

15、ic variable are known . Two broad approaches have been proposed for using geostitistical simulations to take account of the uncertainty on the resources . Dowd(1994),Rossi and van Brunt (1997) and Thwaite(1998)generated several conditional simulations of the orebody and optimized the pit for each on

16、e . When it became possible to generate far more simulations , Dimitrakopoulos, Farelly and Godoy (2002)proposed generating the pit contour using the kriged orebody model, then running the economic analysis for each simulation . See also Kent , Peattie and Chamberlain (2007) . The next step was to i

17、nclude the uncertainty on the economic variables by stochastic simulations of prices and costs(Nicolas et al , 2007; Armstrong, Galli and Ndiaye,2009; Abdel Sabour and Dimitrakopoulos,2009). 在實(shí)際中品位和經(jīng)濟(jì)變量都不是已知的。兩種運(yùn)用地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)模擬來(lái)考慮資源不確定性的方法被提出。Dowd（1994），Rossi和van Brunt（1997）以及Thwaite（1998）提出了幾種礦體的條件模擬并且對(duì)每一

18、個(gè)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。當(dāng)產(chǎn)生更多的模擬成為可能的時(shí)候，Dimitrakopoulos，F(xiàn)arelly和Godoy（2002）提出產(chǎn)生的坑輪廓采用克里格礦體模型，然后給每個(gè)模擬進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)分析。Kent，Peattie和Chamberlain（2007）也有同樣的看法。 下一步是對(duì)價(jià)格和成本的隨機(jī)模擬包括經(jīng)濟(jì)變量的不確定性（Nicolas等，2007；Armstrong，Galli和Ndiaye，2009；Abdel Sabour和Dimitrakopoulos，2009）。Page16:The long-term objective is to use multi-stage programming wit

19、h recourse in order to evacuate and optimise mining projects subject to technical and financial uncertainty, that is, uncertainty on the resouces and the commodity prices and costs. One of the underlying principles in multi-stage programming is to separate state variables such as prices and grades (which the decision maker cannot change) from the control variables such as the amount to mine from each macro-block in each time period, which are under the ma