1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由一個(gè)相當(dāng)于主語的名詞或代詞加上非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立主格成分。With( without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的一種形式。一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)1獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨(dú)立存在。2名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.4當(dāng)表示人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時(shí),及物動詞用現(xiàn)在分

2、詞,不及物動詞用過去分詞二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成:名詞普通格或代詞主格+ 現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語。1.名詞(或代詞+ 現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進(jìn)行的動作或狀態(tài)。He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.注意:現(xiàn)在分詞being或having been在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)

3、構(gòu)中可以省略。The weather(beingfine, we decided to go on an outing.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,二是在邏輯主語是代詞的情況下。There being no bus, we had to walk home.It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.2.名詞(或代詞+ 不定式(短語不定式表示將來的動作。He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.Man

4、y flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.3.名詞(或代詞+ 過去分詞過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動完成的動作。The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.He was listening attentively in class, his

5、 eyes fixed on the blackboard.4.名詞(或代詞+ 形容詞(短語形容詞(短語在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中說明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.5.名詞(或代詞+ 副詞副詞在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中也多是說明名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。The meeting over, we all went home.School over, we all went home.6.名詞(或代詞+ 介詞短語A robber burst into the roo

6、m, knife in hand.He left the office, tears in eyes.注意:在“邏輯主語+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)里,當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí),其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何修飾成分。但with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制。例如:The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的作用:多用作狀語1.表示時(shí)間His homework done(=After his homework was done,Mary decided to go shopping.2.表示原因There being no buses(=Becaus

7、e there were no buses,we had to walk home.3.表示條件Weather permitting(=If weather permits,well go to play basketball.4.表示方式或伴隨He sat at the table, head down.? 動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生,? 動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,? 動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進(jìn)行。The manager looks worried,many things to be settled.The manager looks relaxed, many th

8、ings settled.The man lay there, his hands trembling.四、With( without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成以及句法功能(一、with / without +賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況:1. with+名詞/代詞+形容詞He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open.= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.注意:在“with+名詞/代詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。With his so

9、n so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy.With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study.2. with+名詞/代詞+副詞The boy was walking, with his father ahead.= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.3. with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.= He stood at the door, an

10、d a computer was in his hand.4. with+名詞/代詞+動詞過去分詞With his homework done, Peter went out to play.= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.5. with+名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing,

11、 he slipped through the window.= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.6. with+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.(二、With (without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能:定語和狀語1. There is a magazine with a modern gir

12、l on its cover. (定語2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. (伴隨狀語3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.(原因狀語4.With the signal given, the train sta

13、rted.= After the signal was given, the train started. (時(shí)間狀語五、選擇題1. Everything _ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking2. An expert _ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come3

14、. The meeting _ over, he went to pick up his son directlyA. to beB. isC. wasD. being4. - They sat still in the room, _.- Why did they do like that?A. drawing the curtainsB. with the curtains drawnC. with the curtains drawingD. having the curtains drawn5. The sun _ , they continued their way.A. has r

15、isenB. having risenC. has raisedD. having raised6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March.A. has been launchedB. having been launchedC. being launchedD. to be launched7. Here are two volumes, the third one _ next month.A. comes outB. cam

16、e outC. coming outD. to come out8. With his son_ , the old man felt unhappy.A. to disappointB. to be disappointingC. disappointingD. being disappointed9.- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.-Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down.A. filledB. fillingC. to fillD. bei

17、ng filled10.John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _ , he gladly accepted it .A. finishedB. finishingC. having finishedD. was finished11. ?_ , I had to ask for two days leave.A. Mother being illB. Mother illC. As mother was illD. A, B and C12. With so many books ?_ , I couldnt go t

18、o surf the Internet.A. to readB. to be readC. readingD. read13. The thief stood before the policeman _ admitting what he had done .A. with his dropping headB. dropping his headC. raising his headD. with his head down14. Winter _ , it is time to buy warm clothes .A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes _ and his hands