1、09高三英語語法專題復(fù)習-非謂語動詞（一） 非謂語動詞的句法功能 成 分形 式主語賓語賓補表語定語狀語不定式動名詞分詞動名詞：起名詞作用 doing 不定式： to do 分詞： 起形容詞和副詞作用done/doing（二） 分詞、不定式作賓補用法要點一、作賓語補足語的非謂語形式1、感官動詞see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice等和使役動詞have后面的賓補有四種形式：當賓語與賓語補足語之間存在邏輯上的主動關(guān)系時，需用動詞原形do（即不帶to的不定式）表完成及doing表正在進行。當賓語與賓語補足語之間存在邏輯上的被動關(guān)系時，

2、需用過去分詞done表完成或沒有一定的時間性及being done表正在進行。如：I heard her an English song just now. I heard her _ an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.I heard an English song _ by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.I want to have my hair _.2、leave后接非謂語動詞作賓補時，意為“使處于某種狀態(tài)”。leave（不定式表示將來的動作）lea

3、ve sb. doing sth. 讓某人一直做某事（賓語與賓補之間是邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，表示動作正在進行）leave sth. undone留下某事未做（賓語與賓補之間是邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，表示被動和完成。一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched為多）leave sb. to do sth.留下某人做某事leave sth. to be done留下某事要做Its wrong of you to leave the machine _(run).The guests left most of the dishes _(touch), because

4、they didnt taste delicious.He left, leaving me _(do) all the rest work.We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems _(settle).3、have, get后接三種形式作賓補時，表示“使、讓、叫”之意。have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事get sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事have sb. / sth. doing使持續(xù)地做某事get sb. / sth. doing使開始行動起來have sth. done = get sth. do

5、ne“使某事被做”Ill have my bike _ (repair)tomorrow. The captain got the soldiers _(move) toward the front after a short rest.Mother had me _(go) to the shop and _(buy) some salt. *此外，have sth. done還表示“使遭受”之意。如：Tom had his leg broken while playing football. 湯姆踢足球時，傷了腿。have sb. doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。如：

6、I wont have you speaking to your Dad like that. 我不允許你和你父親那么講話。使/讓/叫某人去做某事 4、下列動詞后跟帶to的不定式作補語advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, think, wait for, call on, depend on等。如：You a

7、re not allowed (eat) here. The doctor warned him (eat) too much meat. 二、注意下列結(jié)構(gòu)中用不定式作主語補足語，它們是：sb. be said / believed / known / reported / considered / found等+不定式。如：Heat is considered to be a form of energy. 據(jù)說他已經(jīng)出國了。三、注意下列動詞后在主動語態(tài)中用不帶to的不定式作補語，但在被動語態(tài)中要加上to：它們是“吾看三室兩廳一感覺”5看（look at, see, watch, notic

8、e, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2聽（listen to, hear）；1感覺（feel）。以上動詞除let, make外都可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，此外find, catch, keep, leave也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。如：Someone was heard _（上樓）.At that time, I found him _（在街上哭）.He was caught _（偷東西）.四、注意：不及物動詞的過去分詞作賓補表完成或狀態(tài)。如：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.（不及物動詞，狀態(tài)）

9、I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.（不及物動詞，完成）（三）不定式、分詞作定語用法要點一、不定式作定語1、作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或way時，不定式后面的介詞習慣上省去。如：He had no money and no place to live (in).2、當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞

10、或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可用主動語態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較：Do you have anything to send? Do you have anything to be sent? 3、用不定式作定語的幾種情況：（1）不定式表將來。如：The car to be bought is for his sister. （2）用來修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級或no, all, any等限定的中心詞。如：He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in t

11、he Olympic Games.（3）用來修飾的詞是抽象名詞時，常見的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等。如：Do you have the ability to read and write in English?I have no chance to go sightseeing.二、分詞作定語1、作定語的及物動詞分詞形式為：doing, done, being done。當被修飾的名詞與分詞為主動關(guān)系時，用do

12、ing；當被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動關(guān)系且表正在進行時，用being done；當被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動關(guān)系且表完成時，用done。如：The houses being built are for the teachers.The broken glass is Toms. The boy wearing a red shirt is my brother.2、作定語的不及物動詞分詞形式為：doing, done。doing表示正在進行；done表示已經(jīng)完成。如：boiling water boiled water falling leaves fallen leaves 三、不定式一般被動式

13、to be done、過去分詞done和現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式being done作定語的區(qū)別to be done表被動、將來； done表被動、完成；being done表被動、正在進行。如：Have you read the novel _ (write) by Dickens? Listen! The song _(sing) is very popular with the students.The question _ (discuss) at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. （四）不定式、動名詞作賓語用法要點一、下列動詞只能用不定式

14、作賓語， 決心學會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動答應(yīng)選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。decide / determine, learn, want, expect/ hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。此外，afford, strive, wait等也要用不定式作賓語。如：She pretended not to see me when I passed by.We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turn

15、ed up yet.二、下列動詞只能用動名詞作賓語， 考慮建議盼原諒，承認推遲沒得想。避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認完成就欣賞。禁止想象才冒險，不禁介意準逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy (想象，設(shè)想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape此

16、外，be used to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (無法承受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等動詞詞組也要用動名詞作賓語。如

17、：I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.to do sth.忘記/記住/遺憾去做某事（do后于forget/remember/regret）doing sth.忘記/記住/遺憾已經(jīng)做過某事（do先于forget/remember/regret）go onstoptrymeancant help三、下列動詞或詞組既可以跟動名詞作賓語，也可以跟不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別，要特別注意。1

18、、forget/ remember /regret /stop /try /mean /go on /cant help等 The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot to turn it off.When asked by the police, he said that he remembered arriving at the party, but not leaving. I usually go there by train. Why not try going by boat for a change?2、動詞like, lo

19、ve, prefer后接不定式或動名詞作賓語均可。如表示經(jīng)常性的行為常用動名詞，如表示具體的行為常用動詞不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would/should時，后面則應(yīng)接動詞不定式作賓語。feel like后接動名詞作賓語。如：我喜歡游泳，但今天下午不想游泳。I like _, but I dont like _ this afternoon.我想喝杯咖啡。I a cup of coffee. 我們都想慶祝一番。We all . allow/permit/forbid/advise3、在動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟動名

20、詞doing形式作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后用動詞不定式to do作賓語補足語。即： sb. to do sth. / doing sth.Smoking is forbidden here but you . 這里禁止吸煙，但你可以吸。We dont in the hall. 我們不準在大廳內(nèi)吸煙。4、動詞need, require, want作“需要”解時，其后用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義。be worth后必須用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。The window needs/requires/wants _窗戶需要擦一下。四、動詞不定式在介詞but, other than后面

21、時，如果介詞之前有行為動詞do的某種形式，那么介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則就要帶to。另外在cant choose but, cant help but（只好）, cant but（只好）, had better, would rather后面的不定式也要省略to。如：I cannot but agree to his terms.I cant choose but laugh.All I could do was go home.We could do nothing but/other than wait.We had nothing to do but/other than wait.W

22、e had no choice but to wait.五、不定式作動詞tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out等詞的賓語時，前面常帶引導詞how, what, whether, where, when, who等+ to do，但why+不帶to的不定式。注意：此用法中的不定式的邏輯主語需與主句的主語或賓語保持一致，否則用賓語從句。如：He showed us how to do the work. (= He showed us how we s

23、hould do the work.)I dont know what to do. (= I dont know what I should do.)We must decide whether to stay or go.Can you tell me why do it?（五） 不定式、分詞作狀語用法要點一、不定式作狀語Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.*某些

24、形容詞作表語，表示喜、怒、哀、樂，后跟不定式表示原因（一作賓語講）。如：I am very glad to see you.*在帶有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作狀語，表示程度。如：He is old enough to go to school. *注意：強調(diào)動詞不定式所表示的目的時，動詞不定式可用in order to（為了）或so as to（以便）+動詞原形。so as to不用于句首。如：He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 二、分詞作狀語1、形式的選擇形式意義(doing)與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，與句

25、中謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或基本上同時發(fā)生。 (having done)與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。(done)與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。 (being done)與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，一般作原因狀語置于句首。 (having been done)與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。2、分詞作狀語的基本原則分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致。分詞作狀語必須和句中主語含有邏輯上的主謂或動賓關(guān)系，否則不能使用分詞作狀語。3、分詞作狀語的句法功能分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式

26、、伴隨狀況等。表示時間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時可由連詞while或when引出。如：When _ (offer) help, one often says Thank you. or Its kind of you.Be careful while/when _(cross) the street._(separate) from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.Generally _(sp

27、eak), when _(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side-effect. He glanced over at her, _(notice) that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together._(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake.The teacher came into the lab, _(follow)(by) some students. 三、獨立成分作狀語有些分詞或

28、不定式短語作狀語，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響。稱作獨立成分。常見的有：generally speakingfrankly speaking judging from/by consideringtakinginto consideration, to tell you the truth seeing supposing/suppose providing/provided saving assuming admitting given compared to/with Generally speaking, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.（六） 非謂語動詞易混點一、不定式的主動和被動1、不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時，不定式往往用主動形式。如：Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon? (A knife cuts the wate