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1、Respiratory systemThe respiratory systemnose pharynxlarynxupper respiratory tractlower respiratory tracttracheaprincipal bronchibranchesof principalbronchi1. respiratory tract2. lung/pulmoThe external noseNasal root Nasal backApex of noseAlae nasiNares Cartilages Section 1 The NoseExternal noseRoot
2、of noseBack of noseApex of noseAlae nasiNares Nasal cavityLeft nasal cavityReft nasal cavityNasal septumParanasal sinusesFrontal sinusesMaxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinusesSection 1 The NoseExternal noseRoot of noseBack of noseApex of noseAlae nasiNares Nasal cavityLeft nasal cavity
3、Reft nasal cavityNasal septumParanasal sinusesFrontal sinusesMaxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinusesSection 1 The NoseExternal noseRoot of noseBack of noseApex of noseAlae nasiNares Nasal cavityLeft nasal cavityRight nasal cavityNasal septumParanasal sinusesFrontal sinusesMaxillary sin
4、uses Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinusesRespiratory regionOlfactory regionPerpendicular plate of ethmoid boneNasal boneSeptal cartilageVomer Nasal cavityThe partnasal vestibule lined by skinproper nasal cavity lined by mucosa.The mucosa has two region: olfectory region and respiratory region.The med
5、ial wall: Nasal septumThe lateral wall: Superior, middle ,inferior nasal concha Superior, middle ,inferior nasal meatusThe paranasal sinuses are some air spaces lying in the bone around the nasal cavity.frontal sinusmaxillary sinusethmoidal sinusanterior groupmiddle groupposterior groupsphenoidal si
6、nusmiddle nasal meatussuperior nasal meatussphenoethmoidal recessThe place of the oppenings of paranasal sinuses. The paranasal sinuses are some air spaces lying in the bone around the nasal cavity.frontal sinusmaxillary sinusethmoidal sinusanterior groupmiddle groupposterior groupsphenoidal sinusmi
7、ddle nasal meatussuperior nasal meatussphenoethmoidal recessThe place of the openings of paranasal sinuses. Frontal sinusSphenoethmoidal recess Frontal sinusSection 2 The larynxLaryngeal cartilagesLaryngeal jointsLaryngeal musclesLaryngeal cavity2. The composition1. The position and relationThe sagi
8、ttal section of the skull and necklarynxthyroid cartilage 1cricoid cartilage 1epiglottic cartilage 1arytenoid cartilage 21. Laryngeal cartilagesConus elasticusVocal ligamentConus elasticusVocal ligamentquadrangular membrane vestibular ligament Epiglottic cartilageHyoid boneThyrohyoid membrane Thyroi
9、d cartilageArytenoid cartilageCricoarytenoid jointCricothyroid jointLamina of cricoid cartilageTracheal cartilageAnnular lig.The laryngeal cavity and joint2. The laryngeal jointsThyrohyoid membraneCricothyroid jointQuadrangular membraneConus elasticusCricoarytenoid jointCricotracheal membraneConus e
10、lasticus extend upward from the cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages and the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage. Vocal ligament is the superior of the conus elasticus.Vocal fold is the mucosa covering the vocal ligament.Transverse arytenoidPosterior cricoarytenoidOblique arytenoidcr
11、icothyroidThyroarytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid3. The muscle of larynxCrinothyroidPosterior cricoarytenoidTransverse arytenoidOblique arytenoidThyroarytenoid Posterior cricoarytenoid can open the glottis.Transverse arytenoid and oblique arytenoid close the glottis.Posterior cricoarytenoid and crinot
12、hyroid can tense and lenghten the vocal fold.Thyroarytenoid can relax and shorten the vocal fold.The fissure glottisConus elasticusLaryngeal vestibuleRima vestibuliVestibular foldVentricle of larynxVocal foldFissure of glottisInfraglottic cavityTracheal cavityEpiglottisAperture of larynxAryepiglotti
13、c foldInterarytenoid notchOblique arytenoidTransverse arytenoidThyroid cartilagePosterior cricoarytenoidCricothyroid jointCricoid cartilageTracheal cartilage4. The laryngeal cavityThe inlet: aperture larynxThe mucous fold The partsThe vestibular foldsThe vocal foldThe laryngeal vestibuleThe intermed
14、ial cavity of larynxThe infraglottic cavityThe fissure glottisSection 3 The trachea and bronchi1. The tracheaThe composition: The tracheal cartilages, smooth muscle, connective tissue and epithelium.The position of the bifurcation of trachea:the sternal angle or the lower border of the fourth thorac
15、ic vertebraThe carina of trachea:2. The bronchiPrincipal bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.The carina of tracheaR principal bronchusLarynx TracheaL principal bronchusBifurcationLarynx Trachea Right principal bronchusSuperior lobar bronchusMiddle lobar br
16、onchusInferior lobar bronchusBifurcation of traceaLeft principal bronchusSup. lobar bronchusInf. lobar bronchusSection 3 The trachea and bronchi1. The tracheaThe composition:The position of the bifurcation of trachea:carina of trachea:2. The bronchiPrincipal bronchi lobar bronchi segmental bronchi b
17、ronchioles terminal bronchioles.The differences of right and left principal bronchus: shorter, wider, more verticalApex of lungOblique fissurePulmonary a.left principal bronchus Posterior borderRight inf. pulmonary v. inferior lobeHilum of lungSuperior pulmonary v.Superior lobeCardiac impressionCard
18、iac notchOblique fissure base of lungMedial surface of left lungApex of lungSuperior lobar bronchusRight principal bronchus Posterior borderRight inf. pulmonary v. inferior lobe Pulmonary a. Hilum of lungSuperior pulmonary v.Superior lobeHorizontal fissureOblique fissureMiddle lobe base of lungMedia
19、l surface of right lungLarynxtracheaApex Superior lobe cardiac notch oblique fissure inferior lobeApex Superior lobeCostal surfaceAnterior borderHorizontal fissureOblique fissureMiddle lobeInferior lobemedial surfaceInferior borderSection 4 lung/pulmo1. The external features Apex Base or diaphragmat
20、ic suface Two surface: costal and medial surfaceThree border:Hilum of lung Root of lung: The bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, nerves, bronchial vessels, lymphatics and lyph nodesLarynxtracheaApex Superior lobe cardiac notch oblique fissure inferior lobeApex Superior lobeCostal surfaceAnterior bo
21、rderHorizontal fissureOblique fissureMiddle lobeInferior lobemedial surfaceInferior border2. The lobeoblique fissurehorizontal fissureRight lungLeft lungSuperior lobeMiddle lobe Inferior lobeSuperior lobeInferior lobeoblique fissure3. The situation of lungs4. The bronchopulmonary segments4. The bron
22、chopulmonary segmentsSection 5 The pleura1. The partsParietal pleuraVisceral pleuraCostal pleuraDiaphrgmatic pleuraMediastinal pleuraCupula of pleura2. The pleural cavity and thoracic cavity3. The pleural recess:costodiaphragmatic recess 4. The projection of inferior margins of lungs and pleuraThe i
23、nferior margins of lungs and pleura :inferior margin of lungsinferior margin of pleuramidclavicular linemidaxillary linescapular line6th rib10th rib8th rib8th rib11th rib10th ribSernal angleAnterior mediastinumMiddle mediastinumHeart Diaphragm Posterior mediatinumSuperior mediatinumSection 6 The mid
24、iastinumSuperior mediastinumInferior mediastinumanterior mediastinummiddle mediastinumposterior mediastinumThe subsection:Sum up the main point of respiratory system1. The respiratory system includes respiratory tract and pulmo. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx; and the
25、 trachea, principal bronchi with their branches belong to the lower tract. The primary function of this system is to supply the body with oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. 2. The nose includes the external nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Each nasal cavity is divided into nasal vestibul
26、e and proper nasal cavity. The nasal vestibule is lined by skin, and the proper nasal cavity by mucous membrane. According to the function ,the mucous membrane is divided into two parts: olfectory and respiratory region.The paranasal sinuses includes the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal and sphenoidal
27、sinus. They all communicate with nasal cavity. The frontal, maxillary, the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses open into the middle nasal meatuses; and the posterior ethmoidal sinus into the upper nasal meatus; and the sphenoidal sinus into the sphenoethmoidal recess. The positions of the opening
28、the maxillary sinuses are higher than its floor.3. The larynx consist of a framework of cartilages that connected together by ligament, membrane and joint. There are five cartilages: one thyroid, one cricoid, one epigrottic, and a pair arytenoid cartilage. The laryngeal cavity may be divided into th
29、ree parts by the vestibular folds and the vocal folds: the laryngeal vestibule, the intermedial cavity of larynx and the infraglottic cavity.Here, there are several names we must memorize:The conus elasticus: the membrane between the upper of the cricoid cartilage, the posterior of the thyroid carti
30、lage, and arytenoid cartilage.The vocal ligament: the upper of the conus elasticus between the thyroid cartilage and the vocal projection of the arytenoid cartilage.The vocal fold: the mucosa covering the surface of the vocal ligament and the arytenoid cartilage.The fissure of glottis: the between t
31、he right and left vocal folds.The glottis: consists of the vocal folds and the fissure of glottis.4. Trachea and bronchi are all composed of C-shaped ring of cartilages, smooth muscle and connective tissue. The lower end of the trachea is called the bifurcation. There is a carina of trachea on the i
32、nner surface of the bifurcation. The carina of trachea is the marker to guide the bronchoscope to the left or right bronchus.The right principal bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical in position than the left.5. The lung/ pulmo is respiratory organ. The lung/ pulmo is conical and has an apex
33、, a base, two surfaces and three borders. The apex of the lung extends to about 23 cm above the level of the medial one-third of the clavicle.The left pulmo is divided into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure; and the right pulmo is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes by obli
34、que and horizontal fissuresThe branches of the bronchi in the lungs: principal bronchus lobar bronchi segmental bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles.A bronchopulmonary segment: a unit of lung tissue, where the branches / ramifications of a segmental bronchus distributes to. There are 10 segments on each side lung.6. The pleura are serous membra
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