1、摘要肢體語(yǔ)言是跨文化交際中的重要組成部分。在人與人溝通或談判時(shí)，大部分的人會(huì)使用 手勢(shì)語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)各種信息。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，肢體語(yǔ)言中的手勢(shì)語(yǔ)以其簡(jiǎn)單明了的 特性而廣泛應(yīng)用于跨文化交際中。除了一些世界公認(rèn)的手勢(shì)語(yǔ)外，在不同文化里，大部分的 手勢(shì)語(yǔ)的含義會(huì)有差異。在日常交流中，雖然使用口頭語(yǔ)言的機(jī)會(huì)較多，然而手勢(shì)語(yǔ)也同樣 重要。本文通過(guò)介紹一些國(guó)內(nèi)外常用的手勢(shì)語(yǔ)并比較手勢(shì)語(yǔ)的含義在不同國(guó)家的差異性，深 入了解在跨文化交際中常見(jiàn)手勢(shì)語(yǔ)的含義，這對(duì)于盡可能地避免跨文化交際時(shí)的文化誤解和 沖突有著重要意義。關(guān)鍵詞：手勢(shì)語(yǔ)；人類(lèi)交往；跨文化交際table of contentsabstract錯(cuò)誤

2、!未定義書(shū)簽。摘要i1. introduction12. literature review22.1 development of hand gestures22.2 domestic and overseas research actualities23status of hand gestures in language44. overview of hand gestures54.1 definition of hand gestures54.2 functions of hand gestures54.3 significance of hand gestures65classific

3、ations of hand gestures75.1 the“aok"75.2 the t4v-sign,975.3 the “pointing"85.4 the “thumb up"85.5 the “beckoningsign"95.6 the “wave"95.7 the “coma"96 application of hand gestures106.1 application of hand gestures in daily life106.2 application of hand gestures in other

4、fields106.2.1 hand gestures of recognizing lies106.2.2 hand gestures of traffic command116.2.3 hand gestures of basketball match117. conclusion12references錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。acknowledgements錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。1. introductionthe intercultural communication has become the main style of people's communication with the

5、 process of globalization, and the verbal communication is always the major part in the communication, however, the non-verbal communication is indispensable. when people are talking with others, they are not just using words, but also using facial expressions and hand gestures. for example, waving

6、one9s hand is to say “good-bye； actually, hand gestures can also enhance speaker's connection with the audience.humans send and interpret such signals subconsciously. this thesis wants to explore the hand gestures of body language from different cultures around the world. members of a culture ty

7、pically know only the gestures from their own society. for example, americans know the messages of hand gestures such as "ok?： "shame on yoif； and “crazy，； but they tend to be ignorant about hand gestures from other societies. similarly, most iranians have no idea that their most obscene g

8、esture (the “thumbs up gesture) actually means "good luck" in america and in many european nations.when doing arithmetic, many children tend to move their fingers almost subconsciously, even some adults. the american soldiers were making a "v” sign with the index and the middle finger

9、s as a "victory sigrt while the japanese were using it as a "peace sign". different hand gestures have different meanings, and different countries have different gestures. the same hand gestures also have different meanings in different cultures. the thesis tends to the thorough discu

10、ssion and the research of the hand gestures around some countries.the thesis consists of three parts. part one is an introduction to hand gestures, the research background, the reasons and purpose of studying hand gestures from the daily life. part two is a detailed analysis of hand gestures; it is

11、also divided into five chapters. chapter one is the literature review. chapter two focuses on the status of hand gestures in non-verbal communication. chapter three will indicate the overview of hand gestures, which consists of the definition, functions and meanings of hand gestures. chapter four is

12、 an analysis of classifications of hand gestures. the last chapter is about the application of hand gestures. part three is a conclusion of the thesis.2. literature review2.1 development of hand gesturesat the beginning of human society, they could not communicate with others by some special languag

13、es. a mass of data have researched by any scientists from different areas, such as language scientists, human scientists and historical scientists, who tend to understand the development of the human language. the common point that they have found is body language, which human communicates with othe

14、rs at the beginning of human society. hands are flexible parts of body and play an important role in human in teraction, and then a large number of hand gestures have appeared. with the development of the human society, human has improved gradually on the physical and psychological side, the science

15、 and technology having been developed. then, human can communicate with others by speaking and writing that have become the major methods in the communication area, even chatting on the internet nowadays around the world. however, the hand gestures have not disappeared in the human society and play

16、an important role in life.in body language, hand gestures have become the basic communication method the history of hand gestures is uncertain, and there is no evidence of its existence before the first decade of the 20th century （嚴(yán)明,2009:7）. abundance of hand gestures form the major part among the

17、communication processes, such as the business negotiation, classroom instruction, military field, and the principal communication method with disabled persons. even in the speech, the lecturer also uses some hand gestures to express his meanings to the audiences. speech also contains some hand gestu

18、res of body language known as paralanguage. the meanings of hand gestures vary among various parts of countries, also among cultural groups and between generations. hand gestures have become from a single one to an optimized combination of a series of means. for example, the ok sign acquired its mod

19、ern connotation from the ancient world.2.2 domestic and overseas research actualitiesin the classical roman era, cicero, who was an orator politician and philosopher, concluded that hand gestures as a language could be understood by people, although the people were barbarian. with detailed researchi

20、ng of the subject, his study illustrated quite strikingly how roman speakers could use gestures involving their arms, hands, and fingers to give extra force and impact to their words. in 1644, john bulwer was the first person in england to propose educating deaf people. he wrote five works to explor

21、e the body language in human communication, particularly hand gestures. he had issued a single volume chirologia and chironomia that have different paginations about hand gestures, and the main idea was to guide the deaf people how to improve their ability of communication with hand gestures.mcneill

22、 has made some considerations on the relationship between language and gesture by his book language and gesture in 2000. his main argument is that gestures and speech are a single system because they occur and develop together. after that, some foreign countries have developed some rather ripe theor

23、ies.from the above, we can make it clear that it has a long history in the foreign countries for the researching and analyzing of hand gestures- however, very few people inside our country study hand gestures. in china, the researchers of hand gestures pay more attention to the application of the di

24、sabled area and the teaching process- many chinese people would be confused by the unknown hand gestures when they visit the foreign countries. this thesis tends to compare the meanings of hand gestures among different cultures.3. status of hand gestures in languageit is significant to study the sta

25、tus of hand gestures in language before knowing the detailed information of hand gestures. broadly speaking, communication consists of two kinds: verbal and non-verbal communication. verbal communication consists of word language and the variations in meaning which a person puts into words through t

26、he way they are said. according to burgoon and saine （1978）, non-verbal communication is the qualities of behaviors known to all in a community without the use of words, and such qualities or behaviors are intentionally or thought to be intentionally given by the speaker and consciously received by

27、the listener and likely to make a feedback （曹湘洪,2009:93）.non-verbal communication is also called silent language and plays a key role in human day-to-day life. dr. isa n engleberg asserted that "research has suggested that between 60% and 70% of all meanings are derived from non-verbal behavior

28、s （isa n. engleberg, 2006:133）： generally, many researchers classify non-verbal communication as four major parts, including body language, paralanguage, object language and environmental language （胡文仲，畢繼萬(wàn)，2004:6） charlie chaplin and many other silent movie actors were the pioneers of non-verbal com

29、munication; they were the only means of communication available on the screen in the silent-film era.body language is a form of non-verbal communication, which consists of body postures, hand gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. a mass of data of studies with intercultural communication

30、indicates that body language has six major functions, including repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting, and accenting （熊金才，孫麗2001:56-58）. basically it is send and received in a variety of ways without the use of verbal language. from ancient times to the present, most peop

31、le are still ignorant of the existence of hand gestures of body language in daily communication, let alone its importanee in their lives.different fingers or thumb gestures can convey a range of meanings in different cultures, from insults to approval or even attraction. many good speakers or storyt

32、ellers use hand gestures to illustrate their stories. hand gestures often help the speakers and listeners to indicate their meanings.when people could not say anything in an emergency situation, hand gestures would convey some useful messages to others at that time. on such occasions, small gestures

33、 can make a big difference. when you are reading in the library, if someone speak loudly and you will move the index finger to your lips meaning “be quief a hand signal may be small, perhaps betraying subconscious thinking of someone. it may also be exaggerated or done with both hands to emphasize t

34、he point. hands are often used in greetings. the most common form of greeting is shaking hands, of which there are many different forms. opening the palm shows that there is no concealed weapon. this is significant in greeting, salutes, waves etc.4> overview of hand gestures4.1 definition of hand

35、 gestureshand gestures are a form on nonverbal communication in which visible body actions are used to communicate particular messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel with spoken words (kendon, adam, 2004). in daily communication, most people use a lot of hand gestures to expr

36、ess their intention of the communication and help other people to understand their meanings easily. however, most people are not conscious of the importanee of hand gestures in human interaction until nowhand gestures include the movement of the hands or hands with other parts of the body. physical

37、non-verbal communications such as purely expressive displays, proxemics, or displays of joint attention differs from hand gestures, which communicates with specific messages (kendon, adam, 2004). in many countries, making the “ok" sign with the fingers means affirmation or perfection of one thi

38、ng. waving the hand, people always use to say goodbye to others. cupping one or both hands over the mouth, especially when talking, may well indicate that the person is trying to hide something. putting your hand to your cheek or stroking your chin generally portrays thinking, interest or considerat

39、ion. fingers bent across the chin or below the mouth most often shows critical evaluation.4.2 functions of hand gestureshand gestures are culture-specific and can convey very different meanings in different societies or cultural settings (morris et al, 1979). some main relevant functions of hand ges

40、tures in human communication could be described as follows: a) rhetorical functions: such as rhetorical devices that are emphatic and powerful modalities to present discourse content (atkinson, 1984; edwards, potter, 1992); b) discursive functions: such as discursive markers, marking syntactic struc

41、ture of discourse (fraser, 1999); c) interactive functions: features of talk turns in conversation as marking interaction managing and social relationship with the interlocutor; d) persuasive functions: convincing and influential communication.some specific objectives about the individuation of func

42、tions of hand gestures are: a) verifying co-occurrence and sequence of gestures with discursive markers, or rhetorical devices, or types of questions; b) studying the role of hand gestures in persuasive communication in contexts of social influence (group discussion and pol讓ical oratory), through co

43、rrelational as well as experimental studies.there are some examples as follows that will indicate the functions of hand gestures. rubbing gently behind or beside the ear with the index finger or rubbing the eye usually means the other person is uncertain about what you are saying. leaning back with

44、both hands supporting the head usually indicates a feeling of confidence or superiority. tightly clenched hands usually indicate that the person is experiencing undue pressure, and it may be difficult to relate to this person because of his tension and disagreement. superiority and authority are usu

45、ally indicated when you are standing and joining your hands behind your back-4.3 significance of hand gestureslanguage varies from country to country. it differs not only in written and spoken language but also in hand gestures. the same hand gestures could not mean the same message in different cou

46、ntries or cultures, even different persons. what is important is that it is very easy for hand signals to be misinterpreted even amongst close friends. although some hand gestures, such as the ubiquitous act of pointing, differ little from one place to another, most hand gestures do not have invaria

47、ble or universal meanings but connote specific meanings in particular cultures- a single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive (kendon, adam, 1994).the main reasons for studying the role of hand gestures

48、 in human interaction may be summarized as follows. people use hand gestures to send and receive non-verbal messages intentionally or unintentionally, consciously or unconsciously. people make important decisions and judgments about others and situations based on these non-verbal messages. peopled e

49、motional state is best communicated through their non-verbal messages. people make judgments about the verbal messages in light of accompanying non-verbal clues. people use the non-verbal elements to present themselves to others and to alter the thinking and behavior of others. hand gestures have a

50、major role in facilitating intercultural communication especially in today's economic globalization society.hand gestures help people to express their intention to others by any style, and they are indispensable around human interaction. however, the appropriate use of hands can result in a mark

51、ed increase in the understanding and retention of messages. correctly used, hand gestures can help you say more in less time, show what you mean without having to resort to visuals, signal your conviction or confidence and add texture or dimension to your material or ideas.in science daily, a series

52、 of researching messages indicate that hand gestures are meaningful in human life. hand gestures would solve problem by helping a person keep track of an object in the mind as it is rotated to a new position. since our hands are used so much in daily life to manipulate objects, gestures also may pro

53、vide additional feedback and visual clues by simulating how an object would move if the hand were holding it.in community farm or retail or household goods markets, the fingers up to ten and more can be quickly shown by hands held up or fingers held up. although in chinese finger counting gets more

54、complicated after the number five, as the counter then use his other hand in the same way by marking off from finger six to finger ten, which to western minds makes no sense.5e classifications of hand gesturesgenerally, when passing objects in the middle east and parts of asia, people do not use the

55、 left hand. it will be considered impolite. when receiving something from another person, it is customary to do so with both hands, especially when exchanging business cards in countries like japan. in this case, do not place the card inside your pocket, but read it carefully and prop it against som

56、ething on the desk for the duration of the meeting.these hand gestures can be very useful in the workplace because they are a quick way to convey thoughts and feelings without needing to speak or write. additionally, many such hand gestures are generally widely understood, although they may carry di

57、fferent meanings in other cultures. for instance, although the "a-ok” sign that is made through touch of the thumb and forefinger with the remaining fingers extended is seen as a positive gesture in the america; in some other cultures, this is seen as a vulgar gesture.5.1 the ua-okthe "a-o

58、k or okay, made by connecting the thumb and forefinger in a circle and holding the other fingers straight, may signal the word “okay，： especially as a diving signal. universally, this sign means “alright, acceptable, good, right-on, satisfactory, you bet!" hand signs have different meanings whe

59、n found in different cultures.the ok gesture has several meanings in many countries. in america and most of europe, the a-ok is used to signify approbation, satisfaction or excellence. but the same gesture is offensive in parts of southern europe and south america. in brazil and germany it would be like that somebody give another one the middle finger in north america. in china, people could use it to signify approval or the number “three" by the three fingers straight. in turkey it means that someone is homosexual. in