1、語言心理學(xué)名詞解釋Mutual exclusivity bias: A cognitive constraint in which children assume that an object is ordinarily not given two different names.Motherese: A form of adult-to-child speech characterized by relatively simple utterances, concrete referents, exaggerated intonation patterns, and a high propo

2、rtion of directive utterances.Critical period hypothesis: The view that there is a period early in life in which we are especially prepared to acquire a language.Language bioprogram hypothesis: The hypothesis that children whose environmental exposure to language is limited use a backup linguistic s

3、ystem.Pidgin: An auxiliary language that is created when speakers of mutually unintelligible languages are in close contact.Language transfer: In second-language acquisition, the process in which the first language influences the acquisition of a subsequent language. Overregularization: When a child

4、 applies a linguistic rule to cases that are exceptions to the rule- for example, saying goed instead of went.Holophrase: A one-world utterance used by a child to express more than the meaning attributed to the world by adults. Idiomorph: A sound or sound sequence used consistently by a child to ref

5、er to someone or something even though it is not the sound sequence conventionally used in the language for that purpose. Coalescence: A phonological process in which phonemes from different syllables are combined into a single syllable.Reduction: A phonological process in child language in which on

6、e or more phonemes are deleted. Also called cluster reduction because consonant clusters are often reduced, such as saying take for steak.Assimilation: A phonological process in which one speech sound is replaced by another that is similar to sounds elsewhere in the utterance.Common ground: The shar

7、ed understanding of those involved in the conversation.Semantic bootstrapping: The process of using semantics to acquire syntax.Accommodation: A phonological process in which elements that are shifted or deleted are adapted to their error-induced environments.Incremental processing: The notion that

8、we are planning one portion of our utterance as we articulate another portion.Speech errors: It refer to faults made by speakers during the production of sounds, words and sentences. Both native speakers and non-native speakers of a language make mistakes when speaking.Assemblage errors: A wrong ite

9、m (or items) is chosen, where something has gone wrong with the selection process.Selection errors: The correct choice of word has been made, but the utterance has been faultily assembled.Psycholinguistics: The study of the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.Aphasia: A language o

10、r speech disorder caused by brain damage.Behaviorism: The doctrine that states that the proper concern of psychology should be the objective study of behavior rather than the study of the mind.Distinctive features: The specification of the differences between speech sounds in terms of individual con

11、trasts.Observational adequacy: The extent to which a grammar can distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable strings of words. Descriptive adequacy: The extent to which a grammar can provide a structural description of a sentence. See also explanatory adequacy and observational adequacy.Explanat

12、ory adequacy: The extent to which a grammar can explain the facts of language acquisition. Transformational-generative grammar：A grammar that accounts for the constructions of a language by linguistic transformations and phrase structures, especially generative grammar.Psychological reality: Structu

13、res and rules of transformational grammar were psychologically real, and they were a part of how people comprehend and produce languageCore grammar: Core-grammar is that part of the relatively stable state of the language faculty that results from the setting of parameters in UG（the initial state of

14、 the language faculty).Working memory: A form of memory with both storage and processing functions. Working memory is used to hold information for a short period of time as well as to perform various operations on the stored information.Memory span: A person's memory span is the number of items

15、that can be reliably recalled in the correct order. Episodic memory: The division of permanent memory in which personally experienced information is stored.Semantic memory: The portion of permanent memory that contains organized knowledge of words, concepts, symbols, and objects. See also internal l

16、exicon.Parallel processing: When two or more processes take place at the same time.Categorical perception: The inability to discriminate sounds within a phonemic category.Semantic network: A model of semantic memory in which words are represented as nodes and connected to other nodes by various sema

17、ntic relationships.Typicality effect: The fact that it takes longer to verify a statement of the form An A is a B when A is not typical or characteristic of B.Logogen: Structure in the internal lexicon that specifies the various attributes (semantic, orthographic, and so on) of a word.Cohort Model:

18、A model of auditory word recognition in which listeners are assumed to develop a group of candidates, a word initial cohort, and then determine which member of that cohort corresponds to the present word.Semantic priming: An experimental procedure in which one word is presented in advance of another target word, which reduces the time needed to retrieve or activate the target word.ParsingParsing: The process of assigning words