1、考研語法長難句一， 1,語法重要性 語法與考研英語各題型緊密聯系，完形填空，閱讀理解，翻譯和寫作都會考查到語法，因此，語法同詞匯一樣都是考研英語的基礎，只有扎實的基礎我們才能快速提高英語能力，才能在以后的考研英語學習中做到游刃有余。2,課程目標：1），建立對語法的整體意識感；語法知識分析句子2）有效拿分句子理解找到答案語法知識 句子輸出二，考研語法體系（三，三，六）名詞-名詞性結構-名詞性從句形容詞-形容詞性結構-形容詞性從句副詞-副詞性結構-副詞性從句非謂語動詞特殊結構-省略，比較，倒裝，分割，否定，強調 三， 基本概念1，句子成分概念句子成分：包括主干成分（主，謂，賓，表）和修飾成分（定，

2、狀，補，同）e.g.i bought an interesting book yesterday at book store.2，謂語動詞-二態1） 時態：一般現在時：一般過去時：一般將來時：2） 語態：語態（被動語態）3） 時態和語態結合1， 謂語動詞的不同形式：1) 基本形式：2) 特殊時態形式：3) 與情態動詞相結合：4) 表強調：4，簡單句句型：最基本的有兩種主謂主系表5，復合句概念-是通過連詞把各個分句連接起來。因連接詞的不同，我們還可以將復合句分為并列復合句和主從復合句。并列復合句指通過and ,or,but等并列連詞連接起來的句子，分句間的關系是平等的，而主從復合句指是由that

3、,which,how,whether等從屬連詞連接起來的句子。6， 句子擴展e.g.i love you.主語擴展： i,the most considerate and handsome boy in the world,love you.謂語擴展：I love you with heart and soul.I love you, willing to do every for you.i know what you said is right.賓語擴展：I love the twenty-year-old you.I love you who is the smartest girl i

4、n the world. 四，考研英語語法的實質及長難句分析方法 實質：分解長難句長難句分析方法：主從句時：先分離主從句，找出句子主干（從句連詞和動詞個數關系：連詞個數+1=謂語動詞數）；再分析主語部分，謂語部分，賓語部分，定語部分，狀語部分；并列時要找到并列內容。句子結構分析遵循：謂語動詞找連詞(從屬連詞，并列連詞找出并列內容) 匹配（前面沒有從屬連詞的動詞即為主句謂語動詞）e.g. this trend began during the second world war, when several governments came to the conclusion that the sp

5、ecific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.e.g.it applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.99e.g. this alone demonstrates that the televisi

6、on business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.05(翻譯)e.g.such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareho

7、lders, an element representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.96五，語法知識點詳解1，三大從句2，三大非謂語3，六大特殊結構六，語法知識點詳解1,名詞數，格2,名詞句法功能（主，賓，表，同）3,名詞性從句1）概念，1，連接詞2）名詞性從句引導詞： 2，連接代詞3，連接副詞注意：名詞性從句用陳述語序

8、whether與if 比較：主，表，介賓，和or not3)主語從句實例：e.g.that English is important is an undoubted fact.e.g.whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me.e.g.when they will leave for Beijing is not yet decided.e.g.whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether

9、 it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is,yet,an unanswered question.4)賓語從句實例：that可以省略e.g.i have known that you are my source of endless inspiration.e.g.i dont know how he can come here.e.g.theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in cri

10、minal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.5)表語從句實例：系表結構e.g.the reason I dont go to France was that I got a new job.e.g.the question is whether he works at all.e.g.what is harder to es

11、tablish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.98.6)同位語從句實例：先行詞是抽象名詞;分隔式同位語從句e.g.the idea that the recent massive earthquake is the prelude of the 2012 disaster frightens everyone.e.g.the story goes that he beats his wife.例題分析1，how well the

12、 predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information.95六，定語從句（考研中出現頻率最高且難度最大）（一）知識點詳解形容詞及形容詞性從句1，形容詞的句法功能：定語(前置和后置)，表語，補語，狀語e.g.Duang is a new word.e.g.i have something important to do.e.g.i find the NETEM difficult.e.g.what s

13、urprises us is that they survived and escaped from the accident safe and sound.Sound sleep2,定語從句（形容詞性從句）1）定語從句的構成：先行詞（被修飾的名詞）+關系詞（引導詞）2)定語從句的類別限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句3）相關引導詞(3大功能) 關系代詞 關系副詞關系代詞：that which who whom whose as難點：同位語從句和定語從句的區別；介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句 與定語從句中動詞的搭配介詞來源 與先行詞搭配 根據句意決定e.g. this is the man to w

14、hom I referred.e.g. that is the reason for which he must apologize.e.g. water is essential to life without which we cant live.關系副詞：when where why wherebye.g. the day when we stop learning is the day when we die.e.g. literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.e

15、.g.she devised a plan whereby they might escape.難點：判斷when,where引導狀語從句還是定語從句關鍵看前面的先行詞如果是表示時間地點的名詞則是定語從句反之則是狀語從句。e.g.i will return the book when I finish it.e.g.please put the drugs where children cant reach.特殊關系代詞as 引導定語從句As 引導限定性定語從句的條件：如所修飾的名詞前有such,the same ,as出現，后面的從句將有as引導，as可以指人也可指物，在從句中作主，賓，表。

16、e.g.we have found such materials as are used in the factory.e.g.such people as you describe are short now.e.g.he is not the same man as he was.As 引導非限制性定語從句：與which 相似，往往指代一整句話，但是位置比較靈活，可位于主句之前，中，后。E.g.as is true of any developed society, in American a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions,and

17、conventions underlies all social relationship.As is vividly described in the picture,.七，知識點詳解副詞性從句（一），副詞概念：用以修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或全句的詞，說明時間，地點，程度，方式等概念，在句子中作狀語（9）。分詞副詞狀語介短不定式狀語從句副詞可分為：地點副詞，方式副詞，程度副詞，疑問副詞和連接副詞。地點副詞：here,there,everywhere,anywhere,somewhere方式副詞：carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fas

18、t程度副詞:much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite疑問副詞：how，when,where,why連接副詞：therefore,moreover,however,otherwise,then,（二），副詞句法功能1，he works hard.2,lets be out （三），狀語從句（一）時間狀語從句-定義，引導詞1，連詞引導詞：when,while,until,as,since,before,aftere.g.men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.(08

19、,text1)e.g.while computer offer these conveniences to consumers,they have many advantages for sellers too.(94,text2)e.g.as they looked up,they saw another cloud coming towards them.e.g.i have worked the university for ten years since I graduated from school.正常e.g.notuntil四種句式倒裝強調Until位于句首The boy did

20、nt stop crying until he saw his mother.Not until he saw his mother did the boy stop crying.It be 被強調部分 that/who 剩余成分It was not until he saw his mother that the boy stopped crying.e.g.as was discussed before,it was not_the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium,foll

21、owing in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical.A,after B,by C,during D,until2,短語引導詞：as soon as ;no soonerthan;hardlywhen; scarcelywhene.g.as soon as you awaken,identify what is upsetting about the dream.e.g.i had hardlyscarcely got home when it began to rain.e.g.

22、i had no sooner got home than it began to rain.3,時間名詞引導詞：the moment;the minute;the day;every time.e.g.the baby starts crying the minute he sees his father.e.g.every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.檢測：even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americans red-hot economy is cooli

23、ng,lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.(04)(二)，讓步狀語從句：四類連詞1，常見引導讓步狀語從句連詞：thoughalthougheven thoughife.g.the panel then informally accepted several general conclusions,although some details have not been settled.(99,text4)e.g.the defining term of intelligence in hu

24、mans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.(07,text2)2,while:雖然Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.Many others,_not addicted or

25、 mentally ill,simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around.(06)A when B once C while D whereasStrangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,_others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.A when B since C for D whereas3,no matter

26、+疑問詞=疑問詞+evere.g.no matter what happens,he will not change his mind.e.g.no matter how complicated the problems may seem to be,he always finds ways to solve them.e.g.however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal

27、.4,as 形容詞副詞分詞名詞（無冠詞）短語+as+主語+謂語動詞原形+as+主語+助動詞e.g.fast as you read,you cant finish the book in two days.e.g.king as he was,he was unhappy.e.g.try as he might ,he couldnt solve the problem.（三）條件狀語從句1，if and unlessIf only和only if2,短語引導詞：supposesupposing (that),assuming (that),providedproviding(that),as

28、(so) long ase.g.as long as you work hard enough,an iron can be ground into a needle.e.g.suppossupposing that it rains,can we play foodball indoors?e.g.farmers will have a good harvest,assuming the weather is videdproviding we get good weather it will be a successful holiday.檢測：（四）原因

29、狀語從句1，從屬連詞引導詞：because,since,as,fore.g.you can trust our product because the quality never varies.e.g._they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success

30、 and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.A if B although C whereas D because2,復合連詞引導詞：in that ,now that,seeing (that),now (that),considering (that),given(that)e.g.seeing that it is raining hard,well have to stay here for the night.e.g.seeing she is lawful enough to get married,I

31、 dont think you can stop her.e.g.they did the job very well,considering that they had no experience.e.g.given that they are inexperienced, they have done a good job.e.g.theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior_ they were not sufficiently penalized for pr

32、evious misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others.A before B unless C until D because(五)結果狀語從句常用引導詞sothat,suchthat, so thate.g.he worried so that he couldnt sleep.E.g.he speaks so fast that no one can catch him.e.g.he is such a good person that we mustnt bla

33、me him.e.g.and home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.e.g.the newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that

34、 some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.(六)目的狀語從句常用引導詞：so that,in order thatSo that 引導結果狀語從句和目的狀語從句的區別：1，目的狀語從句時，從句中含有maymight,cancould,shallshould,willwould情態動詞；2，結果狀語從句位于主句后。e.g.i got up early this morning so that in order that I could catch the first bus.e.g.in these

35、activities,it is important to remember that young teens have short attention span.a variety of activities should be organized _participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.A if only b now t

36、hat c so that d even if(七)地點狀語從句常用引導詞：where,anywhere,everywhere wherevere.g.where there is a will,there is a way.e.g.the credit card may cash money wherever she wishes to.e.g.everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival.(八)方式狀語常用引導詞：as,like,as ifthough,(in)the waye.g.work like yo

37、u dont need money.e.g.he look as if he had been hit by lighting.e.g.do as the Romans do when in Rome.e.g.do it the way you like.八，三大非謂語結構-動名詞；不定式；分詞（一）動名詞構成：1，主（it）： 動名詞句法功能 2,表 3，賓（介，動,it） 4，定語e.g. studying English well is very important.e.g. creating a European Identity that respects the different

38、 cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. 1，主語（it）4，定語（二不定式功能 2賓語（it）5，狀語 3，表語 6，賓補e.g.講義中 (三)分詞現在分詞和過去分詞1，分詞的類別：現在分詞，過去分詞2，分詞的語法功能：主動現在分詞 進行（1）做定語 被動過去分詞完成e.g. people looking back 5 or 10 years from now ma

39、y well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.e.g. falling leavese.g. after all,what is one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness?e.g. fallen leaves(2)分詞做狀語前提：a,分詞做狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語必須和句子主語一致；b,分詞做狀語時和主句之間有一定的邏輯關系可以轉換成相應的狀語從句。e.g. waiting for a bus,a brick

40、 fell on my head.waiting for a bus, I was hit by a brick.waiting for a bus, I was hit by a brick.e.g. reading the letter, she burst out crying.reading the letter,e.g. exhausted by the walk,he continued his journey.exhausted by the walk,e. g. being interested in the relationship of language and thoug

41、ht, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.(04,64)(3)獨立主格(分詞難點)定義：非謂語動詞作狀語，其邏輯主語必須和主句主語保持一致。若不一致非謂語動詞須另帶主語，從而構成獨立主格的形式作狀語。e.g. I waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.構成：a,名詞或代詞+分詞e.g. Time permitting, we are going to Be

42、ijing Botanical Garden.e.g. the condition being favorable,he may succeed.b,介詞+名詞/代詞+分詞e.g. with the problem settled, they were happy and relaxed.C,副詞+分詞 e.g. generally speaking, he is an honest person.九，六大特殊結構（一）特殊結構：省略結構，倒裝結構，比較結構，分割結構，否定結構，強調結構（二），知識點詳解（一）特殊結構之省略結構1，and并列省略e.g. to err is human and

43、 to forgive,divine.e.g. it is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional.e.g. until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem.02e.g.as families move away from thei

44、r stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.95 t3the word “it” most probably refers to_.A the lack of sta

45、ble communitiesB the breakdown of informal infor.channelC the interested mobility of familiesD the growing number of people moving from place to place總結： and并列時，若后一分句與前一分句有某個或某些相同的部分時，為了避免重復，有時會根據句意表達上的需要，在不會造成誤解的情況下對其相同的部分省去。，一般省主語和謂語或只省謂語，特別注意：謂語動詞的省略（完全省或保留助動詞）2.狀語從句省略e.g.though still distant,the

46、 prospects for passing the exam become bright.When published,the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year.e.g.do as the Romans do when in Rome.You do as the Romans do when in Rome.總結：狀語從句省略狀語從句主語和句子的主語一直時（這是省略前提），省略狀語從句主語。狀語從句中的謂語動詞省略：1）謂語動詞中有be時，直接省略be。2）謂語動詞為一般動詞時，將其改為分詞。When getting

47、up this morning, I found I was late.狀語從句省略的結構：連詞+分詞短語介詞短語形容詞。（二）特殊結構之比較1, 前肯后否結構：morethan；表示“比。多。”（表示兩個事物同一個方面）；還可表示“與其說后者。不如說前者。”是前者。而不是后者。“(表示一個事物的兩個方面時).e.g.she is more beautiful than her sister.e.g.i was more annoyed than worried when they did not come home.e.g.she is more intelligent than beaut

48、iful.補充：more than=not only;rather than 而不是；other than 除了；nothing more than=only 2,前否后肯結構 lessthan;not so much as;not more.than.表示“比。少。”（表示兩個事物同一個方面）還可表示“與其說前者。不如說后者。”是后者。而不是前者。（表示一個事物的兩個方面時）e.g. the lecture is less popular than the concert.e.g. Obama is less beautiful than intelligent.e.g. science m

49、oves forward not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.e.g.science, in practice,depends far less on the experiments than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.3,前后都肯定：no lessthan=not a

50、ny lessthan；asas表示“前者和后者一樣都。”（表示兩個事物同一個方面）；還可表示“既。又。”（表示一個事物的兩個方面時）e.g.she is no less beautiful than her sister.e.g.the girl is as smart as she is beautiful.e.g. the failed experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately works.4,前后都否定:no morethan=not any morethan表示兩個事

51、物同一方面比較時譯為“前者和后者一樣都不，表示同一事物的兩個方面比較時譯為“既不也不”e.g.he is no better at swimming than ie.g.the present crisis is no more an economic crisis than a political crisis.e.g. but his primary task is not to think about the moral code any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an explorat

52、ion of rules of conduct in business.全倒裝(三)特殊結構之倒裝結構 部分倒裝1,全倒裝：定義以here,there,now,then等副詞開頭的句子中。人稱代詞Here comes the bus.There comes the lady.Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.Now comes your turn.Here you are.There she comes.表示方向的副詞in，out，up，down等置于句首。人稱代詞In came Mr.White.Away went the b

53、oy.Out_,with a stick in his hand.A. did he rush b. Rushed heC.he rushed d.he did rush表示地點的介詞短語如 infront of the house,under the tree,on the wall 位于句首時。At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier2，部分倒裝：把be動詞，情態動詞，助動詞放到主語之前，如果句中沒有要借助助動詞do,did,does.only +狀語(副

54、詞、介詞短語，狀語從句)位于句首 e.g. Only by becoming healthier can countries correct these conditions.e.g. only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.e.g. only after he had spoken out t

55、he word did he realize he had made a big mistake. 含有否定意義的詞位于句首e.g. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.e.g. not until he got home did he realize that he had forgotten to attend the conference.e.g. by no means is it a simple task for a human.e.g.never before has television

56、served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.在虛擬語氣的條件句中，若條件句中有were, had, should等時可將if省略，把這幾個詞置于句首。e.g.if I were the president of American,I would make more efforts to enhance Sino-US relations.e.g. if you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournaments,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.e.g.for example,they do not compensate for gross social inequalit