1、初中英語語法輔導(dǎo)講義一、詞法（一）名詞（n.）1 .判斷可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞表示的事物有固定的整體,不可再分開。可數(shù)（名詞）不可分！不可數(shù)名詞表示的物質(zhì)沒有固定的外形,可任意分開。不分不可數(shù)（名詞）！2 .可數(shù)名詞的用法可數(shù)名詞又分個體名詞和集體名詞。個體名詞有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式。使用個體名詞時，不穿鞋子（-s）便戴帽（在名詞前有冠詞a/an）。如：I have a book.Books are used for reading.3 .不可數(shù)名詞的用法不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。使用不可數(shù)名詞時,前不用a/an,后不加-s。表達(dá)不可數(shù)名詞的量時，用 a glass/bottle/

2、cup/piece/kilo/bag.of+不可數(shù)名詞。區(qū)分： a pair of shoes（鞋子）/pants （褲子）/glasses （眼鏡）。不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。4 .名詞所有格（名詞的名詞）1） 's/s'所有格（用于有生命的事物名詞，主要是人名及指人的名詞），如:Michael's father;Li Ming's friend;students' book2）of所有格（用于無生命的事物名詞），the +所有物+ of + 所有者。如：the wall of the classroom; the name of

3、 our school3）雙重所有格：a friend of my father's4）共有所有格：Lucy and Lily's parents5）并歹U所有格：Jim's and Kate's rooms are on the second floor.（二）冠詞（art.） - a/an, the1.a/an 的用法：1 ）表示 “一”的概念；2 ）表示一類人或事物3） 用在些固定詞組中：as a result; wait a moment;for awhile; in a hurry;have a good time; have a talk/walk/

4、rest/look2.the的用法：1 ）前面已提到的名詞，再次提到時，在前面加the ;2）用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級前和表示方位的名詞前；3）用在表示樂器名稱的名詞前；4）與形容詞連用，表示一類人或事物5） 用于固定詞組中：by the way; at the end; in the sun;in the morning/afternoon/evening; go to the cinema/theater3.不用冠詞的情況：1 ）表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前；2 ） 一日三餐名稱的名詞前；3 ）表示球類運(yùn)動、棋類運(yùn)動、月份、星期、季節(jié)、節(jié)日、 語言、學(xué)科等名詞前；4 ）有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代

5、詞修飾的名詞前5 ）用于固定詞組中：by bus/bike/plane/air/sea/ship;at night/noon; at home; after school; in fact; in danger; in time;go to school/work/bed; from morning to night; day andnight （三）代詞（pron.）1 .人稱代詞：作主語用主格，作賓語用賓格;2 .物主代詞：形容詞性物圣際+名詞;后面沒有名詞時用名詞性物主代詞；3 .返身代詞：主語對自己做動作（作賓語）She enjoys herself every day.指主語或賓語本

6、身（作同位語）He can do it by himself.4 .指示代詞：this , these ; that , those （近指與遠(yuǎn)指并有單復(fù)數(shù)之分）5 .相互代詞：each other 相“互”代（替主語的個體）6 .不定代詞：A.修飾可數(shù)名詞的專用語 -many,few,a few ;B.修飾不可數(shù)名詞的專用語 -much,little,a little ；C.可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞前的共用語-a lot of/lots of,some, any, no;（四）數(shù)詞 （num.）1 .基數(shù)詞 “表示數(shù)量 ”,計數(shù)詞-hundred, thousand, million, bill

7、ion1 ）表示年份：in 1975, in 1992, in 1980s, in 1990s2 ） 表示年齡：He is thirteen years old.He began to learn English in his fifties . （在他五十幾歲時）3 ）表示時間：分鐘數(shù)小于或等于30時，half past two; twenty past nine分鐘數(shù)大于 30 時， a quarter to ten, five to eleven4）表示順序：名詞 + 基數(shù)詞：No.1; Room 918; Class 3, Grade 92 .序數(shù)詞“表示順序”3 .hundreds

8、of （好幾百,許許多多）,thousands of（成千上萬）,millions of （數(shù)百萬）；4 .分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)的表達(dá)法：1）分?jǐn)?shù)：分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的名詞。1/2 one second（a half）; 1/4 one fourth; 2/5 two fifths; 4/7 four sevenths2）百分?jǐn)?shù)：70% seventy percent; 15%fifteen percent3）小數(shù)：4.5 four point five; 3.14three point one four（五）形容詞（adj.）和副詞（adv.）1 .比較等級：原級，比較級,最高級

9、；1 ）原級句型：very/so/too/quite/rather+原級；無比較用原級；as+ 原級 +as; not so/as + 原級 + as ;2）比較級句型：much /a lot /a little +比較級 + than .;比較級and 比較級"越來越.”；the + 比較級,the + 比較級 "越.，越.”3）最高級句型：the + 最高級 + of/among/in .one of the 形容詞的最高級+復(fù)數(shù)名詞 “其中之2 .形容詡+ly變成方式副詞3 .連系動詞+形容詞；行為動詞 +方式副詞（六）介詞（prep.）1 .掌握學(xué)過的介詞短語介詞+

10、名詞at night, at first, at last, in time, in the end, in English, on foot, ontime, on Monday, on the playground, near your home, by bus, bythe river , by the way, under the tree, behind the door, beforelunch,after school/work/breakfast,from one to one hundred, from9:00 to 11:00, without breakfast/mone

11、y/air or water, with one'shelp, on one's way to2 .記住學(xué)過的介詞固定搭配A.動詞+介詞agree with, arrive in/at, come from, depend on, get to, hear from,knock at, laugh at, listen to, learn from, look at, look for, look afterplay with, pay for , prepare for , stand for , wait for , talk about, think about, thi

12、nk of, worry aboutB.be +形容詞+介詞be afraid of, be angry with, be busy with, be different from, be goodat, be good/bad for , be/become interested in, be pleased with, be satisfied with, be surprised at, be excited about, be worried about, be filled with, be late for , be made of, be famous for , be/get

13、ready for , be strict with, be far from3.注意介詞的習(xí)慣用語in/on the tree, in/on the wall, in/on the chair , in/on/at the corner ,in/to the east/south/west/north of, in the sun, in two days（七）連詞（conj.）1 .并列連詞： and, or , but, so連詞詞組： as well as （或者.或者.）；2.從屬連詞A）引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句： B）引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句： C）引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句： D）引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句： E）

14、引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句： F）引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句： G）引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句: H）引導(dǎo)讓賓語從句： （八）動詞（v.）（也）;both.and. （.和.者口） ; either .or .neither .nor .（既不.也不.）when, while, as, before, after if, unlessbecause, as, since, for though, although, even if so that, in order thatso.that, such.thatthan, as.asthat, if/whether;not only.but also （不但.而且 .） ,

15、until, as soon as1 .動詞的分類：行為動詞、連系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞 行為動詞+方式副詞（作狀語） 連系動詞+形容詞（作表語） 情態(tài)動詞+另一動詞的原形2 .謂語動詞按時態(tài)和語態(tài)要求使用10“主語執(zhí)行動作”即主語親自做謂語動作，用主動語態(tài)；“主語承受動作”即謂語動作對主語做，用被動語態(tài)。（初中學(xué)習(xí)了 一般現(xiàn)在時（主動： 一般過去時（主動： 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時（主動: 被動:過去進(jìn)行時（主動： 被動:一般將來時（主動: 過去將來時（主動: 現(xiàn)在完成時（主動: 被動:過去完成時（主動：8種時態(tài)及其被動語態(tài))do/does ; 被動: am/is/are +done ) did ; 被動

16、: was/were +done )am/is/are +doing ；am/is/are + being +done );was/were+doing ；was/were +being +done );will do ; 被動： will be +done );would do ; 被動: would be +done ) have/has done ;have/has been +done )； had done ; 被動： had been +done ).3.非謂語動詞按句型使用1）動詞不定式肯定式：to do sth. 否定：not to do sth.A)作主語：It is+adj

17、.+to do sth.It's important to learn English well.It's very kind of you_to say so.(of前的形容詞也修飾of后的人）It's difficult for us to finish the work in two days.B)作賓語：vt.+to do sth.*疑問詞+ to do 作賓語I don't know what to do next. They can't decide where to go.C)作賓語補(bǔ)足語：賓語 sb.+ to do sth.(動詞不定式的

18、動作由其前賓語 < 人執(zhí)行) ask sb. (not) to do sth.請求某人（別）做某事2) tell sb. (not) to do sth.叫/吩咐莫人（別）做莫事 want/like/advise/order sb. to do sth.要/希望/勸告/命令 某人 做某事* let/make/have sb. do sth.一賓語補(bǔ)足語用(省 to動詞不定式)do / v-ing 形式的動詞句型有: see /hear/watch/ notice /look at/listen to sb./ to do sth.看見/聽見/觀看/注意到 /看/ 聽某人 I doing

19、sth.* keep sb. doing sth.讓某人不停地做著某事D)作定語：n.+ to do/to do sth.I have a lot of homework to do. We have no time to play computer games.E)作狀語：vi.+to do sth./ do sth.+ to do sth.做某事（未做）做某事（已做）They went to see a movie last night. We come to school to study*remember/forget I to do sth.t己得/ 忘t己I doing sth.s

20、top to do sth.（停止原做著的事而去做另一件事）doing sth.（停止正在做的事）F）作表語：抽象名詞+ is + to do sth.Her wish is to go to Tsinghua University.The environmental workers' duty is to make the environment clean and tidy .2）有些及物動詞如 enjoy, mind, finish, keep, practice , avoid, allow, consider等 后面的動詞要用它的v-ing形式；*介詞后的動詞一律用它的v-i

21、ng形式。如：Thank you for helping me.They are used to living in school now.Yao Ming is good at playing basketball.Don't be afraid of speaking English.3）當(dāng)一個及物動詞作定語時，如果及物動詞的邏輯賓語是它前面的名詞，使 用它的v-ed形式,可放在被它修飾的名詞之前（前置定語）,也可放在 名詞之后（后置定語）。如：America is a developed country.I want to talk with the boy named Jim.

22、*如果動詞是前面名詞的邏輯謂語時，則該動詞用-ing分詞。A week later Mother took a job selling clothes.:、句法1 .句子的種類（陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句 ）；2 .句子的類型（簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句）；3 .句子的成分（主語、謂語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語、狀語 ）；4 .簡單句的六種基本句型1）主語+連系動詞+表語2 ）主語+不及物動詞3）主語+及物動詞+賓語4）主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+ 直接賓語5）主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語6 ） There be 句型There is/are + 名詞 +地點/時間。There was/

23、were + 名詞 +地點/過去時間。There will be + 名詞 +地點/將來時間。5.祈使句（Be型祈使句、Do型祈使句、Let型祈使句）6.感嘆句（What感嘆句、1） What a/an +adj. + What + adj. +2） How + adj./adv. +How感嘆句）謂語動詞）！+謂語動詞）！單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+ （主語+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+ （主語主語+謂語動詞！7 .反意疑問句1）前面是肯定陳述句，后面用否定簡短疑問句；They like English, don't they?2）前面是否定陳述句，后面用肯定簡短疑問句；Jane didn't

24、go to the cinema last night, did she?* 隱形否定詞 hardly, few, little, never , noHe can hardly speak Japanese, can he?There are few people living there, are there?She is never late for school, is she?8 .賓語從句1）連接詞A.主句動詞無疑問，that + 完整陳述句，that可以省略。I think （that） he is a clever student.B.主句動詞有疑問，if/whether +

25、完整陳述句。I wonder if/whether she will come tomorrow.C.主句動詞有疑問，wh-疑問詞/how 及how疑問用語不完整陳述句。Can you tell me what time the plane will take off?2）賓語從句的語序：連接詞+主語+謂語部分（陳述語序）She told me where she lived.*連接詞（又是主語）+謂語部分Our headteacher wanted to know who broke thewindow of our classroom last night.3）賓語從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)與主句動詞時態(tài)要統(tǒng)一。如果主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)（包括一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、現(xiàn)在完成時），賓語從句可根據(jù)需要用適當(dāng)時態(tài)；如果主句是一般過去時，賓語從句應(yīng)該用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)（即：一般過去時、過去進(jìn)行時、過去完成時、過去將來時）；*當(dāng)賓語從句表明的是一個客觀真理或客觀事實時，無論主句是什么時態(tài)，賓語從句都只能用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：The teacher told us that the earth travels round the sun.9 .狀