1、language points 1. no one knows exactly1. no one knows exactly how the earth how the earth began, as it happened so long ago.began, as it happened so long ago. no one sees what hes saying, as it is too hard. 仿寫：沒人明白他在說什么，因?yàn)槟翘y理解了。 2. however, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began

2、 with a “big bang” that threw matter in all directions. begin with=start with：“以開始”. 1) to begin with=to start with 以為起點(diǎn); 開始(做) 這兩個(gè)詞組都可以單獨(dú)使用,表示“首先; 第一; 起初; 最 初”。 在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 譯：起初, 他說的我一句也沒弄明白。 3. what it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into

3、 a solid globe. what is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 考點(diǎn) what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，第一句what 在從句中作 become的賓語(yǔ)，第二句what在從句中作主語(yǔ)。 考例1 _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.（山東 2008） a. itb. thisc. whatd. as 考例2 _ is known to us all is that

4、the 2008 olympic games will take place in beijing. a. it b. what c. as d. which 4 4. the earth became so . the earth became so violentviolent that it that it was notwas not clear clear whether whether the shape would the shape would last last oror not. not. 1) 1) violentviolent 猛烈的，激烈的猛烈的，激烈的 2) 2)

5、whetherwhether可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從 句句; ;而而if if只能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。只能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句既可以用引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句既可以用whether, whether, 也可以用也可以用if, if, 兩者兩者 常可以互換。常可以互換。 he asked me he asked me whether / ifwhether / if i could lend him i could lend him my bike.my bike. could you tell us could you tell us whether / if

6、whether / if it snows in it snows in winter in australia?winter in australia? 值得注意的是：值得注意的是： whetherwhether可以和可以和or notor not連用連用, , 而而if if則不能則不能, , 如：如： i dont care i dont care whether orwhether or not your car not your car breaks down.breaks down. i dont know i dont know whether or notwhether or

7、not hes coming. hes coming. 但是不可以說：但是不可以說： i dont care if or not your car breaks down.i dont care if or not your car breaks down. 5. they were 5. they were in timein time to produce the water. to produce the water. in time: sooner or later; eventually; in time: sooner or later; eventually; ill see h

8、im ill see him in timein time. . in time (for sth. /to do sth.): not latein time (for sth. /to do sth.): not late she will be back she will be back in timein time to prepare dinner. to prepare dinner. 與與timetime相關(guān)的短語(yǔ)相關(guān)的短語(yǔ): : in no time in no time 立刻立刻, , 馬上馬上 at times at times 有時(shí)有時(shí) at a time at a ti

9、me 每次每次; ;依次依次 once upon a time once upon a time 從前從前 on time on time 按時(shí)按時(shí); ;準(zhǔn)時(shí)準(zhǔn)時(shí) at one time at one time 從前從前 for the time being for the time being 暫時(shí)暫時(shí) from time to time from time to time 不時(shí)地不時(shí)地 6. as the earth 6. as the earth cooled downcooled down, water , water began to began to appear appear o

10、n its surface. on its surface. 隨著地球的冷卻隨著地球的冷卻, , 地球的表面就開始出現(xiàn)了水。地球的表面就開始出現(xiàn)了水。 1) cool down 1) cool down 變涼變涼, , 冷卻冷卻, ,平息平息, , 冷靜冷靜 曬了一天的太陽(yáng)之后曬了一天的太陽(yáng)之后, , 他喜歡在海水中涼快一下。他喜歡在海水中涼快一下。 after a day in the sun, he liked toafter a day in the sun, he liked to _ in the sea._ in the sea. 他的話平息了她的怒氣。他的話平息了她的怒氣。 hi

11、s words _ her anger. his words _ her anger. cool downcool down cooled downcooled down 2) appear “2) appear “出現(xiàn)出現(xiàn), , 似乎似乎”是不及物動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)表示是不及物動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)表示 “似乎似乎, , 好像好像”時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞, , 該詞無被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。該詞無被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 our teacher our teacher appearedappeared on tv this morning. on tv this morning. i. i. 含義上的差異含義上的差異 appearappear

12、是指根據(jù)事物的外表表象做出判斷的是指根據(jù)事物的外表表象做出判斷的, , 但但 實(shí)質(zhì)上并不一定如此實(shí)質(zhì)上并不一定如此; ; seemseem是表示說話人主觀上是表示說話人主觀上 的判斷的判斷, , 暗含有一定的根據(jù)暗含有一定的根據(jù), , 往往接近事實(shí)的判斷往往接近事實(shí)的判斷; ; looklook是根據(jù)視覺印象而得出的判斷是根據(jù)視覺印象而得出的判斷, , 實(shí)質(zhì)上也可能實(shí)質(zhì)上也可能 如此。如此。 she is fifty but sheshe is fifty but she appears appears young. young. 她五她五 十歲了十歲了, , 但看起來很年輕。但看起來很年輕。

13、( (其實(shí)并非如此其實(shí)并非如此) ) she she seemsseems young. young. 她看起來很年輕。她看起來很年輕。( (根據(jù)個(gè)人的主觀判斷而推斷出根據(jù)個(gè)人的主觀判斷而推斷出) ) sheshe looks looks young. young. 她很年輕。她很年輕。( (從她外表可以感覺從她外表可以感覺 出出) ) ii. ii. 用法上的差異用法上的差異 a.a. appear, look, seemappear, look, seem后均可帶名詞、形容語(yǔ)、后均可帶名詞、形容語(yǔ)、 to beto be結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)。 the man who came yesterday a

14、ppeared the man who came yesterday appeared / seemed / looked / seemed / looked an honest manan honest man. . 昨天來的那個(gè)人看來是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。昨天來的那個(gè)人看來是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。 b. lookb. look可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于進(jìn)行時(shí), , 而而seem, appear seem, appear 一般不一般不 能。能。 he is looking very happy. he is looking very happy. 他現(xiàn)在看起來很高興。他現(xiàn)在看起來很高興。 7. 7. itit w

15、as not immediately obvious was not immediately obvious that water that water was to be fundamental to the development was to be fundamental to the development of lifeof life. . 水會(huì)對(duì)于生命的發(fā)展起關(guān)鍵作用水會(huì)對(duì)于生命的發(fā)展起關(guān)鍵作用, , 這一點(diǎn)在當(dāng)時(shí)并不這一點(diǎn)在當(dāng)時(shí)并不 太明顯。太明顯。 毫無疑問，他那次考試及格了。毫無疑問，他那次考試及格了。 itit is no wonder is no wonder that

16、he has passed the examthat he has passed the exam. . 我們學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是必要的。我們學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是必要的。 it is quite necessary that we should learn it is quite necessary that we should learn english well.english well. =it =it is quite necessary for us is quite necessary for us to learn english to learn english wellwell. . 8. th

17、is produced a 8. this produced a chain reactionchain reaction, which , which made it possible for life to developmade it possible for life to develop. . 1)1) chain reaction chain reaction 連鎖反應(yīng)連鎖反應(yīng) 2)2) make it possible for life to develop.make it possible for life to develop. 使使生命的發(fā)展生命的發(fā)展成為可能成為可能 ma

18、ke it + make it + adj./n.adj./n. +for +sb. / +for +sb. /sthsth. to do . to do sthsth. . 組長(zhǎng)讓我們可以一起合作。組長(zhǎng)讓我們可以一起合作。 the group leader the group leader _._. 老師讓他們跟容易地明白那個(gè)問題。老師讓他們跟容易地明白那個(gè)問題。 the teacher the teacher _._. make it possible for us to work togethermake it possible for us to work together made

19、it easy for them to understand made it easy for them to understand the questionthe question 9. they produced young generally by laying 9. they produced young generally by laying eggs.eggs. lay-laid-laid-laying lay-laid-laid-laying 放放, , 把把.放在放在.; .; 產(chǎn)卵產(chǎn)卵 he laid his books on the desk. he laid his bo

20、oks on the desk. 注意注意: : lay (laid; laid; laying) lay (laid; laid; laying) 放置放置; ;產(chǎn)卵產(chǎn)卵 lie (lay; lain; lying) lie (lay; lain; lying) 躺躺; ;位于位于 lie (lied; lied; lying) lie (lied; lied; lying) 說謊說謊 the naughty boy _ to me that the hen that the naughty boy _ to me that the hen that _ there just now had

21、 _ two eggs the day _ there just now had _ two eggs the day before.before. a. laid; laid; laid b. laid; lay; laina. laid; laid; laid b. laid; lay; lain c. lied; laid; lain d. lied; lay; laidc. lied; laid; lain d. lied; lay; laid d 10. they gave birth to young baby animals 10. they gave birth to youn

22、g baby animals 1) 1) 生（孩子）生（孩子） shes just shes just given birth togiven birth to a healthy baby girl. a healthy baby girl. 她剛剛生了個(gè)健康的女嬰。她剛剛生了個(gè)健康的女嬰。 2) 2) 產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)生 the extraordinary experience the extraordinary experience gave birth togave birth to his latest novel.his latest novel. 這段奇特的經(jīng)歷促成了他的最新的一部小說的誕

23、生。這段奇特的經(jīng)歷促成了他的最新的一部小說的誕生。 11. they are putting too much carbon 11. they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which dioxide into the atmosphere, which preventsprevents heat heat fromfrom escaping from the escaping from the earth into space. earth into space. 他們把太多的二氧化碳釋放到大氣層中他們把太多

24、的二氧化碳釋放到大氣層中, , 這就是使得這就是使得 熱量不能從地球上散發(fā)到太空中去。熱量不能從地球上散發(fā)到太空中去。 閱讀下列句子閱讀下列句子, , 注意注意prevent . fromprevent . from的意思和用法。的意思和用法。 1). there was nothing to 1). there was nothing to preventprevent her her fromfrom doing so.doing so. 2). we must 2). we must preventprevent the water the water from from being b

25、eing polluted.polluted. 3). the emperor ordered his porters to 3). the emperor ordered his porters to preventprevent the speaker the speaker entering entering the building. the building. 歸納歸納 prevent . from prevent . from的意思是的意思是 _。fromfrom后多跟動(dòng)詞后多跟動(dòng)詞- - inging形式形式( (句句1 1、句、句2)2)；有時(shí)可省略；有時(shí)可省略from(fro

26、m(句句3)3)。 拓展拓展 近義短語(yǔ)有近義短語(yǔ)有: stop . from : stop . from 阻止阻止干某事干某事; ; keep . from keep . from 阻止阻止干某事。注意干某事。注意: prevent: prevent和和 stopstop后的后的fromfrom都可以省略都可以省略, , 而而keep . from keep . from 中的中的 fromfrom則不能省略，如果省略了則不能省略，如果省略了, , 其意義將發(fā)生改變。其意義將發(fā)生改變。 制止、阻止、使制止、阻止、使不做某事不做某事 1). no one can prevent the plan

27、s _ 1). no one can prevent the plans _ out.out. a. to be carried b. from carryinga. to be carried b. from carrying c. not to carry d. from being carriedc. not to carry d. from being carried 2). they tried to prevent the plane 2). they tried to prevent the plane from _ on the runway.from _ on the run

28、way. a. landa. land b. landing b. landing c. to landc. to land d. being landed d. being landed 12. the earth may become 12. the earth may become too too hot to live hot to live on. on. 地球可能會(huì)因此變得太熱而不適合生物的生存。地球可能會(huì)因此變得太熱而不適合生物的生存。 有關(guān)有關(guān)tootoo的一些用法的一些用法 1)1) tootoo作作 “太太” 講。講。 there is there is tootoo mu

29、ch water. much water.水太多了。水太多了。 this shirt is this shirt is too too large for me. large for me. 這襯衫我穿起來太大。這襯衫我穿起來太大。 the problem is rather the problem is rather tootoo hard for me. hard for me. 這個(gè)這個(gè) 問題對(duì)我來說太難了。問題對(duì)我來說太難了。 2) 2) 當(dāng)當(dāng)“too too adjadj.( .(形容詞形容詞) )inf.(inf.(動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式)”)”時(shí)時(shí), , 有兩有兩 種不同的意義種不

30、同的意義, , 一種為一種為“太太以至以至( (不不)”, )”, 在翻在翻 譯時(shí)要加上一個(gè)否定詞譯時(shí)要加上一個(gè)否定詞; ;另一種是另一種是“太太”, ”, 語(yǔ)意肯語(yǔ)意肯 定定, , 但但tootoo后的形容詞常用后的形容詞常用ready, heavy, ready, heavy, beautifulbeautiful等。等。 the question is the question is tootoo hard hard to to understand.understand.問題太問題太 難難, , 理解不了。理解不了。 he is he is tootoo proud proud to

31、to see his own shortcomings. see his own shortcomings. 他太驕傲了以至于看不到自己的缺點(diǎn)。他太驕傲了以至于看不到自己的缺點(diǎn)。 you are you are tootoo ready ready toto find fault with others. find fault with others. 你太愛挑別人的毛病了。你太愛挑別人的毛病了。 3) 3) 當(dāng)當(dāng)“only/all/not/butonly/all/not/buttoo too adj.adj. ( (形容詞形容詞) ) inf.inf. ( (動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式)”)”時(shí)時(shí)

32、, , 后面的動(dòng)詞不定式在翻譯時(shí)不后面的動(dòng)詞不定式在翻譯時(shí)不 必加否定詞。必加否定詞。onlyonly等與等與tootoo連用等于連用等于very (very (非常非常) )。 i shall be i shall be only tooonly too pleased pleased toto hear from you hear from you further. further. 我非常歡迎你再來信。我非常歡迎你再來信。 they are butthey are but too too glad glad toto do so. do so. we are we are only to

33、oonly too pleased pleased toto work together work together with the workers. with the workers. 13. whether life will continue on the earth 13. whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will for millions of years to come will depend depend onon whether this problem can be

34、solved. whether this problem can be solved. 在未來的千百萬年中在未來的千百萬年中, , 生命能否在地球一延續(xù)將取生命能否在地球一延續(xù)將取 決于這個(gè)問題能否得到解決。決于這個(gè)問題能否得到解決。 depend depend vivi. . 相信相信, , 信賴信賴; ;依靠依靠, , 依賴依賴 ( (尤指錢尤指錢); ); 視視而定而定 you can you can depend ondepend on john he is always on john he is always on time. time. 你可以相信約翰你可以相信約翰, , 他總是

35、很準(zhǔn)時(shí)。他總是很準(zhǔn)時(shí)。 相關(guān)短語(yǔ)：相關(guān)短語(yǔ)： believe sb. believe sb. 相信某人（所說的話）相信某人（所說的話） believe in sb. believe in sb. 信任信任/ /信賴某人信賴某人 trust (in) sb. trust (in) sb. 相信相信/ /信任信任/ /信賴某人信賴某人 depend ondepend on count on sb. count on sb. rely on rely on 信任信任/相信相信/依賴依賴/依靠某人依靠某人 tell him what you want to say; hes a man tell hi

36、m what you want to say; hes a man to _. to _. a. count b. believe a. count b. believe c. trust d. depend c. trust d. depend c ii. ii. 用括號(hào)中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。用括號(hào)中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. the ship rocked _ (violent) from 1. the ship rocked _ (violent) from side to side, causing many passengers to side to side, causin

37、g many passengers to feel seasick.feel seasick. 2. there is a _ (fundament) 2. there is a _ (fundament) difference in attitude between these two difference in attitude between these two politicians.politicians. 3. it is generally accepted that smoking is 3. it is generally accepted that smoking is _

38、 (harm) to our health._ (harm) to our health. violently fundamental harmful 4. our problems have _ (multiply) 4. our problems have _ (multiply) since last year.since last year. 5. scientists want to know whether life 5. scientists want to know whether life _ (exist) on other planets._ (exist) on oth

39、er planets. 6. she listened with a _ (puzzle) 6. she listened with a _ (puzzle) expression on her face.expression on her face. multiplied exists puzzled iii. 用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。 1. according _ our records, the books you have borrowed should now be returned to the library. 2. to begin _, we ought to k

40、now what we are studying for. 3. when the fire broke out in the movie theater, people lost their heads and ran _ all directions. to with in 4. the car came to a stop just _ time to prevent an accident. 5. he usually comes to school early. its very _ him to be so late today. 6. a knowledge of physics

41、 is fundamental _ any understanding of this problem. 7. the smell of rain and wetness was everywhere. it seemed to fill me _ energy. in unlike to with 8. when you are young, you dream about all sorts _ things. 9. he grows not only vegetables but also flowers in his garden; that is, he grows flowers

42、_ vegetables. 10. a seed can grow _ a tree, and trees make up beautiful forests. 11. can you tell me how china is different _ your country? of as well as into from 12. _ the past he had to read by candlelight. 13. she gave birth _ a fine healthy baby last week. 14. in the teachers class, the students often answer his questions _ turn. 15. how much oil can be put _ this bottle? in to in into 16. what can we do to keep the disease _ spreading? 17. as a result _ what had happe