六、動詞的時態和語態1. 常用常考的動詞時態和用法：（以do為例）名稱構成用法一般現在時do/does,( 連系動詞is/am/are )1.一般現在時表示經常發生、習慣性動作、客觀真理、科學事實、格言，目前的特征、狀態、能力等。2.主句是一般將來時,時間、條件狀語從句中用一般現在時表示將來。Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.3.在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,come等少數動詞的一般在時表示正在發生的動作。There goes the bell. There comes the bus. Here she comes.一般過去時did,( 連系動詞was/were)表達特定的過去時間內發生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時間內經常發生或反復發生的動作或行為。現在進行時is/am/are doing1.表示正在進行的動作。2.表示按計劃安排即將發生的動作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.My father is coming to see me this Saturday.3.代替一般現在時，描繪更加生動。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。過去進行時was/were doing1.表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內正在進行的動作（這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示動作在另一過去動作發生時進行They were still working when I left.3.用在兩個過去進行時動作同時發生I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示過去將來動作He said she was arriving the next day.現在完成時has/have done1.表示過去發生的動作對現在產生的影響或結果，說話時已完成的動作。I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.2.表示從過去開始，待續到現在的動作或狀態，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段時間狀語連用。He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college.3.表示“曾經到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/has gone to”。Where is Li Hua?He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.4.短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成時態中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。不能說：He has joined the army for three years.要翻譯“他已參軍已經三年了。”可采用“ago法”He joined the army three years ago. “延續法”He has been in the army for three years.“since法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army.過去完成時had done1.表示在過去某一時間以前已經完成的動作。He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning.2.表示動作或狀態從過去某個時刻開始一直延續到另一個過去時刻才完成，甚至還要繼續下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動詞的過去完成時來表示未實現的希望、打算或意圖。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.將來完成時will/shall have done用來表示在將來某個時刻（前）將完成的動作。常和by短語，when,before引起的時間狀語連用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.現在完成進行時has/have been doing用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續到現在（還要繼續下去）的動作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.過去完成進行時had been doing表示動作或狀態從過去某個時刻開始一直延續到另一個過去時刻才完成，還將繼續下去。一般將來時will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are（about）to do一般將來時表示將來要發生的動作和存在的狀況（詳見下面2.一般將來時的特殊表達方式的比較）過去將來時would/should dowas/were going to dowas/were（about）to do1.相對于過去某一時刻而言即將發生的動作或存在的狀態He told me he would go to Beijing.他告訴我他將去北京。I was told that he was going to return home.2. would do(表示過去的習慣)總是,總會,常常He would sit silent for hours. 2.一般將來時的特殊表達方式的比較將來時用 法例 句1be + doing 進行時表將來go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發生的動作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 2be about to + 動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.3be to + 動詞原形表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見Were to meet at the school gate at noon.4一般現在時表將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現在時表示將來The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.3.容易混淆的時態比較項 目區 別例 句一般過去時與現在完成時的比較現在完成時強調過去動作對現在產生的影響或造成的結果We havent heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _ to her?A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened說明：說話者強調Jane 目前的狀況.Mr. Lee, who _ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has workedB. had workedC. workedD. works (只說明他過去當過木匠不涉及到現在) 一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態Hello, I _ you were in London. How long _ here?A. dont know; were you B. hadnt known; are you C. havent known; are D. didnt know; have you been說明：didnt know 強調見面前不知道I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現在是否記住)現在完成時與現在完成進行時的比較著重表示動作的結果時，用現在完成時I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。（知道那本書的內容）著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續性時，則用現在完成進行時Hi, Tracy, you look tired. I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 說明：強調動作從過去到現在的延續現在進行時與過去進行時的比較現在進行時表示現在某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作I dont really work here. I _ until the new secretary _.A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will comeC. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come說明：指目前一段時間正在發生的動作, until 引導的是時間狀語從句,動詞需用一般現在時。過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作 Hey, look where you are going! Oh, Im terribly sorry. _. A. Im not noticing. B. I wasnt noticing. C. I havent noticed. D. I dont notice.說明：對話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情.一般過去時與過去進行時的比較一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態Tom_ into the house when no one _.A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed說明：slip和notice 為同時發生的動作，因此B、C為錯誤選項，slipped指過去有結果的動作（他溜進去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進去的一剎那發生的情況（沒有人注意）。過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作.He _ a book about China last year, but I dont know if he _ it.A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finishedC. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish說明：正確選項為B. 從I dont know if he has finished it.推斷，他去年一直在寫。II. 動詞的被動語態常用被動語態構 成常用被動語態構 成1一般現在時am/is/are done6過去進行時was/were being done2一般過去時was/were done7現在完成時have/has been done3一般將來時shall/will be done8過去完成時had been done4過去將來時should/would be done9將來完成時will/would have been done5現在進行時am/is/are being done10含有情態動詞的can/must/may be done注意事項被動語態的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結構be going to, used to,have to, had better變為被動態時，只需將其后的動詞變為被動態。Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現主語，在英語中一般可用被動結構表示：It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said that It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that被動語態的句型1.常見句式是：主語（受動者）be過去分詞（by施動者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.2.主語get過去分詞其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用這種結構不能帶有“by施動者”3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動句變為動句，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。She lent me a bike.被動：I was lent a bike(by her). A bike was lent to me(by her).4.情態動詞be過去分詞：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5.雙重被動式：主語被動式謂語不定式的被動式其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.下面主動形式常表示被動意義1.不及物動詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質和狀態。常見動詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。This knife cuts well. These books sell well. The pen writes smoothly. Meat wont keep long in such hot weather. The cloth washes well.2.一些連系動詞的主動式形容詞。常見動look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.不可變為被動語態的幾種情況1.I teach myself French.不可變為Myself is taught Frenc