Topographicsurvey主講人：LiSimengThislessoncontains3parts：thetermsofTopographicsurvey,theknowledgeoftopographicsurvey,andthesentenceanalysis01TopographicsurveyCONTENTS目錄PARTONETopographicsurvey01Topographicsurveytopographicsurveying地形測量Configurationn.外形,輪廓Artificialadj.人工的Representationn.代表conventionalsymbol慣用符號Hydrographyn.水文學(xué)Vegetationn.植物，植被trail/treil/n.小徑,林間小道canal/ko‘nal/n.運河，水道，溝渠planmetricmap平面圖hypsometricmap地勢圖Tintingn.著色Governv.支配Efficiencyn.效率primarily/prai‘merili/adv主要地，首先地frameworkn.構(gòu)架，控制網(wǎng)Hubn.結(jié)點，中樞Runv.操作，施測Simultaneouslyadv.同時地TheTermsoftheFieldNotesTopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyTopographicsurveysaremadetodeterminetheconfigurationofthesurfaceoftheearthandlocatethenaturalandartificialfeaturesthereon.Atopographicmapisalarge-scalerepresentationbymeansofvariouslinesandconventionalsymbols.Topographicmapsareproducedfromsurveydataofaportionoftheearth'ssurface,showingtheculture,relief,hydrography,andperhapsthevegetation.Productsofhuman,suchasroads,trails,buildings,bridges,canalsandboundarylinesaretermedartificialfeatures.TopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyTopographicmapscanberegardedasthecombinationofplanmetricmapsandhypsometricmaps.Aplanmetricmapshowsthenaturalandculturalfeaturesinplanonly,Whileahypsometricmappresentsreliefbyconventionssuchascontours,hachures,shading,andtinting.TopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyThefirststepofatopographicsurveysisthenecessarycontrol:horizontalandverticalcontrol.Thekindofcontrol(triangulation,trilateration,ortraverse)andthemethodselectedtoobtaintopographygovernthespeed,cost,andefficiencyofatopographicsurvey.TopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyThescaletowhichamapisplotteddependsprimarilyonthepurposeofthemap,inotherwords,thenecessaryaccuracywithwhichdistancesmustbemeasuredorscaledonthemap.Thescaleofthemapmustbeknownbeforethefieldworkisbegunbecausethefieldmethodstobeemployedaredeterminedlargelybythescaletowhichthemanistobedrawn.TopographicsurveyTheknowledgeoftopographicsurveyTopographicdetailsareusuallybuiltuponaframeworkoftraversehubswhosepositionsandelevationshavebeenestablishedbycontrolsurveys.Itisadvisable,therefore,torun,check,andadjustthetraverseandlevelloopsbeforetopographicsurveyingistaken,ratherthantocarryonbothprocessessimultaneously.TopographicsurveyTheSentenceAnalysis(1)Topographicmapsareproducedfromsurveydataofaportionoftheearth'ssurfaceshowingtheculture,relief,hydrography,andperhapsthevegetation.本句出現(xiàn)了一個“of”的嵌套短語“surveydataofaportionoftheearth'ssurface”,“portionof”意為“一小部分”,作“surface”的定語,采用順序翻譯,而“aportionoftheearth'ssurface”這一復(fù)合短語又修飾“data”,采用逆序翻譯，為“部分地球表面的測量數(shù)據(jù)”;“showing…”構(gòu)成動名詞短語,作伴隨狀語,緊跟“Topographicmaps”進(jìn)行說明TopographicsurveyTheSentenceAnalysis(2)Thekindofcontrol(triangulation,trilateration,ortraverse)andthemethodselectedtoobtaintopographygovernthespeed,cost,andefficiencyofatopographicsurvey.譯文:所選定旨在確定地形的控制(測量)的種類(三角測量、三邊測量或?qū)Ь€測量和方法決定了地形測量的速度、經(jīng)費和效率。本句的主語為Thekindofcontrol(triangulation,trilateration,ortraverse)andthemethodselectedtoobtaintopography;“selectedtoobtaintopography”為過去分詞短語作定語,修飾“kind”和“method”;謂語為“govern”，賓語為thespeed,cost,andefficiency,同時被“ofatopographicsurvey”修飾。TopographicsurveyTheSentenceAnalysisThescaleofthemapmustbeknownbeforethefieldworkisbegunbecausethefieldmethodstobeemployedaredeterminedlargelybythescaletowhichthemapistobeldrawn.譯文:地圖的比例尺必須在外業(yè)工作之前已知,因為所采用的外業(yè)測量的方法在很大程度上是由所繪地圖的比例決定的。本句有四處被動成分,其中三處可主動化,而“aredeterminedby”翻譯為“由……所決定”效果較好;連接詞“before”引|導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,而連接詞“because”引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,從句子的關(guān)系上看,原因狀語從句排在時間狀語從句之后,表示前因后果:“tobeemployed”為不定式短語作定語修飾“methods”;“towhich…”是一個定語從句,修飾“scale”。TopographicsurveyTheSentenceAnalysisTopographic,details,areusually,builtuponaframeworkoftraversehubswhoseposi