ResearchontheinfluenceofArtificialIntelligenceonSocietyABSTRACTBasedontherapidadvancementandsteadyincrementinthesuccessrateoftheartificialintelligence（AI）technology,thisresearchwillbebasicallyfocusedonthevariousfactorstoconsiderwhendiscussingtheinevitableprospectsofhumanscoexistingwithartificialintelligentmechanisms.Theimplicationsandbenefitsofunderstandingthebrainaremany.Inadditiontoadvancesinthetreatmentofbraininjuriesanddiseasesandadvancementsincommunicationstechnologyandcomputersimulations,understandingthebrainwillallowthedesignofintelligentmachineswithevenmoresignificantsocietalimpacts.Already,machinesthatcompute,performvoiceorfacialrecognition,respondtohumanprompts,andsenseandmonitorhumanactivityareroutineintoday’ssociety.Thefuturecapabilitiesofthesemachines,thelimitsandextremesoftheir“intelligence”andtheirabilitytoreplicatehumanthinkingaredependentupontheengineer’sinsightintohumanintelligenceandtheworkingsofthehumanbrain.1. Thefirstchapter:INTRODUCTIONandBRIEFHISTORY,includesAIbackgroundresearch,researchcontent,researchmethodsandresearchinnovationpoints;2. Thesecondchapter:OVERVIEW,includesthesummaryoftheexistingresearch,reflectsontheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofAI.3. Thethirdchapter:ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEBYSECTIONS,thisisthecorechapterofthearticle,pointsoutthevarioussectionsofthehumandaytodaylifestyleinthesocietythatismostlyinfluencedbyAI.4. Thefourthchapter:Iwilladministeraquestionnairetosomeoftheleadingartificialintelligenceresearchinstituteacrosstheworldsuchas(Apple,IBM,GoogleSpaceX)tonameafew.Thischapterwillbemainlyformedbasedontheanalysisofthefeedbacksobtainedfromtheartificialintelligenceexpertsfromsomeofthecompaniesmentionedearlierengagingnmyquestionnaire.5. Thefifthchapter:PROSPECTSandCONCLUSION,thischapterprovidessomeidealisticpolicesandguidelinesthatcancurtailtheproduction,marketing,anddistributionaswellasusageofAI.Keywords:artificialintelligence;influence;largedata;Internetofthings摘要基于人工智能（AI）技術成功率的快速發展和穩步增長，本研究將主要集中在討論人類共存的必然前景時應考慮的各種因素。人工智能的智能機制。理解大腦的含義和好處很多。除了治療腦損傷和疾病的進展，以及通信技術和計算機模擬的進步，了解大腦將允許設計更具重大社會影響的智能機器。在當今社會，計算、執行聲音或面部識別、響應人類提示、感知和監視人類活動的機器已經是家常便飯了。這些機器的未來能力，他們的“智慧和極端，他們復制人類思維的能力取決于工程師對人類智力的洞察力。關鍵詞：人工智能；影響；大數據；物聯網 目錄TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\u1INTRODUCTION ].Aquitedifferentapproachmeasuresmachineintelligencethroughtestswhicharedevelopedfrommathematicaldefinitionsofintelligence.ExamplesofthesekindsoftestsstartinthelateninetiesdevisingintelligencetestsusingnotionsfromKolmogorovcomplexityanddatacompression.[248]Twomajoradvantagesofmathematicaldefinitionsaretheirapplicabilitytononhumanintelligencesandtheirabsenceofarequirementforhumantesters.AderivativeoftheTuringtestistheCompletelyAutomatedPublicTuringtesttotellComputersandHumansApart(CAPTCHA).Asthenameimplies,thishelpstodeterminethatauserisanactualpersonandnotacomputerposingasahuman.IncontrasttothestandardTuringtest,CAPTCHAisadministeredbyamachineandtargetedtoahumanasopposedtobeingadministeredbyahumanandtargetedtoamachine.Acomputerasksausertocompleteasimpletestthengeneratesagradeforthattest.Computersareunabletosolvetheproblem,socorrectsolutionsaredeemedtobetheresultofapersontakingthetest.AcommontypeofCAPTCHAisthetestthatrequiresthetypingofdistortedletters,numbersorsymbolsthatappearinanimageundecipherablebyacomputer.5PROSPECTSandCONCLUSIONTheimpactofartificialintelligenceontheeconomy1.Theexpertsystemcanbringobviouseconomicbenefittoitsbuilders,ownersandusers.Carryingouttasksinamoreeconomicalwaywithouttheneedforexperiencedexpertscansignificantlyreducelabourcostsandthecostoftraining.Sincesoftwareiseasytoreplicate,expertknowledgeandexperiencecanbewidelydisseminatedbyexpertsystems,withlimitedandexpensiveprofessionalsandtheirknowledge.Ifproperlyprotected,thesoftwarecanbestoredforalongandcompleteperiod.Fieldprofessionals(suchasphysicians)havedifficultykeepingupwiththelatestpracticalrecommendations(suchastreatmentplansandmethods)whiletheexpertsystemcanquicklyupdateandpreservesuchrecommendations,benefitingendusers,suchasthepatient.2.Artificialintelligencetopromotethedevelopmentofcomputertechnologyhasbeenthecomputertechnologyinallaspectsofproductionandwillcontinuetohaveagreaterimpact.Theapplicationofartificialintelligencerequiresheavycalculation,whichfacilitatesthedevelopmentofparallelprocessingandspecializedset.Algorithmgeneratorsandsmartdatastructurestoobtainapplications,automaticprogrammingtechnologywillbegintohaveapositiveimpactonsoftwaredevelopment.Allofthesenewtechnologiesdevelopedinthestudyofartificialintelligencehavepromotedthedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,thusenablingcomputerstocreategreatereconomicbenefitsformankind.Second,theinfluenceofartificialintelligenceonculture1.Improvinghumanlanguageaccordingtolinguistics,languageistheexpressionandtoolofthought,andthelawofthoughtcanbestudiedbylinguisticmethods,butthesubconsciousandsubconsciousofpeopleoften"canonlybeunderstoodandcannotbeunderstood".Becauseoftheuseofartificialintelligencetechnology,thecomprehensiveapplicationofgrammar,semanticsandformalknowledgerepresentationmethods,wemaybeinimprovingthenaturallanguageofknowledgeexpression,whiletheknowledgeasapplicableartificialintelligenceform.Withthespreadoftheprincipleofartificialintelligence,peoplemayapplytheconceptofartificialintelligencetodescribethedailystateoftheirlifeandtheprocessofsolvingvariousproblems.Artificialintelligencecanenlargetheconceptsetofpeople'sexchangeofknowledge,provideuswithsomealternativeconcepts,describethemethodswesawandheard,andnewwaystodescribeourbeliefs.2.Improvingculturallifeartificialintelligencetechnologyopensmanynewwindowsforhumanculturallife.Forexample,imageprocessingtechnologywillhavefar-reachingimpactongraphicarts,advertisingandsocialeducationsectors.Forexample,theexistingintelligencegamemachinewilldevelopintoamoreintelligentculturalentertainmentmeans.Inacomprehensiveanalysis,weknowthatartificialintelligencetechnologyhasgreatinfluenceonthesocialprogress,economicdevelopmentandculturalimprovementofhumanbeings.Withtheadvanceoftimeandtechnologicalprogress,theeffectwillbemoreandmoreobvious.Therearealsosomeeffectsthatmaybedifficulttopredictnow.Itiscertainthatartificialintelligencewillhavemoreandmoreinfluenceonhumanmaterialandspiritualcivilization.Theinfluenceofartificialintelligenceonhumansociety1.Theproblemofemploymentoflabourbecauseartificialintelligencecanreplacehumanmentalwork,itwillmakesomepeoplehavetochangetheirjobs,evencauseunemployment.Theuseofartificialintelligenceintechnologyandengineeringcanmakesomepeoplelosetheopportunitytointerveneininformationprocessingactivities(suchasplanning,diagnosis,understandinganddecision-making),andevenhavetochangetheirworkingmethods.2.Socialstructuralchangespeopleontheonehandhopethatartificialintelligenceandintelligentmachinescanreplacehumanbeingsinallkindsoflabor,ontheotherhand,fearthattheirdevelopmentwillcausenewsocialproblems.Infact,inthelastmorethan10years,aquietchangehastakenplaceinthesocialstructure.Thesocialstructureof"man-machine"willeventuallybereplacedbythesocialstructureofhuman-intelligentmachine-machine.Intelligentrobotisoneofthesmartmachines.Manyofthejobsnowandinthefuturewillbeperformedbyrobots,sopeoplewillhavetolearntogetalongwithintelligentmachinesandadapttothechangingsocialfabric.3.Thechangeofthinkingmodeandideathedevelopmentandpopularizationofartificialintelligencewillaffectthewayofthinkingandtraditionalideasofhumanbeingsandmakethemchange.Forexample,traditionalknowledgeisusuallyprintedinbooksormagazines,soitisfixed,andknowledgeofknowledgebaseofAIsystemcanbemodified,expandedandupdated.Also,onceanexpertsystemuserbeginstobelieveinthejudgmentsanddecisionsofsystems(intelligentmachines),theymaybeunwillingtousetheirbrains,becomelazy,andlosethesenseofresponsibilityandsensitivitytomanyproblemsandtheirsolutiontasks.Studentswhorelytooheavilyoncalculatorswillalsohaveasignificantdeclineintheirabilitytothinkandcompute.Toomuchrelianceoncomputeradvicewithoutanalysiswillreducethecognitiveabilityofintelligentmachineusersandincreasemisunderstanding.Inthedesignanddevelopmentofintelligentsystems,shouldtakeintoaccounttheaboveproblems,asfaraspossibletoencourageusersinproblemsolvinginitiative,sothattheirintelligenceactivelyparticipateintheproblemsolvingprocess.4.PsychologicalthreatsArtificialintelligencealsomakessomemembersofsocietyfeelpsychologicallythreatened,orcalledmentalthreats.Itisgenerallybelievedthatonlyhumanbeingshaveasenseofperceptionandthatitisnotthesameasmachines.Ifonedaythesepeoplebegintobelievethatmachinescanalsothinkandcreate,theymayfeeldisappointedandeventhreatened.Theyfearthat,someday,intelligentmachineswillsurpasshumannaturalintelligenceandmakehumansslavestointelligentmachinesandintelligentsystems.Therehasbeenacontroversybetweenphilosophers,theologiansandothersabouttherelationshipbetweenhumanperceptions(morespecificallyhumanspirit)andmachineconcepts(morespecificallyartificialintelligence).Accordingtoartificialintelligence,itispossibleforhumanstousemachinestoplantheirfuture,andeventothinkofthisplanningproblemasakindofstatespacesearch.Whilesomeinthecommunitywelcomethisnewconcept,othersfindthesenewideasannoyingandunacceptable,especiallywhentheyruncountertotheircherishedbeliefsandperceptions.5.Thedangerofrunawaytechnologyisthegreatestdangertoanynewtechnologythathumanshavelostcontrolof,orthatithasfallenintothehandsofthosewhoattempttoexploitnewtechnologiesagainsthumanity.Thereareconcernsthatrobotsandotherartificialintelligenceproductsthreatenhumansecurity.Tothisend,thefamousAmericansciencefictionwriterAsimov(I.asimov)proposed"ThreeRulesofRobotics":(1)Therobotmustnotendangerthehuman,alsodoesnotallowittoseethehumansufferingandstandidlyby.(2)Robotsmustobeyhumanbeingsabsolutelyunlesssuchobedienceisharmfultohumans.(3)Therobotmustprotectitselffromharmunlessitisorderedtomakesacrificestoprotecthumansorhumans.Itcanbeseenthatthehumandevelopmentofartificialintelligencethreatisalmostimpossible.TherearethreephilosophicalquestionsrelatedtoAI:Isartificialgeneralintelligencepossible?Canamachinesolveanyproblemthatahumanbeingcansolveusingintelligence?Oraretherehardlimitstowhatamachinecanaccomplish?Areintelligentmachinesdangerous?Howcanweensurethatmachinesbehaveethicallyandthattheyareusedethically?Canamachinehaveamind,consciousnessandmentalstatesinexactlythesamesensethathumanbeingsdo?Canamachinebesentient,andthusdeservecertainrights?Canamachineintentionallycauseharm?Thelimitsofartificialgeneralintelligence[edit]Mainarticles:PhilosophyofAI,Turingtest,Physicalsymbolsystemshypothesis,Dreyfus'critiqueofAI,TheEmperor'sNewMind,andAIeffectCanamachinebeintelligent?Canit"think"?AlanTuring's"politeconvention"Weneednotdecideifamachinecan"think";weneedonlydecideifamachinecanactasintelligentlyasahumanbeing.ThisapproachtothephilosophicalproblemsassociatedwithartificialintelligenceformsthebasisoftheTuringtest.TheDartmouthproposal"Everyaspectoflearningoranyotherfeatureofintelligencecanbesopreciselydescribedthatamachinecanbemadetosimulateit."ThisconjecturewasprintedintheproposalfortheDartmouthConferenceof1956,andrepresentsthepositionofmostworkingAIresearchers.NewellandSimon'sphysicalsymbolsystemhypothesis"Aphysicalsymbolsystemhasthenecessaryandsufficientmeansofgeneralintelligentaction."NewellandSimonarguethatintelligenceconsistsofformaloperationsonsymbols.HubertDreyfusarguedthat,onthecontrary,humanexpertisedependsonunconsciousinstinctratherthanconscioussymbolmanipulationandonhavinga"feel"forthesituationratherthanexplicitsymbolicknowledge.(SeeDreyfus'critiqueofAI.)G?delianargumentsG?delhimself,JohnLucas(in1961)andRogerPenrose(inamoredetailedargumentfrom1989onwards)madehighlytechnicalargumentsthathumanmathematicianscanconsistentlyseethetruthoftheirown"G?delstatements"andthereforehavecomputationalabilitiesbeyondthatofmechanicalTuringmachines.However,themodernconsensusinthescientificandmathematicalcommunityisthatthese"G?delianarguments"fail.TheartificialbrainargumentThebraincanbesimulatedbymachinesandbecausebrainsareintelligent,simulatedbrainsmustalsobeintelligent;thusmachinescanbeintelligent.HansMoravec,RayKurzweilandothershavearguedthatitistechnologicallyfeasibletocopythebraindirectlyintohardwareandsoftware,andthatsuchasimulationwillbeessentiallyidenticaltotheoriginal.TheAIeffectMachinesarealreadyintelligent,butobservershavefailedtorecognizeit.WhenDeepBluebeatGarryKasparovinchess,themachinewasactingintelligently.However,onlookerscommonlydiscountthebehaviorofanartificialintelligenceprogrambyarguingthatitisnot"real"intelligenceafterall;thus"real"intelligenceiswhateverintelligentbehaviorpeoplecandothatmachinesstillcannot.ThisisknownastheAIEffect:"AIiswhateverhasn'tbeendoneyet."Potentialrisksandmoralreasoning[edit]Widespreaduseofartificialintelligencecouldhaveunintendedconsequencesthataredangerousorundesirable.ScientistsfromtheFutureofLifeInstitute,amongothers,describedsomeshort-termresearchgoalstoseehowAIinfluencestheeconomy,thelawsandethicsthatareinvolvedwithAIandhowtominimizeAIsecurityrisks.Inthelong-term,thescientistshaveproposedtocontinueoptimizingfunctionwhileminimizingpossiblesecurityrisksthatcomealongwithnewtechnologies.[300]Machineswithintelligencehavethepotentialtousetheirintelligencetomakeethicaldecisions.Researchinthisareaincludes"machineethics","artificialmoralagents",andthestudyof"malevolentvs.friendlyAI".Existentialrisk[edit]Mainarticle:ExistentialriskfromartificialgeneralintelligenceThedevelopmentoffullartificialintelligencecouldspelltheendofthehumanrace.Oncehumansdevelopartificialintelligence,itwilltakeoffonitsownandredesignitselfatanever-increasingrate.Humans,whoarelimitedbyslowbiologicalevolution,couldn'tcompeteandwouldbesuperseded.—?StephenHawkingAcommonconcernaboutthedevelopmentofartificialintelligenceisthepotentialthreatitcouldposetohumanity.ThisconcernhasrecentlygainedattentionaftermentionsbycelebritiesincludingthelateStephenHawking,BillGates,andElonMusk.AgroupofprominenttechtitansincludingPeterThiel,AmazonWebServicesandMuskhavecommitted$1billiontoOpenAIanonprofitcompanyaimedatchampioningresponsibleAIdevelopment.Theopinionofexpertswithinthefieldofartificialintelligenceismixed,withsizablefractionsbothconcernedandunconcernedbyriskfromeventualsuperhumanly-capableAI.InhisbookSuperintelligence,NickBostromprovidesanargumentthatartificialintelligencewillposeathreattomankind.HearguesthatsufficientlyintelligentAI,ifitchoosesactionsbasedonachievingsomegoal,willexhibitconvergentbehaviorsuchasacquiringresourcesorprotectingitselffrombeingshutdown.IfthisAI'sgoalsdonotreflecthumanity's–oneexampleisanAItoldtocomputeasmanydigitsofpiaspossible–itmightharmhumanityinordertoacquiremoreresourcesorpreventitselffrombeingshutdown,ultimatelytobetterachieveitsgoal.Forthisdangertoberealized,thehypotheticalAIwouldhavetooverpowerorout-thinkallofhumanity,whichaminorityofexpertsargueisapossibilityfarenoughinthefuturetonotbeworthresearching.Othercounterargumentsrevolvearoundhumansbeingeitherintrinsicallyorconvergentlyvaluablefromtheperspectiveofanartificialintelligence.Concernoverriskfromartificialintelligencehasledtosomehigh-profiledonationsandinvestments.InJanuary2015,ElonMuskdonatedtenmilliondollarstotheFutureofLifeInstitutetofundresearchonunderstandingAIdecisionmaking.Thegoaloftheinstituteisto"growwisdomwithwhichwemanage"thegrowingpoweroftechnology.MuskalsofundscompaniesdevelopingartificialintelligencesuchasGoogleDeepMindandVicariousto"justkeepaneyeonwhat'sgoingonwithartificialintelligence.Ithinkthereispotentiallyadangerousoutcomethere."Developmentofmilitarizedartificialintelligenceisarelatedconcern.Currently,50+countriesareresearchingbattlefieldrobots,includingtheUnitedStates,China,Russia,andtheUnitedKingdom.ManypeopleconcernedaboutriskfromsuperintelligentAIalsowanttolimittheuseofartificialsoldiers.Devaluationofhumanity[edit]Mainarticle:ComputerPowerandHumanReasonJosephWeizenbaumwrotethatAIapplicationscannot,bydefinition,successfullysimulategenuinehumanempathyandthattheuseofAItechnologyinfieldssuchascustomerserviceorpsychotherapywasdeeplymisguided.WeizenbaumwasalsobotheredthatAIresearchers(andsomephilosophers)werewillingtoviewthehumanmindasnothingmorethanacomputerprogram(apositionnowknownascomputationalism).ToWeizenbaumthesepointssuggestthatAIresearchdevalueshumanlife.Decreaseindemandforhumanlabor[edit]Furtherinformation:Technologicalunemployment§21stcenturyTherelationshipbetweenautomationandemploymentiscomplicated.Whileautomationeliminatesoldjobs,italsocreatesnewjobsthroughmicro-economicandmacro-economiceffects.Unlikepreviouswavesofautomation,manymiddle-classjobsmaybeeliminatedbyartificialintelligence;TheEconomiststatesthat"theworrythatAIcoulddotowhite-collarjobswhatsteampowerdidtoblue-collaronesduringtheIndustrialRevolution"is"worthtakingseriously".Subjectiveestimatesoftheriskvarywidely;forexample,MichaelOsborneandCarlBenediktFreyestimate47%ofU.S.jobsareat"highrisk"ofpotentialautomation,whileanOECDreportclassifiesonly9%ofU.S.jobsas"highrisk".Jobsatextremeriskrangefromparalegalstofastfoodcooks,whilejobdemandislikelytoincreaseforcare-relatedprofessionsrangingfrompersonalhealthcaretotheclergy.AuthorMartinFordandothersgofurtherandarguethatalargenumberofjobsareroutine,repetitiveand(toanAI)predictable;Fordwarnsthatthesejobsmaybeautomatedinthenextcoupleofdecades,andthatmanyofthenewjobsmaynotbe"accessibletopeoplewithaveragecapability",evenwithretraining.Economistspointoutthatinthepasttechnologyhastendedtoincreaseratherthanreducetotalemployment,butacknowledgethat"we'reinunchartedterritory"withAI.Artificialmoralagents[edit]ThisraisestheissueofhowethicallythemachineshouldbehavetowardsbothhumansandotherAIagents.ThisissuewasaddressedbyWendellWallachinhisbooktitledMoralMachinesinwhichheintroducedtheconceptofartificialmoralagents(AMA).ForWallach,AMAshavebecomeapartoftheresearchlandscapeofartificialintelligenceasguidedbyitstwocentralquestionswhichheidentifiesas"DoesHumanityWantComputersMakingMoralDecisions"and"Can(Ro)botsReallyBeMoral".ForWallachthequestionisnotcenteredontheissueofwhethermachinescandemonstratetheequivalentofmoralbehaviorincontrasttotheconstraintswhichsocietymayplaceonthedevelopmentofAMAs.Machineethics[edit]Mainarticle:MachineethicsThefieldofmachineethicsisconcernedwithgivingmachinesethicalprinciples,oraprocedurefordiscoveringawaytoresolvetheethicaldilemmastheymightencounter,enablingthemtofunctioninanethicallyresponsiblemannerthroughtheirownethicaldecisionmakingThefieldwasdelineatedintheAAAIFall2005SymposiumonMachineEthics:"Pastresearchconcerningtherelationshipbetweentechnologyandethicshaslargelyfocusedonresponsibleandirresponsibleuseoftechnologybyhumanbeings,withafewpeoplebeinginterestedinhowhumanbeingsoughttotreatmachines.Inallcases,onlyhumanbeingshaveengagedinethicalreasoning.Thetimehascomeforaddinganethicaldimensiontoatleastsomemachines.Recognitionoftheethicalramificationsofbehaviorinvolvingmachines,aswellasrecentandpotentialdevelopmentsinmachineautonomy,necessitatethis.Incontrasttocomputerhacking,softwarepropertyissues,privacyissuesandothertopicsnormallyascribedtocomputerethics,machineethicsisconcernedwiththebehaviorofmachinestowardshumanusersandothermachines.Researchinmachineethicsiskeytoalleviatingconcernswithautonomoussystems—itcouldbearguedthatthenotionofautonomousmachineswithoutsuchadimensionisattherootofallfearconcerningmachineintelligence.Further,investigationofmachineethicscouldenablethediscoveryofproblemswithcurrentethicaltheories,advancingourthinkingaboutEthics."Machineethicsissometimesreferredtoasmachinemorality,computationalethicsorcomputationalmorality.Avarietyofperspectivesofthisnascentfieldcanbefoundinthecollectededition"MachineEthics"thatstemsfromtheAAAIFall2005SymposiumonMachineEthics.MalevolentandfriendlyAI[edit]Mainarticle:FriendlyAIPoliticalscientistCharlesT.RubinbelievesthatAIcanbeneitherdesignednorguaranteedtobebenevolent.Hearguesthat"anysufficientlyadvancedbenevolencemaybeindistinguishablefrommalevolence."Humansshouldnotassumemachinesorrobotswouldtreatusfavorably,becausethereisnoapriorireasontobelievethattheywouldbesympathetictooursystemofmorality,whichhasevolvedalongwithourparticularbiology(whichAIswouldnotshare).Hyper-intelligentsoftwaremaynotnecessarilydecidetosupportthecontinuedexistenceofhumanity,andwouldbeextremelydifficulttostop.Thistopichasalsorecentlybeguntobediscussedinacademicpublicationsasarealsourceofriskstocivilization,humans,andplanetEarth.PhysicistStephenHawking,MicrosoftfounderBillGates,andSpaceXfounderElonMuskhaveexpressedconcernsaboutthepossibilitythatAIcouldevolvetothepointthathumanscouldnotcontrolit,withHawkingtheorizingthatthiscould"spelltheendofthehumanrace".OneproposaltodealwiththisistoensurethatthefirstgenerallyintelligentAIis'FriendlyAI',andwillthenbeabletocontrolsubsequentlydevelopedAIs.Somequestionwhetherthiskindofcheckcouldreallyremaininplace.LeadingAIresearcherRodneyBrookswrites,"IthinkitisamistaketobeworryingaboutusdevelopingmalevolentAIanytimeinthenextfewhundredyears.IthinktheworrystemsfromafundamentalerrorinnotdistinguishingthedifferencebetweentheveryrealrecentadvancesinaparticularaspectofAI,andtheenormityandcomplexityofbuildingsentientvolitionalintelligence."Machineconsciousness,sentienceandmind[edit]Mainarticle:ArtificialconsciousnessIfanAIsystemreplicatesallkeyaspectsofhumanintelligence,willthatsystemalsobesentient–willithaveamindwhichhasconsciousexperiences?Thisquestioniscloselyrelatedtothephilosophicalproblemastothenatureofhumanconsciousness,generallyreferredtoasthehardproblemofconsciousness.Consciousness[edit]Mainarticles:HardproblemofconsciousnessandTheoryofmind[icon] Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(March2016)Computationalismandfunctionalism[edit]Mainarticles:ComputationalismandFunctionalism(philosophyofmind)Computationalismisthepositioninthephilosophyofmindthatthehumanmindorthehumanbrain(orboth)isaninformationprocessingsystemandthatthinkingisaformofcomputing.Computationalismarguesthattherelationshipbetweenmindandbodyissimilaroridenticaltotherelationshipbetweensoftwareandhardwareandthusmaybeasolutiontothemind-bodyproblem.ThisphilosophicalpositionwasinspiredbytheworkofAIresearchersandcognitivescientistsinthe1960sandwasoriginallyproposedbyphilosophersJerryFodorandHilaryPutnam.StrongAIhypothesis[edit]Mainarticle:ChineseroomThephilosophicalpositionthatJohnSearlehasnamed"strongAI"states:"Theappropriatelyprogrammedcomputerwiththerightinputsandoutputswouldtherebyhaveamindinexactlythesamesensehumanbeingshaveminds."SearlecountersthisassertionwithhisChineseroomargument,whichasksustolookinsidethecomputerandtrytofindwherethe"mind"mightbe.Robotrights[edit]Mainarticle:RobotrightsMaryShelley'sFrankensteinconsidersakeyissueintheethicsofartificialintelligence:ifamachinecanbecreatedthathasintelligence,coulditalsofeel?Ifitcanfeel,doesithavethesamerightsasahuman?Theideaalsoappearsinmodernsciencefiction,suchasthefilmA.I.:ArtificialIntelligence,inwhichhumanoidmachineshavetheabilitytofeelemotions.Thisissue,nowknownas"robotrights",iscurrentlybeingconsideredby,forexample,California'sInstitutefortheFuture,althoughmanycriticsbelievethatthediscussionispremature.Somecriticsoftranshumanismarguethatanyhypotheticalrobotrightswouldlieonaspectrumwithanimalrightsandhumanrights.Thesubjectisprofou