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ReadingTest

65MINUTES,52QUESTIONS

TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).

Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThispassageisadaptedfromAmitChaudhuri,AStrangeandSublimeAddress.?1991byAmitChaudhuri.Aten-year-oldboynamedSandeeptravelswithhismother,hisaunt(Mamima),andhisuncle(Chhotomama)tovisitfamilyinCalcutta,India.

Twoboyswereplayingcarromonthestepsofasmall,paintedshedwhichhadthefollowingwordsonitswallinlarge,blackletters:NATIONAL

LineASSOCIATIONOFSPORTSMEN.Asingle

5table-tennistableinsidetheshedcouldbeglimpsedthroughthewindow.TheboysinterruptedtheirgametogiveChhotomamadirectionstothehouseinaseriesofsporadic,enthusiasticgestures.Ohyes,theyknewtheoldcouple.Andyes,theirsonand

10daughter-in-lawhadarrivedlastnightwiththeirfirstchild.

“Isitagirloraboy?”askedMamima,rollingdownthewindow.

“Agirl,”saidtheboy.

oldman’slisteningear,andtohiswife’sear,evenwhenthecarwasrelativelyfarawayandbeyondtheirrangeofvision.Theyhadponderedoverthesound,

30andfinally,hehadlitthelanternandshuffledout.“Itoldher,”hesaid,referringtohiswife.“ItoldherthatIheardthecar,Iknewitwasthecar,Itoldheryouwerecoming.”

Oncetheywereinside,Mamimagavethepotof

35yoghurtandthepotofsweetmeatstotheold

lady.“Therewasnoneed,”shesaid.“Ohreally,”shesaid.“Thisistoomuch,”sheinsisted,withtheairofonewhohasjustreceivedtheKohinoordiamondasabirthdaypresent.“Come,come,come,”said

40Chhotomama,withtheairofsomeonewhohasjustgiventheKohinoordiamondasabirthdaypresent,andrefusestobeoverawedbyhisowngenerosity.“It’snothing.”Itwasnothing,ofcourse,onlyGanguram’ssweetsandyoghurt,buttheyfussedand

45fussedandcreatedtheillusionthatitwassomething,somethinguniqueanduntastedandunencountered.

Thesonandthedaughter-in-lawemergedshyly

fromtheanteroom.Theybothstoopedgentlyto

15 Mamimarolledupherwindowbeforethemosquitoescamein.Thetwoboysvanishedbehindthem.Whentheyreachedthehouse,theyfoundthattheoldmanwaswaitingontheverandahwithalanterninhishand.Mothswereshudderinground

touchChhotomama’sfeet,andSandeep’saunt’sand

50hismother’sfeet,atraditionalgreetingandamarkofobeisancetowardsone’selders.

“Ohnonono,”saidChhotomama,strugglingto

keeptheson’shandawayfromhisfeet.“There’sno

20androundthelantern,thoughtheoldmanwasoblivioustothem.Hehadcomeoutbecausehehadheardthethrobbingoftheengineinthedistance.Thenighthadbeensilentexceptforthequestioningcryofanowlandthecontinualorchestralsoundof

25cricketsinthebushes.Thethrobbingoftheenginehad,therefore,travelledthroughthesilencetothe

needforallthis.”Thiswashalfatokengesture

55towardsmodesty,andhalftowardsthenew,“modern”India—Nehru’ssecularIndia,freeofritualandreligion.

“Ihavenotmetyoufortwoyears,Dada,”saidtheson,strugglingtogethishandsnearChhotomama’s

60toes.“Youmustnotstopme.”Thiswashalfatokengesturetowardsmodesty,andhalftowardstheold,“traditional”India—Gandhi’sIndiaofceremonyandcustom.

Sandeep,meanwhile,hadcometotheconclusion

65thatthegrown-upsweremad,eachafterhisorherownfashion.Simplesituationswereturnedintocomplex,dramaticones;notuntilthendideveryonefeelimportantandhappy.Willtheynevergrowup?thoughtSandeepirately.Heglancedaroundhim.A

70singleblue,fluorescenttubewasburningonthewall.

Itwasnotabigroom.Despiteitsbareness,theimpressionitgavewasofausterityratherthanpoverty.Itmadeonerememberthatpovertymeantdisplacementaswellaslack,whileausteritymeant

75beingpoorinarootedway,withinatraditionandcultureofsparseness,whichtransformedeventhelack,thepaucity,intoakindofbeing.

3

Asusedinlines37and40,“air”mostnearlymeans

atmosphere.

absence.

demeanor.

melody.

4

Thecharacters’behaviorduringthegiftgivingmainlyservesto

emphasizethelavishvalueofthegift.

inflatethesignificanceofthegesture.

conveyindifferencetowardthegift.

stresstheneedforpolitebehavior.

5

1

Accordingtothepassage,theoldmanwasstandingontheverandahbecause

hewaswatchingcarstraveldowntheroad.

thetwoboyshadreportedthevisitorswouldsoonarrive.

hehadheardwhathebelievedtobethevisitors’car.

heenjoyedlisteningtothequietsoundsoftheevening.

2

Inthepassage,theyoghurtandsweetmeatsarecomparedtoa

jewel.

cuisine.

weddinggift.

generousdonation.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines43-44(“Itwas...yoghurt”)

Lines44-46(“they...unencountered”)

Lines52-54(“Ohno...allthis”)

Lines58-60(“Ihave...stopme”)

6

ThedescriptionofChhotomamaandtheson’sinteractionmainlyservesto

showhowthecharactersdivergeintheirapproachestoculturalpractices.

emphasizethecharacters’complexrelationship.

stressthecharacters’misinterpretationsofIndianhistory.

depicthowthecharacterscreatedgesturesthatbecameroutine.

7

Overthecourseofthepassage,Sandeepcomestoviewtheadultsas

strict.

reserved.

sophisticated.

immature.

8

Sandeepwouldbemostcriticalofwhichactionfromthepassage?

Thetwoboysplayingcarrom

Mamima’sinquiryaboutthegenderofthechild

Theoldlady’sreactiontothegift

Thesonanddaughter-in-lawwaitingintheanteroom

9

WhichlinesfromthepassagemoststronglysuggestthatIndiahasexperiencedsocialchange?

Lines36-37(“Therewas...sheinsisted”)

Lines48-51(“Theyboth...elders”)

Lines54-57(“Thiswas...religion”)

Lines73-76(“Itmade...sparseness”)

10

Asusedinline72,“impression”mostnearlymeans

appearance.

belief.

imitation.

recollection.

Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

ThispassageisadaptedfromNicholasEpley,Mindwise:HowWeUnderstandWhatOthersThink,Believe,Feel,andWant.

?2014byNicholasEpley.

Knowingyourownreputationcanbesurprisinglydifficult.Consider,forinstance,astudythatanalyzedasetofpublishedexperimentsallsharingthesame

Linebasicdesign.Intheseexperiments,peopleworkingin

5agroupwouldbeaskedtopredicthowtheothergroupmemberswouldratethemonaseriesofdifferenttraits.Researchersthencomparedthesepredictedratingstotheothergroupmembers’actualratingsontheverysametraits.Thetraitsvariedfrom

10oneexperimenttoanotherandincludedqualitieslikeintelligence,senseofhumor,consideration,defensiveness,friendliness,andleadershipability.Thegroupsvariedinfamiliarity,withthemembersofsomegroupsbeingfairlyunfamiliarwithone

15another(suchashavingmetonlyonce,inajobinterview)andthemembersofothergroupsbeingveryfamiliarwithoneanother(suchashavinglivedtogetherforanextendedtimeasroommates).Ifpeopleknewexactlywhatotherswerethinking,then

20therewouldbeaperfectcorrespondencebetweenpredictedandactualratings.Ifpeoplewereclueless,thentherewouldbenocorrespondencebetweenthetwo.Statisticallyspeaking,youmeasurerelationshipslikethesewithacorrelation,whereperfect

25correspondenceyieldsacorrelationof1andnocorrespondenceyieldsacorrelationof0.Thecloserthecorrelationisto1,thestrongertherelationship.

First,thegoodnews.Theseexperimentssuggestedthatpeopleareprettygood,overall,atguessinghow

30agroupofotherswouldevaluatethem,onaverage.Theoverallcorrelationintheseexperimentsbetweenpredictedimpressionsandtheaverageactualimpressionofthegroupwasquitehigh(.55,ifyouarequantitativelyinclined).Toputthatin

35perspective,thisisroughlythesamemagnitudeasthecorrelationbetweentheheightsoffathersandtheheightsofsons(around.5).Itisnotperfectinsight,butitisalsoveryfarfrombeingclueless.Inotherwords,youprobablyhaveadecentsenseofwhat

40othersgenerallythinkofyou,onaverage.

Nowthebadnews.Theseexperimentsalsoassessedhowwellpeoplecouldpredicttheimpressionofanysingleindividualwithinagivengroup.Youmayknow,forinstance,thatyour

45coworkersingeneralthinkyouarerathersmart,butthosecoworkersalsovaryintheirimpressionofyou.Somethinkyouareassharpasaknife.Othersthinkyouareassharpasaspoon.Doyouknowthedifference?

MeanCorrelationsofPerceptionsofIndividualsamongNewAcquaintancesandOldAcquaintancesinTwenty-OneStudies

newacquaintancewellacquainted

Meancorrelations

(1=completeagreement;0=completedisagreement)

1.0

50 Evidently,no.Theaccuracyrateacrosstheseexperimentswasbarelybetterthanrandomguessing(anoverallcorrelationof.13betweenpredictedandactualevaluations,onlyslightlyhigherthanno

relationshipwhatsoever).Althoughyoumighthave

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

55somesenseofhowsmartyourcoworkersthinkyouare,youappeartohavenoclueaboutwhichcoworkersinparticularfindyousmartandwhichdonot.Asoneauthorofthestudywrites,“Peopleseemtohavejustatinyglimmerofinsightintohowthey

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

A B C

60areuniquelyviewedbyparticularotherpeople.”

Butperhapsthisisholdingyourmind-readingabilitiestotoohighastandard?It’shard,afterall,todefinetraitslikeintelligenceandtrustworthinessprecisely,soitmightnotbesosurprisingthatwe

65havedifficultyguessinghowotherswillevaluateusontheseambiguoustraits.Whataboutpredictingsomethingsimpler,suchashowmuchotherpeoplelikeyou?Surelyyouarebetteratthis.Youlearnovertimetohangaroundpeoplewhosmileatyouand

70avoidthosewhospitatyou.Youmusthaveamuchbettersenseofwholikesyouandwhohatesyouwithinagroup.Yes?

I’mafraidnot.Thesestudiesfoundthatpeopleareonlyslightlybetterthanchanceatguessingwhoina

75grouplikesthemandwhodoesnot(theaveragecorrelationherewasameager.18).Someofyourcoworkerslikeyouandothersdonot,butIwouldn’tcountonyouknowingthedifference.Thesamebarely-better-than-guessingaccuracyisalsofoundin

80experimentsinvestigatinghowwellspeeddaterscanassesswhowantstodatethemandwhodoesnot,howwelljobcandidatescanjudgewhichinterviewerswereimpressedbythemandwhichwerenot,andevenhowwellteacherscanpredicttheir

85courseevaluations.Granted,it’srarethatyouarecompletelycluelessabouthowyouareevaluated.Accuracytendstobebetterthanchanceintheseexperiments,butnotnecessarilybyverymuch.

A=correlationbetweenindividuals’self-perceptionandthoseindividuals’predictionsofhowothersperceivethem

B=correlationbetweenindividuals’self-perceptionandactualperceptionofthoseindividualsbyothers

C=correlationbetweenindividuals’predictionsofhowothersperceivethemandactualperceptionofthoseindividualsbyothers

AdaptedfromErikaN.CarlsonandSimineVazire,“Meta-Insight:

DoPeopleReallyKnowHowOthersSeeThem?”?2011byAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

11

Whichchoicebestsupportstheclaiminthefirstsentenceofthepassage?

Lines2-4(“Consider...design”)

Lines21-23(“Ifpeople...two”)

Lines26-27(“Thecloser...relationship”)

Lines54-58(“Although...not”)

12

15

Theinformationaboutstatisticalmeasurementinlines23-27(“Statistically...relationship”)ispresentedinorderto

correctacommonmisunderstandingofhowresearchersquantifycertaindatafromexperiments.

forestallpotentialobjectionstohowdatafromtheexperimentswereanalyzedinthestudy.

drawattentiontoapatternevidentintheconclusionsoftheexperiments.

providecontextforawayinwhichtheresultsoftheexperimentswillbediscussed.

13

Basedonthepassage,inwhichsituationwouldanindividualstandthegreatestchanceofaccuratelypredictinghowheorsheisperceived?

Aninternpredictstheimpressionthatherdirectsupervisorholdsofher.

Amanagerpredictsthecollectiveopinionofemployeesaboutherability.

Aninstructorpredictstheenthusiasmofhisclassaftertalkingwithtwostudents.

Abiographerpredictstheesteeminwhichheisheldbythelivingsubjectofhisbook.

14

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines9-13(“Thetraits...familiarity”)

Lines28-33(“Theseexperiments...high”)

Lines41-44(“Nowthe...group”)

Lines68-70(“Surely...atyou”)

Asusedinline35,“magnitude”mostnearlymeans

strength.

influence.

severity.

reality.

16

Whatmaineffectdothewords“clueless”(line38)and“mind-reading”(line61)haveonthetoneofthepassage?

Theycontributetoacasualandgentlyhumoroustonethatrendersapotentiallyspecializeddiscussionmoreapproachable.

Theycontributetoaslylymockinganddisapprovingtonethatreinforcestheauthor’scriticismsoftheresearchers’conclusions.

Theycontributetoadeeplypessimistictonethatstressestheimpossibilityofeverknowinghowpeopletrulyperceiveeachother.

Theycontributetoathoughtfulyetuncertaintonethatcastsdoubtonthereal-worldusefulnessofexperimentaldata.

17

Theauthorquotedinlines58-60expresseswhichviewofthestudy’sresults?

Theyindicatethatthereisasmallbutpromisingchanceofcorrectlypredictinghowoneisperceived.

Theyshowthatindividualsgenerallyknowverylittleabouthowtheyareregardedbygroupsofpeople.

Theyrevealthatoneindividualhardlyknowswhatanotherindividualthinksofhimorher.

Theyconfirmthatone’spredictionsaboutotherpeople’simpressionsarenobetterthanrandomguesses.

18

20

Themainreasonthattheauthorincludestheinformationaboutspeeddaters,jobcandidates,andteachersinlines78-85isto

cautionagainstmakingassumptionsaboutcertainindividuals’motives.

distinguishamongcertainbehaviorsobservedinthreedifferentscenarios.

indicatecertainsettingswherefurtherstudybyresearchersisneeded.

offerexamplesofsituationsinwhichacertainfindingholdstrue.

WhichstatementbestexemplifiesthedistinctionmadebycorrelationCinthefigure?

Sallybelievessheisoutgoingbutthinksthatotherswilldescribeherasreserved.

Sallyexpectsthatotherswillsaysheisoutgoing,butmanydescribeherasreserved.

Sallyhasbeentoldthatsheisoutgoingbutonlybypeoplewithwhomsheiswellacquainted.

Sallyisoutgoingwiththosewithwhomsheiswellacquaintedbutreservedaroundnewacquaintances.

19

21

Accordingtothefigure,themeancorrelationthatmostnearlyapproachescompleteagreementexistsbetweenindividuals’self-perceptionand

howthoseindividualsareactuallyperceivedbynewacquaintances.

actualperceptionsofthoseindividualsbypeoplewithwhomtheyarewellacquainted.

theindividuals’predictionsofhowtheyareperceivedbypeoplewithwhomtheyarewellacquainted.

thepredictionsthoseindividualsmakeabouthowtheyareperceivedbynewaswellasoldacquaintances.

Informationinthefigureismostusefulforaddressingwhichquestionprovokedbythepassage?

Whatdeterminedthetraitsthatresearcherstendedtofocusonintheexperimentsbeinganalyzed?

Whyareindividualsmorelikelytoaccuratelypredicttheimpressionsofgroupsthanofspecificindividualswithingroups?

Towhatdegreearepeopleabletopredicthowindividualacquaintancesperceivethem?

Isoneperson’sunderstandingoftrustworthinessreallysodifferentfromanotherperson’sunderstandingofthattrait?

Questions22-32arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

ThispassageisadaptedfromDavidShiga,“HasPlutoSentUsaMessageinCeres?”?2008byReedBusinessInformation,Ltd.

DoesPlutohaveawaywardcousinlurkingintheinnersolarsystem?ThedwarfplanetCeres—andothericychunks—mayhavebeenborninthesame

LinerealmasPluto,buttravelledallthewaytothe

5asteroidbeltbetweentheorbitsofMarsandJupiter.Ifso,itwouldbefurtherevidencethatamassiveupheavalrearrangedtheearlysolarsystem.

At950kilometresindiameter,Ceresisbyfarthelargestobjectintheasteroidbelt.Andthat’snotthe

10onlyreasonitdoesn’tquitefitinwithmanyofitscompanions,accordingtoWilliamMcKinnonofWashingtonUniversity.

McKinnonpointsoutthatCereshasalowdensity,whichsuggestsitis25to30percentwater

15ice.That’sahighproportionforanasteroid,butcloselymatchesPlutoandothericyobjectsnativetotheoutersolarsystem,knownastrans-Neptunianobjects(TNOs).What’smore,adipinCeres’slightspectrummaybeasignofammonium-richclayat

20thesurface.ThismaterialhasneverbeenfoundinthefragmentsofasteroidsthathavefallentoEarth,butfitstheexpectedammonia-richcomposition

ofaTNO.

SoifCeresformedinPluto’sneighbourhood,

25howdiditendup2to4billionkilometresaway?Someresearchersthinkthattheorbitsoftheplanetswereonceunstable.Accordingtothisidea—knownastheNicemodel—UranusandNeptunewentrampagingthroughtheoutersolarsystemaround

303.9billionyearsago.Asaresult,manyoftheicyobjectsthatformedintheoutersolarsystemwerepulledinwardbythegravityofthetwoplanets,andsomeendedupjoiningtherockyasteroidsthatwerebornintheasteroidbelt.Cereswouldsimplybethe

35largestoftheseimmigrants.“Theoddsforthisseemlow,butitisnotinconceivable,”saysBillBottkeoftheSouthwestResearchInstitute(SwRI)inBoulder,Colorado.

BottkeandHalLevisonofSwRIledapairof

40studieswhichsupporttheideaofrefugeesfromtheoutersolarsystemorbitingintheasteroidbelt.

Theyfocusedontheso-calledD-andP-typeasteroidsthatcomprise20percentofthepopulationintheouterpartofthebelt.Theseobjectsareadark

45reddishcolourthatsuggeststheyarecoveredin

carbon-richgunk—justthesortofresiduethatmighthavebeenleftbehindonanicyobjectthathaditsoutermostlayersvaporisedinthebrightsunlightoftheinnersolarsystem.BottkeandLevison’s

50computersimulationsshowthattheobservednumberofobjectsisaboutrightiftheyareimmigrants,thoughtheyhaveassumedmanyoftheobjectsbrokeupaftertransport.

ThomasMcCordoftheBearFightCenterin

55Winthrop,Washington,whowasnotinvolvedinanyofthethreestudies,agreesthattheasteroidbeltprobablyhostssomesmallrefugeesfromtheoutersolarsystem,butsaysthereisnoreasontobelieveCeresisastrangerthere.Itsice-to-rockratiomatches

60theexpectedcompositionoftherawmaterialsthatwouldhavebeenavailableatitscurrentpositionearlyon,hesays.What’smore,objectsofitssizeareexpectedtohaveformedintheinnersolarsystem.NewmeasurementsofCeres’scompositionby

65NASA’sDawnmission,forwhichMcCordisateammember,couldhelppindownitsbirthplace.

PropertiesofSelectedSolarSystemObjects

Object

AveragedistancefromSun(Earthdistance=1)

Radius(Earth=1)

Mass(Earth=1)

Averagedensity(g/cm3)

Earth

1.0

1.0

1.0

5.5

Mars

1.52

0.53

0.11

3.9

Juno

(asteroid)

2.7

0.019

0.000003

2.8

Ceres(dwarf

planet)

2.8

0.073

0.00015

2.7

Jupiter

5.2

11.2

318.0

1.3

Saturn1

9.5

9.5

95.0

0.7

Uranus

19.2

4.0

15.0

1.3

Neptune

30.1

3.9

17.0

1.6

Pluto(dwarf

planet)

39.5

0.2

0.002

2.1

1PropertiesgivendonotincludeSaturn’sringsystem.

Source:DatafromtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA).

22

25

InMcKinnon’sview,Ceresdiffersfromotherobjectsintheasteroidbeltinwhichsignificantway?

ThesurfacetemperatureofCeresislowerthanthetemperaturesoftheotherobjects.

ThedimensionsofCereshavevariedmoreovertimethanthedimensionsoftheother

objectshave.

ThesurfacecompositionofCeresisdissimilartothecompositionoftheotherobjects.

ThelightreflectedbyCeresismoreintensethanthelightreflectedbytheotherobjects.

23

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines2-5(“Thedwarf...Jupiter”)

Lines8-9(“At950...belt”)

Lines18-20(“What’s...surface”)

Lines20-23(“This...TNO”)

24

Accordingtothepassage,theNicemodelisbasedontheideathat

UranusandNeptunewerenotalwayslockedintotheircurrentorbitalpaths.

Cerestraveledagreaterdistancethananyotherobjectinthesolarsystemdid.

objectsformedintheinnersolarsystemwereabletoresistthegravitationalpullofUranusandNeptune.

icyobjectslikeCereswereformedintheinnersolarsystem.

Asusedinline34,“simply”mostnearlymeans

wholly.

sincerely.

plainly.

merely.

26

Basedonthepassage,BottkeandLevison’sconclusionswouldbemostweakenedbyastudythat

confirmedthatheatfromtheSunburnedawaytheouterlayersofallimmigrantobjects.

establishedthattheorbitsofcertainobjectsoftheinnersolarsystemwereoncelessstable.

demonstratedthatveryfewobjectsbrokeupaftermigratingtotheasteroidbelt.

provedthatnotallimmigrantsfromtheoutersolarsystemsurviveintheasteroidbelttoday.

27

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines39-41(“Bottke...belt”)

Lines42-44(“They...belt”)

Lines44-49(“These...system”)

Lines49-53(“Bottke...transport”)

28

Asusedinline60,“raw”mostnearlymeans

original.

young.

exposed.

inexperienced.

29

Thelastsentenceofthepassageservesmainlyto

hintatapossibleweaknessinaclaim.

emphasizethecriticalnatureofadecision.

alludetoapotentialresolutiontoapuzzle.

reconciletwoopposingpositionsonanissue.

30

Accordingtothetable,whichobjecthasthelowestaveragedensity?

Earth

Ceres

Saturn

Pluto

31

Whichstatementissupportedbydatarepresentedinthetable?

EarthshowsgreatervariationindensitythanCeresdoes.

Juno’saveragedistancefromtheSunislessthanthatofCeres.

SomeobjectsintheasteroidbeltaregreaterinmassthanCeresis.

Nootherdwarfplanethasaradiusaslargeas

Questions33-42arebasedonthefollowingpassages.

Passage1,byPatrickHenry,andPassage2,byEdmundPendleton,areadaptedfromspeechesdeliveredtotheVirginiaratifyingconventionin1788.Bothareinresponsetotheproposalbythe1787ConstitutionalConventioninPhiladelphiatoreplacetheArticlesofConfederationwithanewconstitutionestablishinganationalgovernment.

Passage1

Ifawrongstepbenowmade,therepublicmaybelostforever.Ifthisnewgovernmentwillnotcomeuptotheexpectationofthepeople,andtheyshallbe

Linedisappointed,theirlibertywillbelost,andtyranny

5mustandwillarise.

...AndhereIwouldmakethisinquiryofthoseworthycharacterswhocomposedapartofthelatefederalConvention.Iamsuretheywerefullyimpressedwiththenecessityofformingagreat

10consolidatedgovernment,insteadofaconfederation.Thatthisisaconsolidatedgovernmentisdemonstrablyclear;andthedangerofsuchagovernmentis,tomymind,verystriking.

Ihavethehighestvenerationforthosegentlemen;

15but,sir,givemeleavetodemand,Whatrighthadtheytosay,We,thepeople?Mypoliticalcuriosity,exclusiveofmyanxioussolicitudeforthepublicwelfare,leadsmetoask,Whoauthorizedthemtospeakthelanguageof,We,thepeople,insteadof,

20We,thestates?Statesarethecharacteristicsandthesoulofaconfederation.Ifthestatesbenottheagentsofthiscompact,itmustbeonegreat,consolidated,nationalgovernment,ofthepeopleofallthe

states

thatofCeres.

32

WhichdatapresentedinthetablewouldMcKinnon

25 Thepeoplegavethemnopowertousetheirname.Thattheyexceededtheirpowerisperfectlyclear.Itisnotmerecuriositythatactuatesme:Iwishtohearthereal,actual,existingdanger,whichshouldleadustotakethosesteps,sodangerousinmy

findmostusefultohisargument?

TheaveragedensityofPlutoissimilartothatofCeres.

NeptuneislocatedmuchfartherfromtheSunthanisCeres.

ThemassofCeresisonlyslightlygreaterthanthatofJuno.

Ceresisdenser,onaverage,thaneitherNeptuneorUranus.

30conception.DisordershaveariseninotherpartsofAmerica;buthere,sir,nodangers,noinsurrectionortumulthavehappened;everythinghasbeencalmandtranquil.But,notwithstandingthis,wearewanderingonthegreatoceanofhumanaffairs.Isee

35nolandmarktoguideus.Wearerunningweknownotwhither.Differenceofopinionhasgonetoadegreeofinflammatoryresentmentindifferentpartsofthecountry,whichhasbeenoccasionedbythisperilousinnovation.ThefederalConventionought

40tohaveamendedtheoldsystem;forthispurposetheyweresolelydelegated;theobjectoftheirmission

extendedtonootherconsideration.Youmust,therefore,forgivethesolicitationofoneunworthymembertoknowwhatdangercouldhavearisen

45underthepresentConfederation,andwhatarethecausesofthisproposaltochangeourgovernment.

Passage2

Mr.Chairman,myworthyfriend(Mr.Henry)hasexpressedgreatuneasinessinhismind,andinformedusthatagreatmanyofourcitizensarealso

50extremelyuneasy,attheproposalofchangingourgovernment

...[A]nobjectionismadetotheform:theexpression,We,thepeople,isthoughtimproper.Permitmetoaskthegentlemanwhomadethis

55objection,whobutthepeoplecandelegatepowers?

Whobutthepeoplehavearighttoformgovernment?Theexpressionisacommonone,andafavoriteonewithme.Therepresentativesofthepeople,bytheirauthority,isamodewholly

60inessential.Iftheobjectionbe,thattheUnionoughttobenotofthepeople,butofthestategovernments,thenIthinkthechoiceoftheformerveryhappyandproper.Whathavethestategovernmentstodo

withit?...

33

InPassage1,HenrystatesthatVirginiadiffersfromotherareasofthecou