TPO21listeningSectionWhydoesthemanneedtheprofessor'sHedoesnotknowthelocationofhisgeneralorientationHelosttheinvitationtotheengineeringdepartment'sorientationHecannotlocatethebuildingfortheengineeringdepartment'sorientationHeneedshelpdecidingwhichareaofengineeringheshouldspecializeProfessor:Can’tfindyourorientationStudent:Uh-huh.Whatawaytobegin!Lostgoingtoorientation You’reright,thegeneralones.Iwenttooneofthosesessionsealiertoday.ButnowIneedtheoneformymajor,engineering.Myschedulesaysthemeetingroomisin...JohnsonHall?Intheengineeringdepartment,whichshouldberighthereinfrontofus,accordingtothemap?ButthisbuildingiscalledtheMorganHall.從以上能夠看出，男生并不是不知道generalorientationsession的地點，只是找不到這Whatisthecauseoftheman'sHedidnotallowenoughtimetofindthelocationofhisorientationHedidnotreceivetheorientationmaterialsonHeisnotusingthemostup-to-dateHemadeamistakereadinghisStudent:Igotasecondpackinthemailmorerecentlywithanotheroneofthesemapsinit.Iguesstheymusthavetheupdatedname.Ileftthatoneinmydormroom.WhywasthebuildinggivenanewToacknowledgealargedonationfromaprominentengineeringTohonoranimportantprofessorwhoretiredTorepresenttheengineeringdepartmentthatmovedintoTohonoraformerstudentwhobecameanProfessor:Well,thingschangefastaroundhere.Thisbuildingwasrenamedafteroneofourprofessors.Sheretiredafewmonthsago.Whatisman'sattitudetowardhisnewHeisimpressedbythearchitectureoftheHedoesnotvalueitslongtraditioninaerospaceHethinksitneedsamoreefficientorientationHebelievesitwillhelp esuccessfulinhischosenProfessor:Unfortunay,Ithinkshisideasaregoingoutofstyle.Sciencekeptmarchingforward.Student:I’llsayitdoes.That’swhyItransferredtothisuniversity.Iwasreallyimpressedwithalltheresearchequipmentyouguyshaveatthelaboratories.Youarereallyontheforefront.WhatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutaerospaceengineeringTheyhavemorepossibilitiesforjobsiftheytakeadditionalmathManyofthemeventuallyteachmathcoursesatotherManyofthemhaveunrealisticexpectations ingTheyarenotrequiredtotakeamathcourseforadegreeintheProfessor:...Amajorinaerospaceengineeringwithaminorinmath,you’llgofarwiththatdegree.Moreofourstudentsshoulddothat.Therearesomanymoreopportunitiesavailableinthefieldwhenyouhaveastrongmathbackground.LectureWhatisthepurposeoftheToexinhowtheheliocentrictheoryoftheuniverseTogiveanexampleofthepersistenceoftraditionalToshowthatscientificknowledgeisrarelyinfluencedbyTocomparemethodsinobservationalandtheoreticalProfessor:...howthroughouthistory,itwasoftendifficultforpeopletogiveupideaswhichhavelongbeentakenforgrantedasscientifictruth,evenifthoseideaswerefalse.InAstronomy,forexample,thedistinctionbetweenthesolarsystemandtheuniversewasn’tclearuntilmodern從以上及全文可知，教授全文是講述一個例子，而例子要證明的正是一個traditionalWhydidtheancientGreeksholdthegeocentricviewoftheuniverse?Clickon2TheSunappearedtothemtorevolvearoundTheyhadnotdevelopedmethodsofgatheringaccuratedataonthemovementofTheirreligiousandphilosophicalbeliefssupportedthisSomeofthenetsinthesolarsystemhadnotbeendiscoveredProfessor:...ObservationsoftheskymakeitappearasiftheSun,themoon,andthestarsallrevolvearoundtheEartheveryday,whiletheEarthitselfstayedinonece.Andthisviewisalsosupportedbytheirphilosophicalandreligiousbeliefsabouttheoriginandstructureofthe也得到philosophicalandreligiousbeliefs支持。WhydoestheprofessorpointoutthatGreekastronomerstriedtoexinnewastronomicaldiscoverieswithinthegeocentricconcept?ToexinwhyearlyastronomersfoundnewdiscoveriesToexinwhysomeclaimsmadebyancientGreekastronomers edwithclaimsmadebyearlierastronomersToillustratethatthegeocentricconceptwasopentomanyToillustratethatthegeocentricconceptitselfwasnotconsideredProfessor:...Now,what’sespeciallyinterestingisthatwhenastronomicalobservationsweremadethatseemedtobeinconsistentwiththegeocentricview,theancientGreeksdidnotreallyconsideralternativetheories.Itwassointuitive,sosensiblethattheEarthwasthecenteroftheuniversethatastronomersfoundwaystoexinthoseseeminglyinconsistentphenomenawithinthegeocentricview.WhydoestheprofessordiscusstheepicycleToexinwhyearlyastronomersstartedmeasuringthevelocityoftheToexinwhytheastronomerAristarchusrejectedthegeocentricToshowhowearlyastronomersexinedtheapparentbackwardmotionofsomeToshowthatearlyastronomersbelievedthatallnetsmovedintheirownorbitsaroundtheProfessor:...However,astronomersnoticedthatattimes,severalnetsseemtostopmovinginonedirectionandstartmovingbackwardintheirorbitsaroundtheEarth,andtheycameupwithatheorythatthesenetsthemselvesmovedinsmallercirclescalledepicyclesastheytravelledaroundtheEarth.通過教授的講解，epicyclestheory的出現是由于earlyastronomers為了解釋severalnetsstartmovingbackward。Intheprofessor'sview,whatmighthavecausedAristarchustoproposetheheliocentricThediscoverythatEarthwasmuchsmallerthantheThelackofproofsupportingthetheoryofTheinfluenceofwell-knownTheapparentstabilityofProfessor:...AristarchusrecognizedfromhiscalculationsthattheSunwasmuchlargerthantheEarthandothernets.ItwasprobablythisdiscoverythatledhimtoconcludethattheuniverseisWhatweretwoargumentsancientGreeksusedtorejecttheheliocentricmodel?Clickon2answers.MorestarswouldbevisibleinaheliocentricAmovingEarthwouldcreateastrongObjectsfalltowardthecenteroftheProfessor:...LetmementiontwoobjectionsGreeksmadetoAristarchus’stheory.First,theybelievethateverythingthatmovescreatesitsown Andsecond,theideaofanEarthmoveddidn’tfitinwiththeancientGreeks’understandingofgravity.Theythoughtthatgravitywasbasicallyanaturaltendencyofallthingstomovetowardsthecenteroftheuniverse,LectureWhatisthemainpurposeoftheTodescribesomerecentimprovementsincomputerToexinwhysomanysoftwareproductshaveflawswhentheyareputontheToshowthatcreatinggoodsoftwaredependsonpeoplewithdistinctrolesworkingwellTodiscusshowthesoftwaredevelopmentprocesshasevolvedsincethetimeofearlyAccordingtotheprofessor,wheredoestheterm"bug"usedforcomputercomeItoriginatedbecauseofsimilarbetweencomputerandrealItisbasedonaninwhichaninsectinterferedwiththefunctionofanyearlyItwasfirstusedbyearlycomputerscientistswhonoticedsmallproblemsinprogrammingItwasfirstusedbydeveloperswhodidnotliketestersidentifyingproblemsintheirProfessor:...backinthe1940s,whenthecomputerindustrywasjuststarting,agroupofcomputerscientistswasworkinglateonenight,andtherewasaprobleminoneofthecomputers’circuits1.Whentheyexaminedit,theyfoundafive-centimeterlongmothcaughtinthere.Oncetheydebuggedthecomputer,itworkedjustfine.Andeversincethen,allkindsofcomputerproblemshavebeenknownasbugs.Whatpointsdoestheprofessormakeaboutsoftwaredevelopers?Clickon2TheworktheydoismainlyTheyenjoythechallengeofidentifyingproblemstoTheirworkiseasierthantheworkofsoftwareTheyarenotalwaysabletodetectsoftwareProfessor:...becausedevelopersoftenhaveabiasfortheirownwork,anditblindsthemtocertainproblemsthatmightbeobvioustosomebody Thementalityofthesoftwaredeveloperconstructive,creative,theyarespendinglonghoursworkingtogethertocreateandbuildsomethingnew.WhatfactormadeworkonProjectUnityNounnnedchangesweremadeduringdefectTheteamsfocusedonfixingonlymajorThesoftwaredeveloperswerenotdefensiveaboutproblemsdetectedbytheSomeofthesoftwaretestershadpreviousexperienceassoftware Ok,andwhataboutProjectUnity?Howwasit thiswasdifferentbecausetwoteamsworkedcloselytogetherduringthemeetings,insteadofputupHowdidthesoftwareproductdevelopedduringProjectSplitdifferfromtheproductdevelopedduringProjectUnity?TheProjectSplitproductwasreleasedtothemarketinashorteramountofTheProjectSplitproductcouldbeusedinmoretypesofcomputerTheProjectSplitproductcostlessmoneytoTheProjectSplitproductwasofinferiorProfessor:...weendeduphavingtoputtheproductonthemarketwithknownbugsinit,whichwasobviouslynotideal.教授在談到ProjectSplitbugs的產品投入市場，即產Whentheprofessordiscussessomeworkmeetingsattendedbytwoteams,whydoeshesaythis:（復聽題）Toemphasizethefactthattotheteamswere withonTomakethepointthattestersarejustasimportantasToindicatethattheteamshaddifferentideasabouthowtomarketthenewToemphasizetheimportanceofmeetingsinthedevelopmentProfessor:...Andyoucouldsensethe justbywalkingintotheroom.Lilly,thetestersandthedeveloperssatonoppositesidesonthetable.教授這么說是為了強調tester和developer之間存在SectionWhydoesthewomangotoseetheToaskwhichelectivecourseshewillbeteachingnextTogetmoreadviceonwhichelectivecoursestotakenextTofindoutthedifferencebetweenpublicrelationsandTogethelpdecidingwhethertopursueagraduatedegreeinStudent:...Myissueis,Ihavegottworequirecoursesandtwoelectives.Iamtryingtofigureoutwhichelectivecourseistotake.Myadvisorsuggestedeconomicsandaccounting,butIamnotreallysure.Accordingtotheprofessor,whataspectofpublicrelationstendstosurpriseThefactthatpublicrelationsdoesnotinvolveThehighlevelofcompetitionforjobsinthepublic-relationsThenumberofgroupsthatpublic-relationsprofessionalsreachoutTheamountofeducationneededtoworkinthepublic-relationsStudent:...Ineverimaginethatone couldhaveoverthirtyaudiencestocommunicateProfessor:Yeah,alotofstudentsaretakenabackbyAccordingtothespeakers,howdoestheuniversitytrytocreatearelationshipwiththesurroundingcommunity?ByobtaininginputfromcommunitymemberswhendevelonewBylettingcommunitymembersattendsomelecturesandclasseswithoutBy careeradvicetocommunityByofferingtuitiondiscountstocommunityStudent:Youmeanhowtheuniversityinviteslocalresidentstoattendcertainlecturesandclassesfor?Professor:Yeah,thiscultivatesasenseofgoodwillandhelpstheuniversityavoid isolatedfromthelargercommunity.WhatdoestheprofessorimplywhenhementionsthatgraduateschoolisThewomanmayneedtoworkparttimewhileattendinggraduateThewomanshouldshoparoundforanaffordablegraduateThewomancouldprobablyfindemploymentinthemarketingfieldwithoutagraduateThewomanshouldmakesurethathergraduatecourseofstudyinterestProfessor:Yeah,butyou’llalsowanttoenjoyyourwork.Soforyouelectives,whydon’tyoutakeadvertisingprinciplesandintrotomarketing,whichIteach?Thisway,you’llfindoutifmarketingissomethingyoureallywanttopursue.GraduateSchooltuitionisexpensive,andthesecourseswillgiveyouagoodoverviewofthefieldbeforecommittingyourself.Whydoestheprofessorsaythis:（復聽題ToconveyunderstandingthatthewomanfindsthosesubjectsToacknowledgethatthosesubjectsaretoodifficultformanyhighschoolToacknowledgethathehasheardthesamecomintfromotherstudentsaboutthoseToassureherthatthosesubjectsaretaughtmoreeffectivelyatthecollegeStudent:Well,Ienduredaccountingandeconomicsinhighschoolandbarelystayedawake,theywereso...Professor:Ok,Ok.IhearLectureWhatisthelecturemainlyMethods yzingtoxicproteinsinsnakeInsightsaboutsnakeevolutionprovidedbyvenomHowsnakevenomdiffersfromlizardWhycolubridsareconsiderednonvenomousWhydoestheprofessorreviewinformationabouttheclassificationofsnakesthatstudentsprobablylearnedinpreviouscourses?TodeterminewhetherthestudentshaveenrolledintheappropriateTostresstheusefulnessoftheclassificationsystemforTopresentassumptionsthathaverecentlybeenTogiveanexampleofamethodthatshewillexiningreaterProfessor:...Thenthereisnon-venomoussnakeslikeconstrictorsandpythons.Anotherfamilyofsnakes,thecolubrids,don’treallyfitneatlyintoeithercategorythough.Colubrids,andyouprobablylearnedthistoo,althoughtheyareoftenclassifiedasvenomoussnakes,theyareactuallygenerallynon-venomous.Theyareclassifiedasvenomoussnakesbecausetheyresemblethem,theiradvancedfeaturesmorethantheothernon-venomoussnakes.Now,whatifItoldyouthatthereisagoodchancethatmosteverythingIjustsaidiswrong?Accordingtotheprofessor,whatisamajorweaknessoftheclassificationsystemthatisbasedonanimals'physicalcharacteristics?ItcanshowtherelationshipsonlyamongasmallnumberofanimalItrequirestechnologythatisnotwidelyItcannotaccountforcharacteristicsthatfirstappearedintherecentgeologicItcannotdeterminewhethersimilarcharacteristicsdevelopedinsimilarProfessor:...Traditionally,tounderstandingevolutionaryrelationships,welookedatvariouseasilyobservedphysicalcharacteristicsofanimals,...andthenclassifythembasedonsimilaritiesanddifferences.Theproblemwiththismethodisthatcharacteristicsthatappearsimilarmayactuallyhavedevelopedinquitedifferentways.以上的講解表達了與DAccordingtotheprofessor,inwhatwaydocolubridsnakesdifferfromothervenomousColubridsdidnotevolvefromColubridsdonotusevenomtocatchtheirThefrontteethofcolubridsaremuchlargerthanthoseofothervenomousColubridsproduceamuchstrongertypeofvenomthanothervenomoussnakesProfessor:...Whatseparatescolubridsfromothersnakeswehavebeenclassifyingisvenomous,isnotthelackofvenom,butthelackofaneffectivewaytodeliverthevenomintoitsprey.Inmostvenomoussnakes,likevipersandcobras,thevenomisusedtocatchandinmoblizetheprey;butincolubrids,venomdripsontothepreyonlyafterthepreyisinthesnake’smouth.WhydoestheprofessormentionthebrowntreeTosupportahypothesisabouttheevolutionofconstrictorTosupportahypothesisthatvenomoussnakesevolvedfromconstrictorTogiveanexampleofasnakespeciesthatwasneverTogiveanexampleofatypeofsnakethatcanchangeitsConstrictorshaveevolvedtokilltheirpreybycrushing,butperhapstheyoncewerevenomous,andthenatsomepointtheirvenom-producingapparatus4wasn’tneededanymore,soitgraduallydisappeared.There’sonespeciesofsnake,thebrowntreesnake,thatusesbothconstrictionandvenom,dependingonitsprey.So,well,itispossible.Whatistheprofessor'sattitudetowardtheresultsfrommedicalresearchonsnakevenomproteins?SheisenthusiasticaboutthedrugsthathavebeentestedtoSheisconcernedaboutthesideeffectsofdrugscreatedfromsnakevenomShedoubtsthattheDNAdatabasewillbeusefulindevelonewShethinksitistooearly lhowsuccessfultheresearchwillNow,itsoundsfar-fetched,venomisthebasisforhumandrugs.Sofar,onlyoneproteinhasbeentargetedforstudyasapotentialdrug,butwhoknows,maybesomeday.LectureWhataspectofAliceNeel'sworkdoestheclassmainlyThewaysthathericstyledevelopedoverTheinfluenceofphotographyonherThestylesheusedtoportrayherCriticismofherapproachtoRealismandProfessor:Eh,buttherealreasonIwanttolookatNeel,isthatIreallyfindherstyle...eh,shehadinterestingwaysofportrayingpeople.教授提到這堂課主要是關注于NeelstyleofportrayingWhatpointdoestheprofessormakeaboutphotographyandportraitureinthetwentiethcentury?PaintersbegantoproducemorelifelikeportraitsinimitationofPhotographylargelyrecedthetraditionofportraitPhotographersfollowedthestyleofportraitpaintersincreatingtheirBothphotographyandportraitpaintingwereconsideredinferiorProfessor:...Afterphotographybecameregardedasanartform,portraitpaintingbecamelessprestigious,lessrespectedasanartform.And,well,artphotographykindoftookitsce,soyoucanimaginethataportrait,wouldhavehadahardtimefindingacceptance.從以上教授的講解可看出，portraitpaintingartphotography在一定程度上取代了portraitpaintingAccordingtotheprofessor,whattwoaspectsofNeel'sworkarecharacteristicofExpressionism?Clickon2answers.ThedepictionofunusualThewaythesubjects'facesare