12/1211/12/專題一閱讀理解[近3年考情分析]考試年份試卷名稱篇目考查體裁主題語境文章話題篇章詞數命題考點細節理解推理判斷主旨大意詞句猜測2022全國甲卷A應用文人與社會英國加的夫市的劇院2876531B說明文人與自然鸚鵡辨物實驗246C記敘文人與自我南極洲之旅300D夾敘夾議文人與社會悉尼新舊文化沖突332全國乙卷A應用文人與社會蘇格蘭畫展2238511B書評人與社會兩名女性支教的故事310C說明文人與社會無人機在鐵路運營中的應用305D說明文人與社會英國征收糖稅降低兒童肥胖率3112021全國甲卷A應用文人與社會年度風光攝影師大獎2346711B說明文人與自然黑犀牛繁育項目251C記敘文人與自我滑板運動帶來的歸屬感327D議論文人與社會“天才”的判斷標準290全國乙卷A應用文人與社會世界上最大的幾個體育場2307521B說明文人與社會座機的使用306C記敘文人與自然塑料污染268D說明文人與社會適度噪聲的好處3302020全國卷ⅠA應用文人與社會乘坐火車的相關信息2127521B夾敘夾議文人與自我重讀書籍286C說明文人與社會競走運動303D說明文人與自然發光植物317全國卷ⅡA應用文人與社會景點介紹2738322B說明文人與社會智力游戲對兒童的影響244C說明文人與自然海貍鼠的皮毛322D記敘文人與自我對圖書館的熱愛331全國卷ⅢA應用文人與社會歷史文化之旅2287431B記敘文人與自然動物演員在電影行業中的應用234C說明文人與社會家庭生活方式317D說明文人與社會人類的進化292第一招定位切入點，全取細節理解題專家說考情高考新考法學霸好聲音細節理解題相對簡單，占閱讀題量的60%左右，考生只需要認真閱讀題目，細心比對原文就能正確解答，對于這種題目，要認真解題，確保一分不丟。高頻考點：1.直接細節題；2.綜合細節題；低頻考點：1.數字計算題；2.細節排序題；3.正誤判斷題。1.考查方式更靈活，設問方式有所創新；2.細節理解題在文中的答題信息變得較為隱蔽，不再是只通過只言片語就能確定答案，而是需綜合信息才能確定答案。1.直接細節題，采用“原文定位”及“原詞復現”方式解答；2.題干或選項中未出現原文直接信息時，利用“同義轉換、英英互譯”的方式尋找正確答案；3.在查找同義信息時，不能只找相似的對應詞匯而忽略整體語篇環境。命題探究——研試題明考向[明命題方式]直接細節題常見設問方式：do...?willyou/thestudentsdo...?2．When/Wherecanyou...?3．Whowill...?綜合細節題常見設問方式：1．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?2．Howdoesthewriterrecommend...toreaders?3．(2022·新高考全國卷Ⅰ)Howmany...?[曉解題捷徑]抓住文中的事實和細節是做好該題型的關鍵。一般采用尋讀法，解題分為三步：1．先讀題干，抓住關鍵詞；2．帶著問題快速閱讀原文，找出與問題有關的詞語或句子；3．仔細對比選項和原文信息，繼而找出答案。[辨選項特征]1．正確選項特征同義替換指對原文中的關鍵詞進行同義替換；詞形、詞性或語態發生變換或轉化為詞塊或同位語信息歸納用精練的語言對原文中比較分散或復雜的信息進行概括或做出比較，設置為正確選項正話反說把原文中的意思反過來表達作為正確選項原文原詞利用原文原詞作為正確選項2.干擾選項特征張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內容無中生有符合常識，但不是文章的內容曲解文意與原文的內容極其相似，包含關鍵詞，但是細節處與原文有出入顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭或者完全相反正誤參半部分正確，部分錯誤名師指要——微技法巧圖解高考熱考法1直接細節題——妙搜復現巧比對[經典感悟]【例1】(2022·新高考全國卷Ⅰ閱讀A)LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.Dailyassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetazero.Shortwritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.23．Whatwillhappenifyousubmitanessayoneweekaftertheduedate?A．Youwillreceiveazero.B．Youwilllosealettergrade.C．Youwillbegivenatest.D．Youwillhavetorewriteit.解析：細節理解題。根據題干中的關鍵詞submit和theduedate可定位到原文關鍵句“Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.”，比對選項和信息句可知，如果你在截止日期過后一周才上交，你的成績將會是零分。自主解答：A[答題微點]★設題特點：直接細節題的特點是在原文中可以找到和選項信息幾乎一樣的短語或句子。考生只需要弄清題干問的是什么，找到題干中的關鍵信息，然后根據信息在文中尋找相關內容(有時需跨段落尋找細節信息)進行下一步判斷。正確選項和原文在表述上沒有太大的變化。★設問方式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑問詞開頭引出問題。[圖解技巧]高考熱考法2綜合細節題——同義轉述善概括[經典感悟]【例2】(2022·新高考全國卷Ⅰ閱讀B)Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.24．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B．Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C．Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.解析：細節理解題。根據題干中的關鍵詞“thearugulastory”可定位到信息句“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad...IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.”；由信息句可知，更糟糕的是，作者不假思索地買了太多東西，而又沒有完全用掉，所以無意中浪費了食物。unintentionally與文中的unthinkingly為同義轉述。自主解答：B[答題微點]★設題特點：綜合細節題相比直接細節題，命題的隱蔽性更強，正確選項一般都會在原文基礎上進行改造。換詞類細節信息題需將題目信息與原文信息進行語義上的轉換。概括類細節信息題涉及一段或幾段的內容，需進行概括后加工整理才能得出答案。★設問方式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑問詞開頭引出問題。[圖解技巧]高考熱考法3數字計算題——加減乘除巧破解[經典感悟]【例3】(2022·新高考全國卷Ⅱ閱讀A)GroupSizeWerequireonechaperone(監護人)pertenchildren.Failuretoprovideenoughchaperoneswillresultinanextrachargeof$50perabsentadult.GroupPlayisforgroupsof10ormorewithalimitof35people.Forgroupsof35ormore,pleasecalltodiscussoptions.22．Howmanychaperonesareneededforagroupof30childrentovisittheMuseum?A．One. B．Two.C．Three. D．Four.解析：數字計算題。根據題干可定位到原文“Werequireonechaperonepertenchildren.”可知，每10個孩子需要1個監護人，那么30個孩子則需要3個監護人。自主解答：C[答題微點]★設題特點：數字計算題常涉及時間、年齡、價錢、數量、距離等數字信息的簡單加工。計算量較小，比較容易。找出計算背后所隱含的信息并理解文章相應的信息是準確解題的關鍵。[圖解技巧]課堂培優——鮮素材微考場A體裁主題語境難度記敘文對社會有突出貢獻的人★★★☆☆Withfingersandwristswrappedinmedicatedtape,ZhangGuimei,founderandprincipalofthefirstfreehighschoolforgirlsinChina,waspresentedwiththeJuly1MedalonJune29,2021,thehighesthonorintheParty.Attheceremony,Zhang,64,said,“AslongasIhaveonemorebreath,Iwillcontinuetoteachintheclassroom,withallmyefforts,givingouteverythingIhave.”Althoughsufferingmorethanadozenillnessesincludingemphysema(肺氣腫)andbenigntumorsinherskull(顱骨良性腫瘤),shehasneverstoppedtohelpgirlsfrompoorfamiliesinthesouthwesternprovinceofYunnanreceivehighereducation.Inaninterview,Zhangsaidsheputonthetapeduetoseverejointpain.“IfIdon'tputiton,Ican'tmovemyfingers，”shesaid.ShefoundedHuapingHighSchoolforGirlsin2008.Sincetheboardingschoolopened,around2，000girlsfromimpoverishedfamiliesinYunnan'smountainousregionshavebeenenrolledbyuniversitiesaftertakingthenationalcollegeentranceexam,successfullyrewritingtheirfate.Zhang,whowasborninthenortheasternprovinceofHeilongjiang,movedtoYunnanin1975.Ayearafterherhusband'sdeathin1996,shevolunteeredtoteachatamiddleschoolinHuaping,hopingtomoveawayfromoldmemories.Shesoonfoundthatmanyofthefemalestudentsinherclassdisappearedbeforefinishingtheirstudiesassomewereforcedtoworkorgetmarriedatayoungage.Shedecidedtofoundafreepublichighschoolforgirlsin2002.WithhelpfromthePartyandthelocalgovernmentandpersonaldonations,herideacameintofruitionsixyearslater.However,openingtheschoolwasjustthebeginningofnewchallenges.Mostofthefirst100studentshadapooracademicfoundationandsixofthemdecidedtodropoutofschool.Topreventanystudentfromdroppingoutofschool,Zhanghaskeptahabitofvisitingeverystudent'shome,meaningshehastotravelseveralhourstostudents'familiesdeepinthemountains.“Agirlcaninfluencethenextthreegenerations，”sheoncesaid.“Aneducatedandresponsiblemotherwillneverletherchildrendropoutofschool.”【解題導語】張桂梅是一名扎根在滇西深度貧困山區的女校長，她創辦的免費女子高中在十多年間讓約2000名大山里的貧困女孩考入大學，這創造了大山里的“教育奇跡”。2021年6月29日，她榮獲“七一勛章”。1．WhatcanwelearnaboutZhangfromthepassage?A．Shehastoweartapetorelievepain.B．Shevisitsnoteveryfamilyofherstudents.C．Sheconsidersgirlsareresponsibleforthreegenerations.D．Shewasmarriedatanearlyage.A解析：直接細節題。根據第二段最后兩句可知，張桂梅關節疼痛得厲害，不貼膏藥手指就動不了，因此她貼膏藥是為了減輕疼痛。2．HowoldwasZhangwhenshemovedtoYunnan?A．39. B．45.C．18. D．19.C解析：數字計算題。根據第一段可知，2021年，張桂梅64歲；又根據第四段第一句可知，她是于1975年搬到云南的，由此可計算出，1975年張桂梅搬到云南時的年齡是1975－(2021－64)＝18。3．WhydidZhanggototeachatamiddleschoolinHuaping?A．Toearnmoneyinsupportofherfamily.B．Toforgetthepainoflosingherhusband.C．Tofoundafreepublichighschoolforgirls.D．Tohelpfemalestudentsgeteducated.B解析：直接細節題。根據第四段中的“Ayearafterherhusband'sdeath...moveawayfromoldmemories.”可知，她去華坪教書是為了忘掉丈夫去世帶來的痛苦。4．WhatmadeZhanghavetheideaofsettingupafreepublichighschoolforgirls?A．Thefactthatmanygirlsdroppedoutofschool.B．Herselflessdevotiontoeducation.C．Herhopetohelppoorfamiliesgetridofpoverty.D．ThehelpfromthePartyandthelocalgovernment.A解析：綜合細節題。根據第五段首句可知，張于2002年決定成立女子學校；又根據第四段中的“Shesoonfound...assomewereforcedtoworkorgetmarriedatayoungage.”可知，她班上的很多女學生還沒完成學業就被迫工作或早嫁。由此可知，是許多女生輟學的事實讓她決定成立女子學校。B語篇類型主題語境難度夾敘夾議文人類已進化為半機器人★★★☆☆(2022·太原高三模擬考試二)Evenwhencommuningwithnaturewedependontechnologyforhelp—butthen,sodidThoreauatWaldenPond(瓦爾登湖).Walkinginthesamewoodsyesterday,Iletmyselfwanderatrandom,communingwithnature.Itookinbeautifulscenerynearandfarthankstomyprogressivelens.OccasionallyI'dpulloutmysmartphonetotakepicturesonanythinginteresting.Irecordedaninnermonologuewithabackgroundofallsoundsoftheforest.Attimes,Iconsultedmysmartwatchtocheckonmyheartbeat,mileageandcalorieburn.EventuallyIrealizedIwasquitelost.Notaproblemofcourse.Onlinemapscametomyrescue.Butsomethingbotheredme.InwhatI'dintendedasanatureexperience,hereIwasusingveryhightechnologytohelpmyselfout.Thisinsighttriggeredareconsiderationofeverythingthathappenedduringmy“naturewalk”，whichhadbeentechnologicallyenhancedeverystepoftheway.I'dbeenfunctioningasaman-machinecombination：acyborg.WhatwouldthetruenaturalistThoreauthinkofthat?Myfirstthoughtwasthathe'dbeshocked.ButlaterIdidsomeresearch.Thoreauenjoyedwhathisspyglassdiscovered,likethiseaglefromhisjournal：Lyingonthegroundwithmyglass,Icouldwatchhimveryeasily...tillIalmostlosthimintheclouds...IthinkIhavegottheworthofmyglassnowthatithasrevealedtomethewhite-headedeagle.Famously,Thoreaualwayssetoutequippedwithawalkingstick,whichheusednotonlyforsupportbutalsototakemeasurementsofwaterandsnowlevels.Hishatwasalsoatool,whichhecalledhis“botanybox”.Andhewaspreparedevenwithneedlesandthread,sowhencomingoutofthewoods,hewas“thebestdressed”.Clearly,Thoreauwasabitofacyborghimself.Thinkingmoredeeply,Irealizedwe'vecomealongwayfromourhunter-gathererancestors,whowalkedfromnecessityandreliedonnature'sgift.Cyborgsareus.【解題導語】昨天的一次瓦爾登湖之行引發了作者的思考——技術的進步讓人類成為半機器人。5．Whatisthepu