電力系統專業英語山東交通學院電氣系張建軍詞匯off-linea.離線，解列commit[k??m?t]v.調拔犯罪，做錯事;把…托付給;保證;承諾，使…承擔義務;

commitcrimesdispatch[d??sp?t?]v.調度派遣;（迅速地）發出;迅速處理，迅速了結;處決;relay[?ri:le?]v.繼電保護n.繼電器;傳遞;接替人員，替班;接力賽;blackoutn.停電燈火管制;燈火熄滅;暫時失去知覺cascading[k?s'ke?d??]a.級聯,串聯;cascade傾瀉;小瀑布，瀑布狀物;outage[?a?t?d?]n.停機（尤指電力的）斷供期，斷供;lump[l?mp]v.集中n.腫塊;塊，團;許多，大量;笨拙的人;contingency[k?n?t?nd??nsi]n.偶然（意外）事故可能性，偶然性;[審計]意外開支;telemeterv.遙測tapn.轉換開關,輕聲走;跳踢踏舞;supervisory[?sju:p?'va?z?r?]a.監控的,管理的;shift[??ft]n.轉換vt.換擋;去掉;擺脫掉;overloadn.過載shedtheload甩負荷bereferredtoas稱做，稱為betermed稱為被看作,被定義為課文內容PartBPowerSystemSecurityUpuntilnowwehavebeenmainlyconcernedwithminimizingthecostofoperatingapowersystem.Anoverridingfactorintheoperationofapowersystemisthedesiretomaintainsystemsecurity.minimizingthecost成本最小化Anoverridingfactor壓倒一切的因素

maintainsystemsecurity維護系統安全Systemsecurityinvolvespracticesdesignedtokeepthesystemoperatingwhencomponentsfail.Forexample,ageneratingunitmayhavetobetakenoff-linebecauseofauxiliaryequipmentfailure.practicesdesigned應急預案takenoff-line離線auxiliaryequipmentfailure輔助設備故障Bymaintainingproperamountsofspinningreserve,theremainingunitsonthesystemcanmakeupthedeficitwithouttoolowafrequencydroporneedtoshedanyload.Similarly,peramountsofspinningreserve適當的備用發電量theremainingunits剩余的發電機組makeupthedeficit彌補供電量的不足shedanyload甩負荷takenoutbyautomaticrelaying由自動斷路器斷開Ifincommittinganddispatchinggenerationproperregardfortransmissionflowsismaintained,mittinganddispatchinggenerationproper正確地調度和調撥電量regardfortransmissionflowsismaintained考慮到保持傳輸功率stillremainwithinlimi仍然沒有超出額定值Becausethespecifictimesatwhichinitiatingeventsthatcausecomponentstofailareunpredictable,thesystemmustbeoperatedatalltimesinsuchawaythatthesystemwillnotbeleftindangerousconditionshouldanycredibleinitiatingeventoccur.initiatingevents引發事件，誘發事件thesystemwillnotbeleftindangerouscondition電力系統不能處于危險境地shouldanycredibleinitiatingeventoccur如果任何可能的引發事件出現Sincepowersystemequipmentisdesignedtobeoperatedwithincertainlimits,mostpiecesofequipmentareprotectedbyautomaticdevicesthatcancauseequipmenttobeswitchedoutofthesystemiftheselimitsareviolated.withincertainlimits在某一限定值beswitchedoutof切除iftheselimitsareviolated如果超出這些限定值Ifanyeventoccursonasystemthatleavesitoperatingwithlimitsviolated,theeventmaybefollowedbyaseriesoffurtheractionsthatswitchotherequipmentoutofservice.Ifthisprocesscontinues,theentiresystemorlargepartsofitmaycompletelycollapse.Thisisusuallyreferredtoasasystemblackout.withlimitsviolated超出允許值switchotherequipmentoutofservice切除其它設備completelycollapse徹底崩潰systemblackout系統停電Anexampleofthetypeofeventsequencethatcancauseablackoutmightstartwithasinglelinebeingopenedduetoaninsulationfailure;theremainingtransmissioncircuitsinthesystemwilltakeuptheflowthatwasflowingonthenowopenedline.asinglelinebeingopened某一條線路被斷開duetoaninsulationfailure由于絕緣故障takeuptheflowonthenowopenedline承擔這個現在被斷開線路的電流lfoneoftheremaininglinesisnowtooheavilyloaded,itmayopenduetorelayaction,therebycausingevenmoreloadontheremaininglines.Thistypeofprocessisoftentermedacascadingoutage.tooheavilyloaded嚴重過負荷relayaction繼電器動作isoftentermedacascadingoutage經常被稱作連鎖（級聯）停電Mostpowersystemsareoperatedsuchthatanysingleinitialfailureeventwillnotleaveothercomponentsoverloaded,specificallytoavoidcascadingfailures.大多數的電力系統都是這樣運行的，即：任何的引發故障都不會使其它設備過載，尤其是避免連鎖故障。Mostlargepowersystemsinstallequipmenttoallowoperationspersonneltomonitorandoperatethesysteminareliablemanner.Wewilllumptheseunderthecommonlyusedtitlesystemsecurity.operationspersonnel運行操作人員monitorandoperatethesysteminareliablemanner以可靠的方式監控電力系統的運行lumpthese把這些放在一起title標題;頭銜;[體]冠軍;[影視]字幕Systemsecuritycanbebrokendownintothreemajorfunctionsthatarecarriedoutinanoperationscontrolcenter.SystemMonitoringSystemmonitoringprovidestheoperatorsofthepowersystemwithpertinentup-to-dateinformationontheconditionsonthepowersystem.SystemMonitoring系統監控pertinentup-to-dateinformation相關的實時信息conditionsonthepowersystem電力系統狀況Generallyspeakingitisthemostimportantfunctionofthethree.Fromthetimethatutilitieswentbeyondsystemsofoneunitsupplyingagroupofloads，effectiveoperationofthesystemrequiredthatcriticalquantitiesbemeasuredandthevaluesofthemeasurementsbetransmittedtoacentrallocation.Generallyspeaking一般而言;概括地說；總而言之;utilities公用工程;公共事業設備;此處指電力行業effectiveoperationofthesystem電力系統的有效運行criticalquantities關鍵數據acentrallocation運控中心Suchsystemsofmeasurementanddatatransmission，calledtelemetrysystems,haveevolvedtoschemesthatcanmonitorvoltages,currents,powerflows,andthestatusofcircuitbreakersandswitchesineverysubstationinapowersystemtransmissionnetwork.telemetrysystems遙測系統powerflows功率流statusofcircuitbreakersandswitches斷路器和隔離開關的狀態ineverysubstationinapowersystemtransmissionnetwork.電網中的每一個變電站Inaddition,othercriticalinformationsuchasfrequency,generatorunitoutputsandtransformertappositionscanalsobetelemetered.Withsomuchinformationtelemeteredsimultaneously,nohumanoperatorcouldhopetocheckallofitinareasonabletimeframe.generatorunitoutputs發電機組的輸出功率transformertappositions變壓器抽頭的位置betelemetered被遙測Simultaneously[sa?m?l?ten??sl?]同時地inareasonabletimeframe在合理的時間范圍內Forthisreason,digitalcomputersareusuallyinstalledinoperationscontrolcenterstogatherthetelemetereddata,processthem,andplacetheminadatabasefromwhichoperatorscandisplayinformationonlargedisplaymonitors.Moreimportantly,thecomputercancheckincominginformationagainstprestoredlimitsandalarmtheoperatorsintheeventofanoverloadorout-of-limitvoltage.displayinformationonlargedisplaymonitors在大的監控屏幕上顯示信息checkincominginformationagainstprestoredlimits檢查實時信息并與預存的允許值對照intheeventof萬一...的話；如果是...的話，有虛擬的意思。Stateestimationisoftenusedinsuchsystemstocombinetelemeteredsystemdatawithsystemmodelstoproducethebestestimate(inastatisticalsense)ofthecurrentpowersystemconditionsor“state”.Stateestimation狀態評價，狀態預測combinetelemeteredsystemdatawithsystemmodels把遙測的系統數據與系統模型相結合inastatisticalsense從統計學的角度currentpowersystemconditionsor“state當前電力系統的狀況或狀態Suchsystemsareusuallycombinedwithsupervisorycontrolsystemsthatallowoperatorstocontrolcircuitbreakersanddisconnectswitchesandtransformertapsremotely.Together,thesesystemsareoftenreferredtoasSCADAsystems,standingforsupervisorycontrolanddataacquisitionsystem.usuallycombinedwithsupervisorycontrolsystems通常與監控系統相結合circuitbreakersanddisconnectswitches斷路器和分段開關SCADAsystems數據采集與監視控制系統standingfor代表，表示acquisition收購;獲得;購置物;獲得物;TheSCADAsystemallowsafewoperatorstomonitorthegenerationandhighvoltagetransmissionsystemsandtotakeactiontocorrectoverloadsorout-of-limitvoltages.out-of-limitvoltages.電壓超限ContingencyAnalysisThesecondmajorsecurityfunctioniscontingencyanalysis.Theresultsofthistypeofanalysisallowsystemstobeoperateddefensively.ContingencyAnalysis意外事件分析tobeoperateddefensively采取防御性的措施Manyoftheproblemsthatoccuronapowersystemcancauseserioustroublewithinsuchaquicktimeperiodthattheoperatorcouldnottakeactionfastenough.Thisisoftenthecasewithcascadingfailures.causeserioustroublewithinsuchaquicktimeperiod在這樣一個非常短的時間里導致嚴重的后果theoperatorcouldnottakeactionfastenough操作人員來不及采取措施Becauseofthisaspectofsystemoperation,modernoperationscomputersareequippedwithcontingencyanalysisprogramsthatmodelpossiblesystemtroublesbeforetheyarise.Theseprogramsarebasedonamodelofthepowersystemandareusedtostudyoutageeventsandalarmtheoperatorstoanypotentialoverloadsorout-of-limitvoltages.Becauseofthisaspectofsystemoperation由于系統運行這方面的原因（來不及采取措施）modelpossiblesystemtroublesbeforetheyarise在問題變得嚴重之前模擬可能出現的故障outageevents停電故障Forexample,thesimplestformofcontingencyanalysiscanbeputtogetherwithastandardload-flowprogramsuchasdescribedabove,togetherwithprocedurestosetuptheload-flowdataforeachoutagetobestudiedbytheload-flowprogram.Thispermitsthesystemoperatorstoestablishdefensiveoperatingstateswherenosinglecontingencyevent(i.e.,asinglefailure)willcauseoverloadsand/orout-of-limitvoltages.load-flowprogram潮流程序theload-flowdata潮流數據establishdefensiveoperatingstates建立預防性的運行狀態i.e.即forexample課堂翻譯練習Thisanalysiseffectivelydevelopsoperatingcons