PresentPerfectSimple–PresentPerfectProgressive陳麗明現在完成時—現在完成進行時PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivecomparePresentPerfectSimpleFormofPresentPerfectPositiveNegativeQuestionI/you/we/theyIhavespoken.Ihavenotspoken.HaveIspoken?he/she/itHehasspoken.Hehasnotspoken.Hashespoken?Thepresentperfectsimpleexpressesanactionthatisstillgoingonorthatstoppedrecently,buthasaninfluenceonthepresent.Itputsemphasisontheresult.過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果，或從過去已經開始，持續到現在的動作或狀態。TimeExpressionswithPresentPerfectWhenweusethePresentPerfectitmeansthatsomethinghashappenedatsomepointinourlivesbeforenow.Remember,theexacttimetheactionhappenedisnotimportant.

Sometimes,wewanttolimitthetimewearelookinginforanexperience.Wecandothiswithexpressionssuchas:inthelastweek,inthelastyear,thisweek,thismonth,sofar,uptonow,etc.

Examples:HaveyoubeentoMexicointhelastyear?Ihaveseenthatmoviesixtimesinthelastmonth.Theyhavehadthreetestsinthelastweek.Shegraduatedfromuniversitylessthanthreeyearsago.Shehasworkedforthreedifferentcompaniessofar.Mycarhasbrokendownthreetimesthisweek.UseofPresentPerfect

1、putsemphasisontheresultExample:Shehaswrittenfiveletters.2、actionthatisstillgoingonExample:Schoolhasnotstartedyet.3、actionthatstoppedrecentlyExample:Shehascookeddinner.4、finishedactionthathasaninfluenceonthepresent

Example:Ihavelostmykey.5、actionthathastakenplaceonce,neverorseveraltimesbeforethemomentofspeakingExample:IhaveneverbeentoAustralia.SignalWordsofPresentPerfectAlreadyEverjustneverNotyetsofartillnowUptonowPositiveNegativeQuestionI/you/we/theyIhavespoken.Ihavenotspoken.HaveIspoken?he/she/itHehasspoken.Hehasnotspoken.Hashespoken?表示從過去某一時間開始一直延續到現在的動作。這一動作可能剛剛開始，也可能仍在繼續，并可能延續到將來。FormofPresentPerfectPresentPerfectProgressiveThepresentperfectprogressiveexpressesanactionthatrecentlystoppedorisstillgoingon.Itputsemphasisonthedurationorcourseoftheaction.Examplesof

TypicalTimeExpressionsUptonow

Recentlyfor

latelysince

recentlyallmorningalldayUseofPresentPerfectProgressive1、putsemphasisonthedurationorcourseofanaction(nottheresult)Example:Shehasbeenwritingfortwohours.2、actionthatrecentlystoppedorisstillgoingon

Example:Ihavebeenlivingheresince2000.3、finishedactionthatinfluencedthepresentExample:Ihavebeenworkingallafternoon.SignalWordsofPresentPerfectProgressivealldayfor4yearssince1993howlong?thewholeweekPresentPerfectSimplevsPresentPerfectProgressive

FormUsePresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveirregularverbs:formof'have'+3rdcolumnofirregularverbsExample:I/you/we/theyhavespokenhe/she/ithasspokenregularverbs:formof'have'+infinitive+edExample:I/you/we/theyhaveworkedhe/she/ithasworkedformof'have'+been+verb+ingExample:I/you/we/theyhavebeenspeakinghe/she/ithasbeenspeakingExceptionsExceptionswhenadding'ed':whenthefinalletterise,onlyadddExample:love-lovedafterashort,stressedvowel,thefinalconsonantisdoubledExample:admit-admittedfinallisalwaysdoubledinBritishEnglish(notinAmericanEnglish)Example:travel-travelledafteraconsonant,finalybecomesi(but:notafteravowel)Example:worry-worriedbut:play-playedExceptionswhenadding'ing':silenteisdropped.(but:doesnotapplyfor-ee)Example:come-coming

aber:agree-agreeingafterashort,stressedvowel,thefinalconsonantisdoubledExample:sit-sittingafteravowel,thefinalconsonantlisdoubledinBritishEnglish(butnotinAmericanEnglish).Example:travel-travellingfinaliebecomesy.Example:lie-lyingPresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveResult(what/howmuch/howoften)Ihavewritten5letters./IhavebeentoLondontwice.Duration(howlong)Ihavebeenwritingforanhour.Resultorduration?Doyouwanttoexpresswhathashappenedsofarorhowlonganactionhasbeengoingonyet?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveEmphasisoncompletionIhavedonemyhomework.(Meaning:Myhomeworkiscompletednow.)EmphasisondurationIhavebeendoingmyhomework.(Meaning:That'showIhavespentmytime.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthehomeworkiscompletednow.)Emphasisoncompletionorduration?Doyouwanttoemphasisethecompletionofanactionoritscontinuouscourse(howhassomebodyspenthistime)?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivedesiredresultIhavewashedthecar.(Result:Thecariscleannow.)unwantedsideeffectWhyareyousowet?-Ihavebeenwashingthecar.(sideeffect:IbecamewetwhenIwaswashingthecar.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthecariscleannow.)Resultorsideeffect?Doyouwanttoexpressthatacompletedactionledtoadesiredresultorthattheactionhadanunwantedsideeffect?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivesincethelasttimeIhaven'tplayedthatgameforyears.(Meaning:It'syearsagothatIlastplayedthatgame.)sincethebeginningIhaven'tbeenplayingthatgameforanhour,onlyfor10minutes.(Meaning:It'snotevenanhouragothatIstartedtoplaythatgame.)Time+negation:lasttimeorbeginningofanaction?Innegativesentences:Doyouwanttoexpresshowmuchtimehaspastsincethelasttimetheactiontookplaceorsincethebeginningoftheaction?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivepermanentJameshaslivedinthistownfor10years.(Meaning:Heisapermanentresidentofthistown.)temporaryJamesha