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書山有路勤為徑,學海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-南京郵電大學押題密卷附帶答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

Johnfailedinthefinalexaminationbecausehewas(

)totheteacher’sadvice.

問題1選項

A.immune

B.indifferent

C.ignorant

D.informed

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項immune“免疫的”;B選項indifferent“冷淡的,不關心的”;C選項ignorant“無知的,愚昧的”;D選項inform“通知,告發”。句意:John期末考試不及格,因為他不聽老師的勸告。beindifferentto知“不在乎…,對…漠不關心”,所以選項B符合句意。

2.填空題

WhenLiSanwenttothehospitalforhis(1)healthcheck-up,thedoctor

onceagainadvisedhimtoquitsmokingand(2)weight.HealsotoldLitogetmore(3)andcutdownonthe(4)ofsaltinhasdiet.Lihasheardthismanytimesbefore,buthewillprobably(5)theadvice,(6)hehasinthepast.I’mafraiditwilltakeaheartattacktomakehim(7)hisattitude.

【答案】1.regular

2.lose

3.exercise

4.amount

5.ignore

6.as

7.change

【解析】1.語義題。regularhealthcheck-up常規健康體檢

2.固定搭配。Loseweight減肥。

3.語義題。getmoreexercise加強鍛煉

4.語義題。Amount數量。

5.語義題。Ignoretheadvice忽視意見。

6.語義題。As正如。

7.固定搭配。changeone'sattitude轉變觀念。

3.單選題

Thereisageneral______thatpouringoldwineintothesamebottlesisthewrongwaytogo.

問題1選項

A.consensus

B.census

C.censorship

D.conscience

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項consensus“一致;輿論;合意”;B選項census“人口普查,人口調查;(官方的)統計,調查”;C選項censorship“審查制度;審查機構”;D選項conscience“道德心,良心”。句意:人們普遍認為,把陳年的酒倒進同一個瓶子里是錯誤的做法。因此A選項正確。

4.單選題

By(

)allofthemoredifficultquestionsbythepress,themayorarousedsuspicionthathewasnotwellinformedintheissues.

問題1選項

A.avoiding

B.considering

C.answering

D.requesting

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。avoid意為“避免”;consider意為“考慮”;answer意為“答復”;request意為“要求”。

句意:通過回避媒體提出的所有更棘手的問題,市長引起了人們的懷疑,人們認為他不了解這個問題。

5.單選題

Oneofindustrialagriculture’sbiggestGMOcropsmayhavejustbackfired(產生事與愿違的后果).Scientistshaveconfirmedthatcorn-destroyingrootwormshaveevolvedtoberesistanttotheBtcornengineeredtokillthem.

BtstandsforBacillusthuringiensis(蘇云金芽孢桿菌),thenameofthegeneticallymodifiedcorn’s“donor”organism.Bacillusthuringiensisisanaturallyoccurringsoilbacteriumthatproducesproteincrystalsthatbindtocertainreceptorsintherootworm’sintestine(腸),killingit.Foryears,farmershaveplantedBtcornasanalternativetosprayinginsecticides.Btcornaccountedforthree-quartersofallcornplantingin2013.Thatmayhavetochange.

AfterfindingacornfieldinIowain2011thatwasdecimated(大幅度下降)byrootwormdespitebeingplantedwiththeBtcorn,IowaStateUniversityentomologistAaronGassmannandhisteambegantostudythepests’interactionswiththegeneticallymodifiedorganism(orGMO)corninalab.Theirstudy,publishedMondayintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,describesthewesterncornrootworm’srapidevolutionafterfeedingontheengineeredcrop.

ButBtcornisstillcapableofwardingoffotherpests,sofarmerswilllikelykeepplantingit.Exceptnowthey’llneedtousepesticidestoprotecttheircropfromrootworms.AsentomologistswarnedtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyin2012,rootwormresistancemeansthattheenvironmentaladvantageofBtcorn—thatitcouldberaisedpesticide-free—maydisappear.

“Unlessmanagementpracticeschange,it’sonlygoingtogetworse,”GassmanntoldWired.“Thereneedstobeafundamentalchangeinhowthetechnologyisused.”

Scientistshavepredictedforyearsthatthiscouldhappen,butwarningswererepeatedlyignoredbyregulatorsandfarmers.IttakesmillionsofdollarstodevelopseedslikeBt,soengineeringanalternativeisnotanattractiveoption.Instead,theauthorsofanotherstudyonrootwormBtresistance,whichfocusesonNebraska,takeabiodiversityapproach.

“Croprotationisthebesttool,”UniversityofNebraska-LincolnentomologistLanceMeinketoldFarm&RanchGuide.“Generally,oneyearofsoybeansinafieldwithresistantwesterncornrootwormswipesoutthatpopulation.Thebeetleswilllayeggsthathatch,butwhenlarvae(幼蟲)trytofeedonsoybeanplants,theydon’tfindthenutrientstheyneedandtheydie.”

Croprotationcansuppressrootwormpopulationsovertime,reducingthethreatposedbytheirnewBtresistance.

ButasentomologistElsonShieldsofCornellUniversitytoldWired,rootwormisjustonesymptomofanengineeredseedtrait“willfallunderthesamepressure,”saidShields,“andtheinsectwillwin.”

1.WhatcanweknowaboutBacillusthuringiensis?

2.WhatinspiredAaronGassmanntostarthisstudy?

3.Whichofthefollowingistrue,accordingtothepassage?

4.LanceMeinkethinksthebestapproachtotheproblemofrootwormBtresistanceis_____.

5.WhatistheproblemwiththeGMOseedindustry,accordingtoElsonShields?

問題1選項

A.Itisageneticallymodifiedorganism.

B.Itisanalternativetosprayinginsecticides.

C.Itisanaturalbacteriumthatkillsrootworm.

D.Itprotectsrootwormfrombeingkilledbybacterium.

問題2選項

A.ThegreatreductionofoutputofacornfieldinIowa.

B.Theaimofboostingcornyieldby75%by2011.

C.Thesignificanceofcornrootworm’srapidevolution.

D.AaronGassmann’sfindingofalargenumberofrootworm.

問題3選項

A.PeoplehavenotexpectedrootwormBtresistancebefore.

B.Btresistancehasafundamentalchangeinmoderntechnology.

C.ItiseconomicallyimpracticaltoentirelyabandonBtcorn.

D.FarmersprefertousepesticidesratherthanplantBtcorn.

問題4選項

A.plantingsoybeans

B.raisingbeetles

C.addingfertilizer

D.rotatingcrop

問題5選項

A.Mostoftheentomologistsfailedtopredictitsfuturedestiny.

B.TheGMOseedindustrylackslong-termconsiderations.

C.Peoplemistakenlyconsiderrootwormasthebiggesttrouble.

D.ItisverydifficultfortheGMOseedindustrytowininsects.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.事實細節題。第一步,精準定位,定位到第二段第三句Foryears,farmershaveplantedBtcornasanalternativetosprayinginsecticides(多年來,農民們一直種植Bt玉米作為噴灑殺蟲劑的替代品),第二步,綜合理解,這里是B選項的同意替換,B選項“是一種替代噴灑殺蟲劑的方法”正確。

A選項“是一種轉基因生物”,定位到第二段第二句Bacillusthuringiensisisanaturallyoccurringsoilbacteriumthatproducesproteincrystalsthatbindtocertainreceptorsintherootworm’sintestine,killingit(蘇云金桿菌是一種天然存在的土壤細菌,它能產生蛋白質晶體,與根蟲腸道中的某些受體結合,殺死根蟲),由此可知蘇云金桿菌不是轉基因物體而是一種能夠和害蟲腸道里面的受體結合產生蛋白質結晶從而達到殺死害蟲的天然細菌,是細菌的一種,這里屬于反向干擾;

C選項“是一種殺死根蟲的天然細菌”,見A選項解析,是蘇云金桿菌與害蟲腸道的受體產生的蛋白質使蟲子死亡,不是蘇云金桿菌直接殺死蟲子,這里屬于曲意理解;

D選項“它保護根蟲不被細菌殺死”,見A選項,是侵害不是保護,這里屬于反向干擾。

2.事實細節題。第一步,精準定位,定位到第三段第一句AfterfindingacornfieldinIowain2011thatwasdecimatedbyrootwormdespitebeingplantedwiththeBtcorn…(2011年在愛荷華州發現一片玉米田,盡管種植了Bt玉米,但卻被根蟲摧毀……)。第二步,綜合理解,從這句可以知道是亞倫因為發現愛荷華州的玉米產量即使在種了轉基因玉米的情況下也出現了大幅度減產的情況才想要去調查的,由此可知A選項“愛荷華州玉米田產量的大幅減少”正確。

B選項“到2011年提高玉米產量75%的目標”,見正確選項分析,2011年的情況是減產了所以才會開展這項調查,這里屬于反向干擾;

C選項“玉米根蟲快速進化的意義”,定位到第三段最后一句話Theirstudy…describesthewesterncornrootworm’srapidevolutionafterfeedingontheengineeredcrop.(他們的研究……描述了西方玉米根蟲在食用轉基因作物后的快速進化。),由此可知C選項是調查結果不是調查原因,這里屬于偷換概念;

D選項“AaronGassmann發現大量根蟲”,文章沒有提及,屬于無中生有。

3.事實細節題。第一步,精準定位,定位到第六段第一二句…butwarningswererepeatedlyignoredbyregulatorsandfarmers.IttakesmillionsofdollarstodevelopseedslikeBt,soengineeringanalternativeisnotanattractiveoption(……但監管機構和農民一再忽視警告。開發像Bt這樣的種子需要數百萬美元,所以通過工程來替代并不是一個有吸引力的選擇),從這里可知,因為轉基因種子花了很多財力研發,種子公司不會那么輕易放棄,所以在經濟方面轉基因玉米不會那么輕易放棄,所以C選項“完全放棄Bt玉米在經濟上是不切實際的”正確。

A選項“人們以前沒有預料到根蟲抗Bt”,定位到第二段第三句Foryears,farmershaveplantedBtcornasanalternativetosprayinginsecticides(多年來,農民們一直種植Bt玉米作為噴灑殺蟲劑的替代品),從這里可知人們一開始就是為了治蟲才種轉基因玉米的,所以A選項錯誤,屬于反向干擾;

B選項“Bt抗性在現代技術中有根本性的變化”,定位到第五段第二句Thereneedstobeafundamentalchangeinhowthetechnologyisused(在如何使用這項技術方面需要有根本性的改變),這里是根據句子的時態可知是將來時,這表明說話人的主觀愿望而B選項用的是一般現在時表現在的一種動作,所以不能選,這里屬于反向干擾;

D選項“農民更喜歡使用殺蟲劑而不是種植Bt玉米”定位到第三段第三句ButBtcornisstillcapableofwardingoffotherpests,sofarmerswilllikelykeepplantingit(但Bt玉米仍有抵擋其他害蟲的能力,所以農民可能會繼續種植它),從這里可知農民還是更愿意種轉基因玉米,所以D選項屬于反向干擾。

4.事實細節題。第一步,精準定位,定位到倒數第三段第一句Croprotationisthebesttool(輪作是最好的工具),從這里可知答案選D“輪耕”;

A選項“種黃豆”,定位到倒數第三段第二句Generally,oneyearofsoybeansinafieldwithresistantwesterncornrootwormswipesoutthatpopulation(一般來說,在具有抗性的西部玉米根蟲的土地上種植一年的大豆就可以消滅這一種群),種植黃豆只是輪耕的具體方法之一,這里只是舉個例子,不能概括整體,這里屬于以偏概全;

B選項“養甲蟲”,文章沒有提及,屬于無中生有,所以不選;

C選項“加肥料”,文章沒有提及,屬于無中生有,所以不選。

5.判斷推理題,第一步,尋找句內線索,定位到最后一段第一句話,ButasentomologistElsonShieldsofCornellUniversitytoldWired,rootwormisjustonesymptomofanengineeredseedtrait“willfallunderthesamepressure,”saidShields,“andtheinsectwillwin”.(但正如康奈爾大學的昆蟲學家ElsonShields告訴《連線》雜志的,根蟲只是一種轉基因種子性狀之一,“在同樣的壓力下,”Shields說,“昆蟲將獲勝。),從這里可知ElsonShields對轉基因產業是持否定態度,覺得昆蟲最終會戰勝轉基因植物,從這里的only可以看出來Shields認為根蟲只是其中一個癥狀,其實問題還不僅僅只在根蟲,所以可以推斷答案選C選項“人們錯誤地認為根蟲是最大的麻煩”。

A選項“大多數昆蟲學家都沒有預測到它(轉基因種子產業)的未來命運”,文章沒有提及,屬于無中生有;

B選項“轉基因種子行業缺乏長期考慮”,文章沒有提及,屬于無中生有,所以不選;

D選項“轉基因種子產業很難贏得昆蟲”,文章沒有提及,屬于無中生有,所以不選。

6.單選題

Studentswhogetveryhighmarkswillbe()fromthefinalexamination.

問題1選項

A.expelled

B.banished

C.absolved

D.ousted

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。expel“驅逐,開除”;banish“流放,放逐”;absolve“宣布免除”;oust“剝奪,取代,驅逐”。句意:得高分的學生可免除期末考試。選項C符合題意。

7.單選題

Thesearetwo()issues,butpeopleoftentakethemasone.

問題1選項

A.oblivious

B.distinguished

C.distinct

D.evident

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項oblivious“遺忘的,健忘的”。B選項distinguished“著名的,卓著的”。C選項distinct“明顯的,獨特的,有區別的”。D選項evident“明顯的,明白的”。句意:這是兩個截然不同的問題,但人們往往把它們視為一個問題。but表示轉折,說明前面所表述的問題是不同的,獨特的。因此C選項符合題意。

8.單選題

Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareother,moresurprisingcauses.Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.

Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevil-smellinggases,therestofwhichishydrogensulfide.Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygen-richsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfur-producingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.Alcohol,hunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexercise—anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebad-breathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.

Formostofus,thesimple,dry-mouthvarietyofabadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdry-mouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.

Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbad-breathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus.Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.

36.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“______”.

37.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?

38.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause______.

39.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause______.

40.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat______.

問題1選項

A.thriveon

B.accountfor

C.originatefrom

D.descendfrom

問題2選項

A.Toothtrouble

B.Sulfur-richfood

C.Toomuchexercise

D.Mentalstrain

問題3選項

A.itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducing

B.itssmelladdstobaddeath

C.itkillssomehelpfulbacteria

D.itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva

問題4選項

A.theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenough

B.theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteria

C.theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworse

D.theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus

問題5選項

A.offensivebreathcan’teasilybecured

B.elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreath

C.heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreath

D.offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcohol

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】36.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】語義推測題。題干意思是“第一段中的emanatefrom最可能的意思是……”。定位到第一段第二句Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareother,moresurprisingcauses.(在大多數情況下,令人不快的口氣emanatesfrom口腔中的細菌,盡管還有其他更令人驚訝的原因),根據后面的causes可知,offensivebreath和bacteriainthemouth之間應該是一個因果關系,是bacteria導致了offensivebreath,那么可以反推,offensivebreath是來源于bacteria,故C項“發源于”正確。A項“以……成長”、B項“解釋”和D項“由……傳下來的”都不符合。因此,該題選擇C項。

37.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節題。題干意思是“下列哪項被認為是造成口臭的原因之一?”。定位第一段第二句Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth(在大多數情況下,令人不快的口氣來自口腔中的細菌)可知,口臭來自于口腔中的細菌,而細菌通常容易造成牙齒問題,所以A項“牙齒問題”是口臭的一個原因。定位第二段第六句Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfur-producingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.(例如,當我們睡覺時,唾液流得很慢,產生硫的細菌占了上風,產生了所謂的“早晨口氣”)可知,含硫的細菌能夠導致口臭,所以B項“高硫的食物”是原因之一。定位第七句Alcohol,hunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexercise—anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.(酒精、饑餓、說話太多、運動時用嘴呼吸,任何使口腔干燥的東西都會產生口臭)可知,C項“太多的運動”也符合原文。定位到第二段倒數第四句Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.(壓力也是如此,雖然不知道為什么),以及第五句Somepeople'sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.(有些人每次去面試時口氣都會變酸)可知,壓力也會造成口氣問題,而D項“精神緊張”并不是壓力問題,屬于曲解原文。因此,該題選擇D項。

38.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據這篇文章,酒精與口臭有關的主要原因是……”。定位文章最后一句Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.(如果漱口水中含有酒精—大多數漱口水都含有酒精—會使口腔干燥,從而加劇這一問題)可知,含有酒精的漱口水會使口腔干燥,從而產生口臭,原因是唾液流動變得緩慢,那么推斷,酒精與口臭有關的主要原因是因為使得口腔唾液流動緩慢,所以D項“它影響唾液的正常流動”正確。A項“它可以阻止有害細菌的繁殖”是漱口水的作用,并不是酒精,屬于張冠李戴。B項“它的氣味增加了死亡的危險”和C項“它殺死一些有益的細菌”沒提到,屬于無中生有。因此,該題選擇D項。

39.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實細節題。題干意思是“漱口水不能有效治療口臭,主要是因為……”。定位到最后一段,Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus.(一些漱口水聲稱能殺死導致口腔異味的細菌。問題是,它們不一定能觸及所有有害細菌。在厚厚的黏液層下,大多數細菌都能很好地免受漱口水的侵害。)可知,漱口水不能治療口臭是因為厚厚的黏液層覆蓋了有害細菌,所以漱口水不能觸及到所有的有害細菌,B項“它們不能接觸到所有有害的細菌”正確。A項“它們不能長時間掩蓋臭味”,這和治療口臭無關,屬于出處錯位。C項“它們強烈的氣味和口臭混合在一起,使情況更糟”沒有提到,屬于無中生有。D項“它們不能覆蓋厚厚的黏液層”屬于曲解原文,漱口水不能治療口臭的原因是厚厚的黏液層使得漱口水不能接觸到所有的有害細菌,并不是不能覆蓋厚厚的黏液層的原因。因此,該題選擇B項。

40.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從這篇文章我們可以推斷出……”。文章前兩段描述了引起口臭的多種原因,包括酒精、饑餓、說話太多、運動等使口腔干燥的因素,后兩段闡述了能夠增加唾液流動和掩蓋口臭的方法,綜合可以推斷,引起口臭的因素有很多,所以并不是很容易治好,A項“口臭不容易治好”正確。定位第二段倒數第二句Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebad-breathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.(隨著年齡的增長,唾液的流動會逐漸減慢,這也解釋了為什么老年人比年輕人更容易出現口臭問題),原文提到了老年人比年輕人更容易口臭的原因,但B項“老年人對口臭不太反感”并未提及,也無從推斷,屬于無中生有。原文提到了酒精會使口腔干燥,從而導致口臭,所以酗酒者更加受到口臭的影響,C項“酗酒者受口臭的影響較小”和D項“口臭受酒精的影響較小”都屬于反向干擾。因此,該題選擇A項。

9.單選題

Thepolicecarriedoutan(

)investigation,butthemissingwomanwasnotyetfound.

問題1選項

A.exhausting

B.exhaustible

C.exhaustive

D.exhausted

【答案】C

【解析】exhausting使精疲力竭的;exhaustible可被用盡的;exhaustive詳盡的,徹底的;exhausted疲憊的,耗盡的。根據句意可知這里指徹底的調查,所以選項C符合句意。

10.單選題

Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyinto'whichthemachineshasbeenintroduceD.Forexample,ithasbeensuggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthemoutofthehousehold,theirtraditionalsphere,andfundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories,JulesSimon,aFrenchpolitician,warnedthatbydoingso,womenwouldgiveuptheirfemininity.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthe"social,legal,andeconomicsubordination"ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof"thewholefemalesexintopublicindustry."Observersthusdifferedconcerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanization'seffects,buttheyagreedthatitwouldtransformwomen'slives.

Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen'seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen'swork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880’screatedanewclassof"dead-end"jobs,thenceforthconsidered"women'swork."Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomen-thanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.

Women'sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen'shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

2.Theauthor,mentionsallofthefollowinginventionsasexamplesofdramatictechnologicalinnovationsEXCEPTthe().

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beforetheIndustrialRevolution,themajorityofwomen'sworkwasdoneinwhichofthefollowingsettings?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldconsiderwhichofthefollowingtobeanindicationofafundamentalalterationintheconditionsofwomen'swork?

5.Thepassagestatesthat,beforethetwentiethcentury,whichofthefollowingwastrueofmanyemployers?

問題1選項

A.Theeffectsofthemechanizationofwomen'sworkhavenotborneoutthefrequentlyheldassumptionthatnewtechnologyisinherentlyrevolutionary.

B.Recentstudieshaveshownthatmechanizationrevolutionizesasociety'straditionalvaluesandthecustomaryrolesofitsmembers

C.Mechanizationhascausedthenatureofwomen'sworkchangesincetheIndustrialRevolution.

D.Themechanizationofworkcreateswholenewclassesofjobsthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.

問題2選項

A.sewingmachine

B.vacuumcleaner

C.typewriter

D.telephone

問題3選項

A.Textilemills.

B.Privatehouseholds.

C.Offices.

D.Factories.

問題4選項

A.Statisticsshowingthatthemajorityofwomennowoccupywhite-collarpositions.

B.Interviewswithmarriedmenindicatingthattheyarenowdoingsomehouseholdtasks.

C.Surveysofthelabormarketdocumentingtherecentcreationofanewclassofjobsinelectronicsinwhichwomenworkersoutnumbermenfourtoone.

D.Censusresultsshowingthatworkingwomen'swagesandsalariesare,ontheaverage,ashighasthoseofworkingmen.

問題5選項

A.Theydidnotemploywomeninfactories.

B.Theytendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomen.

C.Theyemployedwomeninonlythosejobsthatwererelatedtowomen'straditionalhouseholdwork.

D.Theyresistedtechnologicalinnovationsthatwouldradicallychangewomen'srolesinthefamily.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據題目可以定位到文章第一段,文第一句提出觀點:Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyinto'whichthemachineshasbeenintroduceD.中文翻譯為:史學家們往往假設,勞動的機構化不僅僅對那些操作新機器的人們的生活,而且也對機器所被引入其中的社會,均產生了種革命性的影響,以及第二段第一句提出反對意見:Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.中文翻譯為:史學家們,尤其是那些研究婦女歷史的史學家們,現在對關于機械化進程的變革作用這一假設表示嚴重的懷疑。由此可知,作者對第一種觀點是反對的,并且提出自己的觀點:“...suchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsas...havenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen’seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen’swork.中文翻譯為:技術革新并沒有給婦女的經濟地位或對婦女工作的普遍評價帶來任何劇烈變化。最后從原文最后一句“Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.中文翻譯為:機械化甚至可能減緩了婦女在勞動力市場和家庭中的傳統地位的任何變化。以判斷只有A項“機械化對婦女工作的影響并沒有得到人們通常認為新技術本身就是革命性的這一假設的證實”符合作者態度和總結文意。

2.細節事實題。由題干關鍵詞dramatictechnologicalinnovations可以定位到文章第二段中“Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen'seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen'swork.”中文大意為:他們的結論是,諸如紡紗珍妮、縫紉機、打字機和吸塵器等劇烈的技術革新并沒有給婦女的經濟地位或對婦女工作的普遍評價帶來同樣巨大的社會變化。D選項符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。由題干可定位到原文第一段中“Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories...”,中文翻譯為:19世紀,當女性進入工廠……,以及第二段中“TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolution...”,中文翻譯為:工業革命期間,年輕婦女在紡織廠的就業情況……和文章最后一段首句“Women'sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory...”,中文翻譯為:過去的200年中,婦女的工作有了相當程度的變化,從家庭勞動到辦公室或工廠……。綜合可知,在工業革命之前,女性工作場所一般在B項“私人(個人)家庭”。

4.推理判斷題。由題干關鍵詞“alteration改變”對應“change改變”可以定位到文章第三段中“Women'sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.”,中文翻譯為:在過去的200年中,婦女的工作有了相當程度的變化,從家庭勞動到辦公室或工廠,并且近來很多藍領工作變成白領工作。以及“Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen'shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.”,中文翻譯為:但是,基本上,工業革命一來,婦女們的工作條件改變甚少:按性別區分職業、整體報酬低、工作技能水平要求相對低、升遷機會少仍存在,同時家務勞動依然繁重。可以得知D選項:“人口普查結果顯示,職業婦女的工資和薪金平均與男子一樣高”才表明婦女工作條件發生了根本的變化。

5.推理判斷題。由題干關鍵詞“twentiethcentury”可以定位到文章第二段尾句“Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomen—thanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.”中文翻譯為:20世紀對己婚婦女雇傭的增加不是因為家務勞動機械化,使這些婦女有閑暇,而是由于她們經濟上的必需性,以及結婚率升高使單身婦女來源減少,而在這以前,在多數情況下,單身婦女是雇主唯一想雇傭的。因此B選項:“他們往往會雇傭單身婦女而不是己婚婦女”最符合。

11.單選題

Hewasextremely(

)bytheillnessofhisdaughter.

問題1選項

A.agitated

B.exploited

C.influenced

D.dominated

【答案】A

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項agitate“使..不安”;B選項exploit“開發”;C選項influence“影響”;D選項dominate“控制,支配”。句意:女兒的疾病使他特別焦慮不安。選項A符合句意。

12.單選題

Itisalwaysmyheightthatgivesme(

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