食品致病菌風險評估微生物有很多是人類重要的病原菌，影響人類健康微生物風險評估含：RiskAssessment,RiskManagement,andRiskCommunicationOverallobjectivetoensurepublichealthprotection落實？SinceMicrobiologicalRiskAssessmentisadevelopingscience,implementationoftheseguidelinesmayrequireaperiodoftimeandmayalsorequirespecializedtraininginthecountriesthatconsideritnecessary.ReferencesAnonymous.1999.Principlesandguidelinesfortheconductofmicrobiologicalriskassessment.

CAC/GL-30-1999Anonymous.2011.RiskassessmentofVibrioparahaemolyticusinseafood.WorldHealthOrganization/FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations.Anonymous.2000.DraftriskassessmentonthepublichealthimpactofVibrioparahaemolyticusinrawmolluscanshellfish.FoodandDrugAdministration,USA.IwahoriJ,YamamotoA,SuzukiH,YamamotoT,TsutsuiT,MotoyamaK,SawadaM,MatsushitaT,HasegawaA,OsakaK,ToyofukuH,KasugaF.2010.QuantitativeriskassessmentofVibrioparahaemolyticusinfinfish:amodelofrawhorsemackerelconsumptioninJapan.RiskAnal.30:1817-1832.名詞定義Dose-ResponseAssessment劑量反應評估-Thedeterminationoftherelationshipbetweenthemagnitudeofexposure(dose)toachemical,biologicalorphysicalagentandtheseverityand/orfrequencyofassociatedadversehealtheffects(response).ExposureAssessment暴露評估-Thequalitativeand/orquantitativeevaluationofthelikelyintakeofbiological,chemical,andphysicalagentsviafoodaswellasexposuresfromothersourcesifrelevant.名詞定義Hazard危害-Abiological,chemicalorphysicalagentin,orconditionof,foodwiththepotentialtocauseanadversehealtheffect.HazardCharacterization危害特徵描述-Thequalitativeand/orquantitativeevaluationofthenatureoftheadversehealtheffectsassociatedwiththehazard.ForthepurposeofMicrobiologicalRiskAssessmenttheconcernsrelatetomicroorganismsand/ortheirtoxins.名詞定義HazardIdentification危害鑑定-Theidentificationofbiological,chemical,andphysicalagentscapableofcausingadversehealtheffectsandwhichmaybepresentinaparticularfoodorgroupoffoods.QuantitativeRiskAssessment量化風險評估-ARiskAssessmentthatprovidesnumericalexpressionsofriskandindicationoftheattendantuncertainties(statedinthe1995ExpertConsultationdefinitiononRiskAnalysis).名詞定義QualitativeRiskAssessment質化風險評估-ARiskAssessmentbasedondatawhich,whileforminganinadequatebasisfornumericalriskestimations,nonetheless,whenconditionedbypriorexpertknowledgeandidentificationofattendantuncertaintiespermitsriskrankingorseparationintodescriptivecategoriesofrisk.Risk風險-Afunctionoftheprobabilityofanadversehealtheffectandtheseverityofthateffect,consequentialtoahazard(s)infood.名詞定義RiskAnalysis風險分析-Aprocessconsistingofthreecomponents:riskassessment,riskmanagementandriskcommunication.RiskAssessment風險評估-Ascientificallybasedprocessconsistingofthefollowingsteps:(i)hazardidentification,(ii)hazardcharacterization,(iii)exposureassessment,and(iv)riskcharacterization.名詞定義RiskCharacterization風險特徵描述-Theprocessofdeterminingthequalitativeand/orquantitativeestimation,includingattendantuncertainties,oftheprobabilityofoccurrenceandseverityofknownorpotentialadversehealtheffectsinagivenpopulationbasedonhazardidentification,hazardcharacterizationandexposureassessment.RiskCommunication風險溝通-Theinteractiveexchangeofinformationandopinionsconcerningriskandriskmanagementamongriskassessors,riskmanagers,consumersandotherinterestedparties.名詞定義RiskEstimate風險特徵描述結果-OutputofRiskCharacterization.RiskManagement風險管理-Theprocessofweighingpolicyalternativesinthelightoftheresultsofriskassessmentand,ifrequired,selectingandimplementingappropriatecontrol2options,includingregulatorymeasures.Sensitivityanalysis敏感性分析-Amethodusedtoexaminethebehaviourofamodelbymeasuringthevariationinitsoutputsresultingfromchangestoitsinputs.名詞定義Transparent透明度-Characteristicsofaprocesswheretherationale,thelogicofdevelopment,constraints,assumptions,valuejudgements,decisions,limitationsanduncertaintiesoftheexpresseddeterminationarefullyandsystematicallystated,documented,andaccessibleforreview.Uncertaintyanalysis不確定性分析-Amethodusedtoestimatetheuncertaintyassociatedwithmodelinputs,assumptionsandstructure/form.微生物風險評估準則1.MicrobiologicalRiskAssessmentshouldbesoundlybaseduponscience.2.ThereshouldbeafunctionalseparationbetweenRiskAssessmentandRiskManagement.3.MicrobiologicalRiskAssessmentshouldbeconductedaccordingtoastructuredapproachthatincludesHazardIdentification,HazardCharacterization,ExposureAssessment,andRiskCharacterization.4.AMicrobiologicalRiskAssessmentshouldclearlystatethepurposeoftheexercise,includingtheformofRiskEstimatethatwillbetheoutput.微生物風險評估準則5.TheconductofaMicrobiologicalRiskAssessmentshouldbetransparent.6.AnyconstraintsthatimpactontheRiskAssessmentsuchascost,resourcesortime,shouldbeidentifiedandtheirpossibleconsequencesdescribed.7.TheRiskEstimateshouldcontainadescriptionofuncertaintyandwheretheuncertaintyaroseduringtheRiskAssessmentprocess.8.DatashouldbesuchthatuncertaintyintheRiskEstimatecanbedetermined;dataanddatacollectionsystemsshould,asfaraspossible,beofsufficientqualityandprecisionthatuncertaintyintheRiskEstimateisminimized.微生物風險評估準則9.AMicrobiologicalRiskAssessmentshouldexplicitlyconsiderthedynamicsofmicrobiologicalgrowth,survival,anddeathinfoodsandthecomplexityoftheinteraction(includingsequelae)betweenhumanandagentfollowingconsumptionaswellasthepotentialforfurtherspread.10.Whereverpossible,RiskEstimatesshouldbereassessedovertimebycomparisonwithindependenthumanillnessdata.11.AMicrobiologicalRiskAssessmentmayneedreevaluation,asnewrelevantinformationbecomesavailable.腸炎弧菌風險評估風險分析與管理腸炎弧菌風險評估Anonymous.2011.RiskassessmentofVibrioparahaemolyticusinseafood.WHO/FAOoftheUnitedNations.Anonymous.2000.DraftriskassessmentonthepublichealthimpactofVibrioparahaemolyticusinrawmolluscanshellfish.FDA,USA.

日本WahoriJ,YamamotoA,SuzukiH,YamamotoT,TsutsuiT,MotoyamaK,SawadaM,MatsushitaT,HasegawaA,OsakaK,ToyofukuH,KasugaF.2010.QuantitativeriskassessmentofVibrioparahaemolyticusinfinfish:amodelofrawhorsemackerelconsumptioninJapan.RiskAnal.30:1817-1832.Hara-KudoY,SaitoS,OhtsukaK,YamasakiS,YahiroS,NishioT,IwadeY,OtomoY,KonumaH,TanakaH,NakagawaH,SugiyamaK,Sugita-KonishiY,KumagaiS.2012.CharacteristicsofasharpdecreaseinVibrioparahaemolyticusinfectionsandseafoodcontaminationinJapan.Int.J.FoodMicrobiol.157:95-101.降低原因10oC以下冷藏保存使用衛生的海水或清水處理設定腸炎弧菌的限量（25g熟鱆魚螃蟹零檢出，生食海產低於100MPN/g等）海產離冷藏後兩小時內食用2001年後四分一的廚房換了新冰箱，半數廚房使用時直接從冷藏取海產半數以上海產賣場與餐廳檢驗員工糞便中腸炎弧菌聯合國報告ToestimateriskofillnessfromVPdueto

consumptionofoystersinAustralia,Canada,JapanandNewZealandTheBloodyclamriskassessment：A

casestudyofperforminga

quantitativeriskassessmentinadevelopingcountryusinglocaldata.Itfocusedon

onecityinThailandThepurposeofthefinfishriskassessmentwastoestimatetheriskofV.parahaemolyticus

infectionfromrawhorsemackerelconsumptioninJapan,andto

estimatetheriskreductionfromwashingthisfishafterharvestorduring

preparation.風險評估限制Constraints大部分缺乏在地數據，只得引用美國數據Hazardidentification致病情形病人與案件病人與案件數ExposureassessmentforrawoystersFourfactorswereusedtomodelexposure:levelofpathogenicVPinseafoodatharvesteffectofpost-harvesthandlingandprocessingabilityoftheorganismtomultiplytoaninfectivedosenumberofpathogenicVPconsumedHarvestModuleoftheV.parahaemolyticusExposureassessmentforrawoystersFactorsconsideredasinfluencingthenumbersofpathogenicV.parahaemolyticusatconsumptioninclude:ambientairtemperaturesattimeofharvesttimefromharvestuntiloystersareplacedunderrefrigerationtimeittakesforoysterstocoolonceunderrefrigerationlengthofrefrigerationtimeuntilconsumptionPost-harvest

ModuleoftheV.parahaemolyticusExposureassessmentforhorsemackerelHazardcharacterizationRiskcharacterization牡蠣，基於各地生產與溫度狀況，預測年度病例：RiskcharacterizationHorsemackerelTheriskassessmentmodelestimatedthatthe