2016年四級PassageoneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AsArtificialIntelligence(AI)becomesincreasinglysophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscouldbecomeathreat.Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode.Russellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasks,it'snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAIlanguage.Forexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn'twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren.“Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues,”saidRussell.Somerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues.Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans.Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanotherpersonandtheycameupcloseinyourpersonalspace,youwouldn'tthinkthat'sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-uppersonwoulddo.Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules.Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior.Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless.Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtososufficienttestingandthey'veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo(禁忌).Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation.

Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbeeps(嘟嘟聲)，andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren'tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse.Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules.Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofrobotsItmayconstituteachallengetocomputerprogranmers.ltaccompaniesallmachineryinvolvinghightechnology.Itcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirlanguage.lthasbecomeaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoresophisticated.WhatwouldwethinkofapersonwhoinvadesourpersonalspaceaccordingtotheauthorTheyareaggressive.Theyareoutgoing.Theyareignorant.Theyareill-bred.HowdorobotslearnhumanvaluesByinteractingwithhumansineverydaylifesituations.Byfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanbeings.Bypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanbehavior.Byimitatingthebehaviorofpropertybrought-uphumanbeings.

Whatwillawell-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualsituationkeepadistancefrompossibledangers.Stoptoseekadvicefromahumanbeing.Triggeritsbuilt-inalarmsystematonce.Dosufficienttestingbeforetakingaction.WhatismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecodeDeterminewhatismoralandethical.Designsomelarge-scaleexperiments.Setrulesforman-machineinteraction.Developamoresophisticatedprogram.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothersYouknowthestandardexplanations:keepingamoderatediet,engaginginregularexercise,etc.Butwhateffectdoesyourpersonalityhaveonyourlongevity(長壽)DosomekindsofpersonalitiesleadtolongerlivesAnewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatriesSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexaminingthepersonalitycharacteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleast100.Thestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoing,moreactiveandlessneurotic(神經質的)thanotherpeople.Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan.Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory:thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes.

Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger.Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold.Also,beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife,whichmightexplainallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways.Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyourpersonalityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate.Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglife,youshouldstrivetobeasoutgoingaspossible.Unfortunately,anotherrecentstudyshowsthatyourmother'spersonalitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity.Thatstudylookedatnearly28,000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious,depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets.Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe'readults,whichmaymeanthatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingyounger.Personalityisn'tdestiny(命運)，andeveryoneknowsthatindividualscanlearntochange.Butbothstudiesshowthatlonglifeis'tjustamatterofyourphysicalhealthbutofyourmentalhealth.TheaimofthestudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatriesSocietyis.toseewhetherpeople'spersonalityaffectstheirlifespantofindoutifone'slifestylehasanyeffectontheirhealthtoinvestigatetheroleofexerciseinlivingalonglifetoexamineallthefactorscontributingtolongevityWhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutoutgoingandsympatheticpeopleTheyhaveagoodunderstandingofevolution.Theyarebetteratnegotiatinganagreement.

Theygenerallyappearmoreresourceful.Theyaremorelikelytogetoverhardship.WhatfindingofthestudymightprovesomewhatoutofourexpectationEasy-goingpeoplecanalsolivearelativelylonglife.Personalitycharacteristicsthatproveadvantageousactuallyvarywithtimes.Suchpersonalitycharacteristicsasself-disciplinehavenoeffectonlongevity.Readinesstoacceptnewideashelpsoneenjoylongevity.WhatdoestherecentstudyofNorwegianmothersshowChildren'spersonalitycharacteristicsareinvariablydeterminedbytheirmothers.Peoplewithunhealthyeatinghabitsarelikelytodiesooner.Mothers'influenceonchildrenmaylastlongerthanfathers'.Mothers'negativepersonalitycharacteristicsmayaffecttheirchildren'slifespans.WhatcanwelearnfromthefindingsofthetwonewstudiesAnxietyanddepressionmoreoftenthannotcutshortondslifespan.Longevityresultsfromacombinationofmentalandphysicalhealth.Personalityplaysadecisiveroleinhowhealthyoneis.Healthisinlargepartrelatedtoone'slifestyle.2016年6級閱讀理:

PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Interactivetelevisionadvertising,whichallowsviewerstousetheirremotecontrolstoclickonadvertisements,hasbeenpushedforyears.Nearlyadecadeagoitwaspredictedthatviewersof“Friends",apopularsituationcomedy,wouldsoonbeabletopurchaseasweaterlikeJenniferAniston'swithafewtapsontheirremotecontrol.“It'sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears,"saysColinDixonofadigital-mediaconsultancy.SothenewsthatCablevision,andAmericancablecompany,wasrollingoutinteractiveadvertisementstoallitscustomersonOctober6thwasgreetedwithsomeskepticism.Duringcommercials,anoverlaywillappearatthebottomofthescreen,promptingviewerstopressabuttontorequestafreesampleororderacatalogue.Cablevisionhopestoallowcustomerstobuythingswiththeirremotecontrolsearlynextyear.Televisionadvertisingcoulddowithaboost.Spendingfellby10%inthefirsthalfoftheyear.Thepopularizationofdigitalvideorecordershascausedadvertiserstoworrythattheircommercialswillbeskipped.SomeareturningtotheInternet,whichischeaperandoffersconcretemeasurementslikeclick-throughrates——especiallyimportantatatimewhenmarketingbudgetsaretight.Withthelaunchofinteractiveadvertising,“manyofthedollarsthatwenttotheInternetwillcomebacktotheTV,"saysDavidKlineofCablevision.Orsotheindustryhopes.Intheory,interactiveadvertisingcanengageviewersinawaythat30-secondspotsdonot.UnileverrecentlyrananinteractivecampaignforitsAxedeodorant（除臭劑）,whichkeptviewersengagedformorethanthreeminutesonaverage.Theamountspentoninteractiveadvertisingontelevisionisstillsmall.Magna,anadvertisingagency,reckonsitwillbeworthabout$138millionthisyear.Thatfallsfarshortofthebillionsofdollarspeopleonceexpectedittogenerate.ButDirecTV,ComcastandTimeWarnerCablehaveallinvestedinit.AneweffortledbyCanoeVentures,acoalitionofleadingcableproviders,aimstomakeinteractiveadvertisingavailableacrossAmericalaterthisyear.BrightLineiTV,Whichdesignsandsellsinteractiveads,saysinteresthassurged:itexpectsitsrevenuesalmosttotriplethisyear.BSkyB,Britain'sbiggestsatellite—televisionservice,alreadyprovides9millioncustomerswithinteractiveads.

Yettherearedoubtswhetherpeoplewatchingtelevision,a“leanback"medium,craveinteraction.Click-throughrateshavebeenhighsofar(around3-4%,comparedwithlessthan0.3%online),butthatmaybearesultofthenovelty.Interactiveadsandviewersmightnotgowelltogether.WhatdoesColinDixonmeanbysaying“It'sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears"(Lines4-5,Para.1)Interactivetelevisionadvertisingwillbecomepopularin10-12years.Interactivetelevisionadvertisinghasbeenunderdebateforthelastdecadeorso.Interactivetelevisionadvertisingissuccessfulwhenincorporatedintosituationcomedies.Interactivetelevisionadvertisinghasnotachievedtheanticipatedresults.Whatisthepublic'sresponsetoCablevision'splannedinteractiveTVadvertisingprogramPrettypositive.Totallyindifferent.Somewhatdoubtful.Rathercritical.WhatistheimpactofthewideuseofdigitalvideorecordersonTVadvertisingIthasmadeTVadvertisingeasilyaccessibletoviewers.Ithelpsadvertiserstomeasuretheclick-throughrates.IthasplacedTVadvertisingatagreatdisadvantage.Itenablesviewerstocheckthesalesitemswithease.WhatdowelearnaboutUnilever'sinteractivecampaign

ItprovestheadvantageofTVadvertising.Ithasdonewellinengagingtheviewers.Ithelpsattractinvestmentsinthecompany.ithasboostedtheTVadvertisingindustry.Howdoestheauthorviewthehithertohighclick-throughratesTheymaybeduetothenovelwayofadvertising.Theysignifythepopularityofinteractiveadvertising.TheypointtothegrowingcuriosityofTVviewers.Theyindicatethefuturedirectionofmediareform.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhatcanbedoneaboutmassunemploymentAllthewiseheadsagree:there'renoquickoreasyanswers.There'sworktobedone,butworkersaren'treadytodoit—they'reinthewrongplaces,ortheyhavethewrongskills,Ourproblemsare“structural,”andwilltakemanyyearstosolve.Butdon'tbotheraskingforevidencethatjustifiesthisbleakview.Thereisn'tany.Onthecontrary,allthefactssuggestthathighunemploymentinAmericaistheresultofinadequatedemand.sayingthatthere'renoeasyanswerssoundswise.Butitsactuallyfoolish:ourunemploymentcrisiscouldbecuredveryquicklyifwehadtheintellectualclarityandpoliticalwilltoact.Inotherwords,structuralunemploymentisafakeproblem,whichmainlyservesasanexcusefornotpursingrealsolutions.Thefactisjobopeningshaveplungedineverymajorsector,whilethenumberofworkersforcedintopart—timeemploymentinalmostallindustrieshassoared.Unemploymenthassurgedineverymajoroccupationalcategory.Onlythreestates.WithacombinedpopulationnotmuchlargerthanthatofBrooklyn,haveunemploymentratesbelow5%.Sotheevidencecontradictstheclaimthatwe'remainlysufferingfromstructuralunemployment.Why,then,hasthisclaimbecomesopopular

Partoftheansweristhatthisiswhatalwayshappensduringperiodsofhighunemployment—inpartbecauseexpertsandanalystsbelievethatdeclaringtheproblemdeeplyrooted,withnoeasyanswers,makesthemsoundserious.I'vebeenlookingatwhatself-proclaimedexpertsweresayingaboutunemploymentduringtheGreatDepression;itwasalmostidenticaltowhatVerySeriousPeoplearesayingnow.Unemploymentcannotbebroughtdownrapidly,declaredone1935analysis,becausetheworkforceis“unadaptableanduntrained.Itcannotrespondtotheopportunitieswhichindustrymayoffer.”Afewyearslater,alargedefensebuildupfinallyprovidedafiscalstimulusadequatetotheeconomysneeds—andsuddenlyindustrywaseagertoemploythose“unadaptableanduntrained"workers.Butnow,asthen,powerfulforcesareideologicallyopposedtothewholeideaofgovernmentactiononasufficientscaletojump-starttheeconomy.Andthat,fundamentally,iswhyclaimsthatwefacehugestructuralproblemshavebeenmultiplying:theyofferareasontodonothingabo