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1、牛津高中英語模塊一第一單元必定語從句:定語從句的介紹1就像是一個形容詞或介詞短語修飾名詞相同,定語從句也能夠修飾名詞。定語從句所修飾的名詞稱為先行詞。形容詞:Thegreenteam介詞短語:Theteamingreen定語從句:Theteamwhowerewearinggreen2定語從句往常由關系代詞來指引,如which,that,who,whom,whose,或關系副詞來指引,如when,where,why。關系代詞能夠在定語從句中擔當主語,賓語,表語,定語;關系副詞能夠在定語從句中擔當狀語。如:做主語Thetreeswhichareontheschoolcampushavelostth

2、eirleaves.做賓語Thestudentwhomwesawjustnowisthebestrunnerinourschool.做表語Jackisnolongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.做定語ShehasabrotherwhosenameIcantremember.做狀語TheschoolwherehestudiedisinShenzhen.二定語從句:關系代詞:that,which,who,whom,和whose1在定語從句中,that和which用來指代物。如:Thisisthestorythat/whichwewroteforourstorytellingc

3、ontest.2在定語從句中,who用來指代人。如:IamgoingtoseeafriendwhohasjustcomebackfromtheUK.3當who在定語從句中做賓語時,能夠用whom來代替,且whom比who改正式。如:Idontknowthenameoftheteacherwho/whomIsawinthecomputerroomtheotherday.4當關系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時,who,whom,which和that能夠被省略。如:Helikesallthebirthdaypresents(that/which)hisfriendsgavehim.5Whose用來表示所屬

4、,它既可指人也可指物。如:IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiane.TheclubwhosemembersaremusicfansmeetintheschoolgardeneverySaturdayafternoon.第二單元必定語從句:介詞提早的定語從句(prepositionwhich;prepositionwhom)1當關系代詞(which/whom)做定語從句中介詞的賓語時,能夠把介詞提到關系代詞的前面。如:Wethoughtyouwereapersonfromwhomwecouldexpectgooddecisions.2在非正式英語中,介詞往常放在定語從句的

5、最后。如:ArtisthesubjectwhichIknowlittleabout.3假如介詞放在定語從句的最后,which能夠被that代替,whom能夠被that和who代替。如:Dadisapersonwhom/that/whoIcaneasilytalkto.4當關系代詞做定語從句中介詞的賓語,而且介詞又放在定語從句的末端時,我們往常省略關系代詞who和that。如:Thetopic(which)EricisinterestedinisPhysics.Danielistheperson(whom)Iwanttomakefriendswith.5當先行詞是way時,我們用inwhich或

6、that來指引定語從句,這種狀況下,inwhich或that能夠被省略。如:Ididntliketheway(that/inwhich)shetalkedtome.二定語從句:關系副詞:when,where,why1我們往常用關系副詞when指引先行詞是time,moment,day,season,year等的定語從句。如:DoyourememberthedaywhenweleftyouinchargeIoftenthinkofthemomentwhenIsawtheUFO.2我們往常用關系副詞where指引先行詞是place,house,city,country,city,world等的定語

7、從句。如:Thepolicesearchedthehousewherethethiefhadstayed.Thisisnotafamilywherebadbehaviorgoesunpunished.3我們往常用關系副詞why指引先行詞是reason的定語從句。如:Idontknowthereasonwhythehouseissodirty.4在更為正式的英語中,where,when和why能夠被介詞which所代替。如:Thestudyistheplacewhere/inwhichIoftenhavetalkswithmyfather.Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichm

8、yparentsgothomeearlier.Itrainedthewholedaywhen/onwhichhetraveledwithhisfamily.第三單元必定語從句:非限制性定語從句1非限制性定語從句是一個為主句增添額外信息的從句,在非限制性定語從句前通常有個逗號。如:Amy,whotookweight-losspills,nowrealizesthathealthisimportant.Mypillsareinthebathroom,whereIalwayskeepthem.2當先行詞是整個主句時,能夠用which來指引定語從句。如:Hemissedtheshow,whichwas

9、agreatpity.3我們能夠用allwhom/which來表示所有數目,用someofwhom/which來表示部分數目。如:Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofwhicharequitehelpfultomyhealth.Manypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweight,aregoingondiet.二附帶疑問句1附帶疑問句是放在陳說句后邊的短問句。它們往常被用在口語中來引出一段對話,以一個更為禮貌的方式來咨詢信息,溫柔的發號布令或要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問句來咨詢建議或征采贊同。當我們用附帶疑問句來咨詢建議時,為了

10、期望對方能贊同我們的看法,附帶疑問句會用降調來表達。當我們用附帶疑問句來征采贊同時,我們其實是在咨詢我們自己也不太能確信的事情,這時候附帶疑問句會用升調來表達。2附帶疑問句的構成有以下幾種:1)在必定的陳說句以后,我們會用否認的附帶疑問句。在否認的陳說句以后,我們會用必定的附帶疑問句。如:Wecanstillbefriends,cantweHedoesntlikeicecream,doeshe2)當主句中有像neither,none,nobody,nothing,few,little,never,hardly或seldom這種詞時,它們被以為能否認的,因今后邊會跟個必定的附帶疑問句。如:Nei

11、therofyouwillhavecoffee,willyouNoonehasfoundmyCD,havetheyNobodyunderstoodhisspeech,didtheyHissisterseldomargueswithpeople,doesshe3)人稱代詞如I,we,you,he,she,it或they會放在附帶疑問句中。如:Iwasprettysilly,wasntIEveryonehasadvisesyounottogoonadiet,haventyou4)助動詞,神態動詞或be動詞會放在附帶疑問句中。如:Youliketraveling,dontyouThereissome

12、thingwrong,isntthereYoucantspeakItalian,canyou5)祁使句后用willyou,Lets后用shallwe如:Postaletterforme,willyouLetshaveabreak,shallwe牛津高中英語模塊二第一單元一此刻達成時態1我們用此刻達成時態來表示在近來的過去發生的但跟此刻有聯系的事情。如:ThedisappearanceofJustinhasmadeKellyveryunhappy.2我們也用此刻達成時態來表示在過去剛開始,而且此刻還沒結束的事情。如:IhavenotseenJustinsincelastFridaynight.3

13、當動作發生確實切時間不清楚或不重要時,我們也用此刻達成時態。常常連用的時間短語有:alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyetalready用語必定句,yet用語否認句。如:Theboyhasalreadycomehome.Ihaventheardanythingfromhimyet.for+一段時間since+點時間如:Wehaventseenhimfortwoyears.Wehaventseenhimsince2002.注:當已給定詳細的時間時,我們常常用一般過去時態,而不是此刻達成時態。4我們用此刻達成時態來討論剛才達成的動作。如:Thepo

14、licehavejustfinishedsearchingthearea.5我們也用此刻達成時態來表示重復的動作。如:SomevillagessaythattheyhaveseenUFOsmanytimes.6此刻達成時態的構成是:have/has+動詞的過去分詞二此刻達成進行時態1我們用此刻達成進行時態來表示在過去發生的而且仍將連續的動作。如:IhavenotbeensleepingwellsinceIreturnedhome.2我們用此刻達成進行時態來表示剛才結束但以某種方式和此刻有聯系的動作。如:-SorryImlate.Haveyoubeenwaitinglong-Yes,Ivebee

15、nwaitingforanhour.3此刻達成進行時態的構成:have/has+been+doing注:for和since和此刻達成進行時態連用。如:Ihavebeenwaitingforalongtime.Hehasbeenwaitingsincenineoclock.三此刻達成時態仍是此刻達成進行時態1我們用此刻達成時態來討論剛才達成的動作,用此刻達成進行時態來表示發生在過去而且此刻仍在發生的動作。如:LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.(Shefinishedreadingthebook.)LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStone

16、henge.(Sheisstillreadingthebook.)2我們用此刻達成時態表示重復的動作,用此刻達成進行時態來表示不斷的動作。如:IhavevisitedEgypttwicethismonth.IhavebeentouringEgyptfortwomonths.此刻達成時態用于回答howmany/much的發問,此刻達成進行時態用語回答howlong的發問。如:HowmanytimeshaveyouswuminthelakeHowlonghaveyoubeenswimminginthelake3狀態動詞和動作動詞都能夠用在此刻達成時態中,但只有動作動詞能夠用在此刻達成進行時態中。如

17、:Ihavehadthiscameraforfiveyears.(狀態動詞)IhavetakenphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.(動作動詞)IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.(動作動詞)注:動作動詞表示發生或變化的動作,如go,play。狀態動詞表示保持不變的動作,如like,know,exist4當never,yet,already,ever出此刻句子中時,只用此刻達成時態,而不用此刻達成進行時態。如:IvenevervisitedParis.IvealreadybeentoParis.第二單元一未來進行時態1我們用未來進行

18、時態來:1)討論未來一段時間正在進行的事情。如:TobywillbeclimbingintheHimalayasallnextweek2)討論從未來的某一點開始而且有可能要連續一段時間的事情。如:TobywillnotbeinLondonnextTuesday.HewillbeclimbingintheHimalayas.3)沒有任何企圖的表達未來的事情。如:TheweatherreportsaysthatitwillberainingwhenwearriveinLondon.在這種狀況下表示事情是很自然的發生的,沒有人為的安排。4)禮貌地咨詢相關其余人未來的計劃。如:Willyoubevis

19、itingyouruncleinTanzania2未來進行時態的構成:1)陳說句:will(not)+v-ing如:Tobyandhisbrother,Colin,will(not)beflyingtoMorocco.2)疑問句:will提到主語的前面如:WilltheybeflyingtoMoroccoon15thJuly3)回答:will(not)如:Yes,theywill./No,theywillnot(wont)二過去未來時態1我們用過去未來時態和過去進行時態來:1)表示過去的未來某一時間要發生的動作。如:Theysetoffat9.andwouldreachtheairportan

20、hourlater.暗指一個過去的目的。如:Iwasgoingtoleave,butthenitrained.暗指一個過去的安排。如:ColincalledJennifertosaythathewasseeingherlaterthatafternoon.指代實質已經發生過的未來的動作。如:ThejourneythatwastochangeTobyslifestartedinJulythatyear.2陳說句中過去未來時態的構成:1)would+動詞原形如:ItoldyouColinandIwouldspendafewweekstraveling.2)was/weregoingto,was/w

21、ereto,was/wereaboutto如:Weweregoingtoseethewildanimals,butthenwedidnthavetime.Itwashislastdayatschool-hewastoleavethenextmorning.Colinwasabouttogetoffthecamelwhenachildrantowardshim.第三單元一過去達成時態1我們用一般過去時態來討論一個過去的動作。當我們想要討論比過去更早的時間里發生的事情時,就用過去達成時態。如:Uponenteringthetomb,Cartersluckypetbird,whichhadledhi

22、mtotheplace,waseatenbyasnake.2在直接引語中,我們用過去達成時態來指代說話的時候就已經發生的動作。直接引語中的一般過去時態和此刻達成時態在間接引語中改為過去達成時態。如:“Weemptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained,”saidCartersaidthattheyhademptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained.3過去達成時態不過指在另一個過去的動作從前發生的動作,其實不是指發生在一長段時間從前的動作。如:IhaddonemyhomeworkthismorningbeforeIwenttothemus

23、eum.4過去達成時態常常跟以下指引的時間短語連用,如when,after,before,assoonas,until,since,by,for,already.如:ThenafewmonthsafterCarterhadopenedthetomb,LordCarnarvonfellillwithafeveranddied.5過去達成時態的構成:had+v-ed如:HowardCarterhadreceivedmoneyfromLordCarnarvonbeforehemadehismostamazingdiscovery.二此刻達成時態仍是過去達成時態當我們討論一個與此刻相關的過去的事情時,

24、我們用此刻達成時態。如:HowardCarterisoneofthemostfamousexplorerstheworldhaseverknown.當我們在討論過去,并要說明一個更早發生的動作的時候,我們就要用過去達成時態。如:Notlongafterthetombhadbeenopened,peopleinCartersteambegantofallillanddiestrangly.牛津高中英語模塊三第一單元一名詞性從句:名詞性從句的介紹名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語的作用是相同的。1我們能夠用名詞性從句做句子的主語。如:ThatIcanpaybackthehelppeoplegi

25、vememakesmehappy.Whetherhellbeabletocomeisnotyetknown.Whytheyhavenotleftyetisunclear.我們能夠用it來做形式主語。如:Itwasgoodnewsthateveryonegotbacksafely.2我們能夠用名詞性從句來做動詞的賓語。如:shesensedthatshewasbeingwatched.Iwonderif/whetherthatsagoodidea.Pollydidntknowwhichwaysheshouldgo.我們能夠用名詞性從句來做介詞的賓語。如:Iminterestedinwhothat

26、tallmanis.TherewasadiscussionaboutwhetherPollyhadfoundtheblindman.我們能夠用it來做形式賓語。如:weallthoughtitgoodnewsthatthefoghadfinallygone.Theconductorhasmadeitclearthatnobuseswillberunning.3我們能夠用名詞性從句來做表語。如:thetruthisthatthefogistoothinkforthebustorunthatfar.MyquestioniswhetherPollycanfindherwayhome.Theprobl

27、emishowPollyisgoingtofindusinthecrowd.4我們能夠用名詞性從句來做一個名詞的同位語。如:thefactthatPollydidntaskforthemansnameisapity.Thenewsthattheplanehadcrashedmadeussad.WhatevergaveyoutheideathatIcansing5我們用that,if/whether或一個疑問詞來指引名詞性從句。如:IhopethatPollywillbeOK.Nooneknewif/whetherhelosthissightbecauseofanaccident.Shecoul

28、dntimaginehowtheblindmanhadfoundher.二名詞性從句:用that或if/whether指引的名詞性從句1我們用that來指引名詞性從句。1)當從句是一個陳說句時,我們用that來指引名詞性從句。如:Shesensedthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkcoat.在大多半狀況下,我們不用that來指引介詞后的名詞性從句,可是,能夠用that來指引in或except后的賓語從句。如:Theproblemliesinthatthemistmaybecomeathickfog.Ididnttellhimanythingexcep

29、tthatIwasntabletofindmywayback.3)當名詞性從句做句子的主語時,that不可以省略。如:Thatwecouldntfindourwayoutwasreallybadnews.4)在非正式英語中,當名詞性從句做句子的賓語或表語時,that能夠省略。如:Shewished(that)someonewouldcomealongtohelpher.Thetruthis(that)thebuseswillnotberunning.1我們用if或whether來指引名詞性從句。1)當從句是個一般疑問句時,我們用if或whether來指引名詞性從句。我們把if或whether后

30、邊從句的次序改成陳說句的語序。如:Shewondered.WouldthebusesstillberunningShewonderedif/whetherthebuseswouldstillberunning.2)介詞后只好用whether,而不可以用if。如:Sheisnotcertainaboutwhethershehasdoneanythingwrong.3)當從句做主語放在句子開頭時,只好用whether,而不可以用if。如:Whetheritisgoingtoclearupkeepsmewondering.4)只好用whetherornot,而不可以用ifornot。如:Iwantt

31、oknowwhetherornotthetraingoestoKingStreet.2假如and或but指引兩個并列的that或whether/if指引的名詞性從句,后一個句子的that或whether/if不行省。如:Hesaidthathelikedrainverymuchandthathewouldnumbrellawhenitwasraining.Nooneknowswhetheritwillbefinetomorrowandwhetherhewillcometowork.tusean第二單元一名詞性從句:由疑問詞指引的名詞性從句我們用以下的疑問詞來指引名詞性從句:what,which

32、,who/whom,whose,when,where,whyandhow。1當從句是wh-指引的疑問句時,我們用疑問詞來指引名詞性從句。從句能夠做句子的主語,賓語或表語。如:Whereapersoncomesfromwillaffecttheirstyleofspeech.YoucanbegintoseewhyEnglishhassuchstrangerules.ThatiswhyEnglishisalanguagewithsomanyconfusingrules.2我們把疑問詞后邊的句式改成陳說句的語序。如:WhatarepeoplefromthenorthsayingPeoplefromt

33、hesouthfinditdifficulttounderstand.Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstandwhatpeoplefromthenortharesaying.3在任何狀況下,都不可以夠省略名詞性從句中的疑問指引詞。二形式主語it在英語中,我們往常把最重要的信息放在句子的末端用于重申。這被稱做句末重申成效。用形式主語it就能夠達到這一成效。It不過語法意義上的主語,真實的主語在句子的后邊。1我們往常用it來做形式主語。1)當我們用一個名詞性從句來做句子的主語時:(更好的)Itiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabl

34、etounderstandOldEnglishtoday.(正確的)ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.2)當主語是帶to的動詞不定式時:(更好的)Itishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.(正確的)Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.3)當主語是動詞-ing形式時:(更好的)Smokingisdifficulttostop.(正確的)Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.2It能夠被放在seem,appear,happen,chance,turnou

35、t和prove前做句子的形式主語。如:Itseemsthathespeakstwolanguages.=heseemstospeaktwolanguages.Ithappensthatmynewneighborcomesfrommyhometown.=mynewneighborhappenstocomefrommyhometown.3我們能夠用句型it+be+被重申的名詞或短語+that或who指引的從句來重申句子中的主語,賓語或狀語。如:Itwaslastnight(notanyothertime)thatIreadaboutthehistoryofEnglish.假如不重申任何成分,句子能

36、夠是:IreadaboutthehistoryofEnglishlastnight.第三單元一賓語補足語1賓語補足語為賓語供給更多的信息。如:TheycalledhertheLoulanBeauty.2賓語補足語往常以下邊形式出現:動詞+賓語+賓語補足語,賓語補足語往常能夠是名詞短語或形容詞。如:TheymadeProfessorZhangchairmanofthesociety.Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting.3有時侯帶to的動詞不定式和不帶to的動詞不定式能夠做賓語補足語。如:Theybelievedhimtobehonest.ProfessorZhangss

37、peechmadeusalllaugh.4賓語補足語能夠時介詞短語。如:Shefoundourselvesinthemiddleofadesert.5賓語不足語往常和賓語在數上是一致的。如:ShemadeJoeherassistant.ShemadeJoeandSueherassistants.Eitheror和Neithernor1我們用eitheror來表示選擇性。如:(連結主語)eitherAnnorJaneshouldhavearrivedbynow.(連結動詞)peopleeithertriedtoescapeorstayedintheirhouses.(連結賓語)wecouldch

38、oosetoeateithernoodlesorrice.(連結狀語)theyaregoingtothemuseumeithertodayortomorrow.3我們用neithernor來連結表示否認的看法。(bothand的反義詞)如:neitherthemuseumnorthesiteitselfinterestedher.Theyneithertoldmethelocationnorshowedmethemap.Iateneitherthenoodlesnortherice.Theywentthereneitherbytrainnorbyair.三主謂一致主謂一致是指在主語后選擇正確的

39、單復數形式。以下幾點幫助我們決定動詞是單數或是復數。1動詞應是單數,假如主語是:1)單數的名詞或不行數名詞th如:thecitywasfoundedinthe8centuryBC.Thefoodtheyofferedontheplanewasdelicious.計量的短語,標題或名字如:twohoursistooshortforthevisit.Littlewomenisagreatnovel.一個短語或從句如:travellingtoPompeiiisexciting.Thatitkeepsrainingworriesthetourists.2動詞應是復數,假如主語是:1)一個復數名詞如:b

40、othcitieswereveryrich.2)由and連結的兩個或兩個以上的單詞或短語如:thenoodlesandricetheyofferedontheplanewerequiteplain.3當主語是allof/mostof/someof/halfof/apartof+名詞/代詞,動詞與名詞或代詞保持一致。如:allofushaveattendedthelectureaboutPompeii.Mostofthelecturewasabouthowtheancientcitywasdiscovered.4當主語是會合名詞,如band,crowd,class,dozen,family,pu

41、blic,team時,假如名詞指代的是集體,動詞用單數;假如名詞指代的是個體,動詞用復數。如:ourteamisveryimportanttome.OurteamarenowtravelingtoXinjiang.5當主語是news,physics,mathematics,Aids時,動詞用單數;當主語是goods,clothes,congratulations,earnings,remains,belongings時,動詞用復數。如:thelatestnewsisthattheLoulanBeautyisbeingdisplayedinShanghai.Alltheirbelongingsw

42、eredestroyedintheearthquake.6當eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,notbut,連結句子的主語時,動詞采納就近原則。如:eithertheteamleaderortheguidesarelookingafterthestudents.Eithertheguidesortheteamleaderislookingafterthestudents.注:當主語是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/noone/nothing/somebody/someo

43、ne/something/each/eachone/either/neither/one時,動詞用單數。牛津高中英語模塊四第一單元向來接引語和間接引語1我們用直接引語來論述所說的話。假如我們把引語寫下來,這些單詞就會被放在引號可是,我們往常更愿意用間接引語來論述所說的話。直接引語:Shesaid,“ChinahasbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.”間接引語:ShesaidChinahadbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.2我們能夠經過把所說的話改成賓語從句或動詞不定式短語的形式來把直接引語變成間接引語。如:Shesaid,“Imusedtoad

44、s.”-Shesaidthatshewasusedtoads.“Wemustnotfallforthiskindoftrick!”sheShewarnedusnottofallforthatkindoftrick.3除了句型的改變外,還有其余的改變:1)人稱代詞的改變:如:Shesaid,“Ididsomeresearch.”-Shesaidthatshehaddonesomeresearch.2)時態的改變:如:Shesaid,“Thisasisveryclever.”-Shesaidthatthatadwasveryclever.下邊列舉當動詞是過去時態時,時態是怎樣變化的:直接引語間接引

45、語一般此刻時一般過去時此刻進行時過去進行時一般過去時過去達成時此刻達成時過去達成時一般未來時過去未來時過去達成時過去達成時此刻達成進行時過去達成進行時注:當陳說一個不變的事及時,時態不變。如:“lighttravelsatgreatspeed,”heHesaidthatlighttravelsatgreatspeed.3)時間和地址狀語的變化:如:Tomsaid,“Iamworkingheretoday.”-Tomsaidhewasworkingtherethatday.下邊列舉這種變化的例子:直接引語間接引語todaytomorrowyesterdaynextmonththatday/yes

46、terday/onWednesday,etc.thenextday/thefollowingday/onThursday,etc.thedaybefore/thepreviousday/onTudesay,etc.themonthafter/thefollowingmonth/inJuly,etc.lastyeartheyearbefore/thepreviousyear,etc.aweekagoaweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.4)其余的例子:直接引語間接引語thisthatthesethosecomego二間接引語:陳說句,疑問句和祈使句1陳說句1)我們用that指

47、引的名詞性從句來陳說一件事。如:Shesaid,“Advertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.”-Shesaidthatadvertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.除了say以外,還有其余的動詞能夠這樣用:tell,advise,agree,explain,insist,promise,remind,suggest,warn如:“PSAsareoftenplacedforfree,”thewriterThewriterexplainedthatPSAsareoftenplacedforfree.2疑問句1)我們

48、用whether/if指引的名詞性從句來陳說一般疑問句。如:MattaskedAnn,“Areyouthehappiestpersonintheworld”-MattaskedAnnwhether/ifshewasthehappiestpersonintheworld.2)我們用wh-疑問詞指引的名詞性從句來陳說wh-疑問句。如:Iaskedher,“Howcanthatcouldbe-Iaskedherhowthatcouldbetrue.3祈使句1)我們用以下構造來陳說祈使句:陳說動詞+賓語+(not)+to-動詞不定式如:Thewritersaid,“Thinkaboutwhyyoush

49、oulddothethingstheadsuggests.”-Thewritertoldustothinkaboutwhyweshoulddothethingstheadsuggested.“Dontworry,Mickey,”JenJenaskedMickeynottoworry.其余的單詞也有相同的用法:advise,encourage,invite,remind,warn如:“Dontbelieveeveryadvertisementyouread,”MichellesaidtoMichelleadvisedmenottobelieveeveryadvertisementIread.第二

50、單元一神態動詞:整體介紹1我們用神態動詞來討論:1)能力如:Hecanrunthe100msprintin11seconds.義務義務性由弱到強擺列:oughtto/should-haveto-must如:Youmustworkhardtowinthegoldmedal.確立確立性由弱到強擺列:might-may-could-should-oughtto-will-must如:ShemightwinamedalattheOlympics.贊同正式性由弱到強擺列:can-could-may-might如:Heisinjuredbutmaytakepartinthegames.我們也用神態動詞來:

51、1)概要求:正式性由弱到強擺列:will-can-could-would如:Canyouhelpmewithmytraining3)提建議:如:Shallwedoexercisethismorning4)供給幫助:如:Illwashyoursportsjacket.ShallIgetaticketforyou5)提建議:如:Youshouldnot/oughtnottoeatalotbeforeswimming.3神態動詞后應當接不帶to的動詞不定式。如:Shecouldwinthegoldmedal.我們用神態動詞的進行時來討論此刻可能發生的事情,用神態動詞的達成時來討論過去可能發生的事情。

52、如:Theboysmaybeplayingfootballontheplayground.Heplaysbasketballverywell.Hemusthavepracticeditalot.二神態動詞:can和beableto等1Can和beableto1)當指能力時,can和beableto能夠交換,但beableto比can更為正式但也不常用。如:Mybrothercan/isabletoplaytabletennisverywell.我們用can來討論未來可能發生的動作。如:Letsgetsomeexercise.Wecangoandjoginthepark.3)beableto能夠

53、用在不同的時態中,能夠后邊直接接動詞原形或放在另一個神態動詞以后。如:ImsorryIhaventbeenabletoplaytenniswithyourecently.Itsnicetobeabletoattendthelecture.WangGongmightbeabletowinthechessgame.4)can的過去式是could,beableto的過去式是was/wereableto如:Hecouldswimacrosstheriverwhenhewasyoung.Mikewasagoodswimmer,sohewasabletotakefirstplaceinthecompeti

54、tion.2shall和will1)我們往常用shall來表達許諾,用will來表達信心或決定。如:Dontworry.Youshallhavetheticketsforthegames.LiuMeiwillgoandbuytheticketsforthegames.2)在疑問句中,shall用于第一人稱或第三人稱供給幫助或提建議,will用于第二人稱和第三人稱咨詢意向。如:ShallwegoswimmingthisweekendAgroupofstudentsarewaitingtoseeyououtside.ShalltheycomeinWillyougohikingwithmeinthe

55、mountainWillhepayforme3mustnt和needntMustnt用來表達讓某人不做某事,neednt用來表達做某事沒必需。如:Youmustntmissthisfootballmatch.Itsveryimportant.Youneedntwatchthegameifyoudontwantto.4need和dare當用做神態動詞時,這兩個詞常出此刻否認句和疑問句中。這兩個詞還能夠當成普通動詞來用。如:Youneednt/dontneedtogotrainingifyoufeeltired.Darehe/Doeshedaretodiveintothewaterfromtheb

56、ridge第三單元一被動語態1主動語態和被動語態在乎思上沒有太大差別,能夠交換。在主動語態的句子中,我們用動作的發出者作為句子的主語;在被動語態的句子中,我們用動作的承受者作為句子的主語。如:ScientistsdesignedaVRheadset.AVRheadsetwasdesignedbyscientists.2被動語態的基本構造是:be+-ed(動詞的過去分詞),在不同的時態中,be的形式是不相同的。比如,在一般此刻時態中,be是is或are;在此刻進行時態中,be是is/am/are+being;在此刻達成時態中,be是have/has+been;在一般未來時態中,be是will+b

57、e。如:Rightnowthenewproductisbeingdevelopedinthelaboratory.Anagreementhasbeenputforward.3當用被動語態的時候,以下幾點需要注意:1)我們往常用by來指引動作的發出者,但當沒必需說起動作的發出者或動作的發出者不重要,或很難說出動作的發出者是誰時,動作的發出者能夠省略不提。如:hebelievesthatVRfilmswillbeacceptedbyviewers.BoththeheadsetsandtheglovesareconnectedtotheRealCinecomputersystem.2)動詞give,

58、lend,offer,send,tell和show后邊能夠接兩個賓語,分別指人和物。當這些動詞用做被動語態的時候,我們往常把動詞后邊接的人做為句子的主語;有些時候,也會把物作為主語。如:Theyareofferedheadsetsandglovesinthecinema.Headsetsandgloveswereofferedtotheminthecinema.3)在主動語態中,一些動詞后邊常常接賓語和動詞原形。在被動語態中,動詞原形前面要接to。如:Isawhimgothere.Hewasseentogothere.有時,在被動語態中,get能夠代替be。如:getchanged,getdr

59、essed,gethurt如:Pleasewaitawhile.Illjustgoandgetchanged.4)有些動詞主動形式表被動含義。如:ThiskindofcomputersellswellinChina.Yourarticlereadswell.5)狀態動詞不可以用于被動語態。如:Ihavemanysciencebooks.VRfilmsbelongtothelatestwaveofnewtechnology.4被動語態的其余特別形式:1)it+動詞的被動語態+that從句如:ItissaidthatthetechnologybehindRealCineisvirtualreali

60、ty.2)主語+動詞的被動語態+todo如:ThetechnologybehindRealCineissaidtobevirtualreality.近似的動詞還有:believe,report,suppose,know,prove等。二神態動詞和被動語態1在被動語態頂用神態動詞來表達能力,可能性,責任,許諾等。如:FirefightercouldbetrainedusingRealCine.2神態動詞被動語態的形式是:神態動詞+be+動詞的過去分詞如:Thepositionoftheviewercanbecalculatedatanytime.注意其余神態動詞被動語態的用法:主動語態被動語態C

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