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1、一、高溫堆簡介1、基本特點2、應用前景3、高溫堆發展簡史第1頁,共97頁。1、基本特點氦氣作冷卻劑石墨作慢化材料包覆顆粒燃料+石墨 球形(或柱狀)燃料元件全陶瓷的堆芯結構材料連續裝卸燃料的方式無應急冷卻系統模塊化建造第2頁,共97頁。1、基本特點(c)具有“固有安全性”: 堆芯溫度負反應性系數大;在任何情況下能自動停堆。堆芯功率密度低(510 kW/L),熱容量大,有很高的熱穩定性。但堆芯相對大。堆芯全陶瓷材料,耐高溫在失去氦氣冷卻劑時,余熱可靠導熱、輻射及自然對流排出。使燃料元件溫度不超過1600C的限值。因此它在任何運行和事故情況下不會發生嚴重事故。第3頁,共97頁。1、基本特點(c)非能

2、動余熱排出阻止放射性釋放的多重屏障 在任何運行和事故情況下都是安全的無需設應急冷卻系統無需設通常意義的安全殼便于運行和維護 氦氣不吸收中子,無感生放射性,無腐蝕產物的活化,放射性劑量低。第4頁,共97頁。1、基本特點(c)燃料經濟性好 全陶瓷堆芯中子吸收少,燃料轉換比高,燃耗深,能使用不同的燃料和多種燃料循環。高放廢物量少 由于利用率高,乏燃料中錒系核素僅為壓水堆的6080。模塊式高溫堆固有安全性更明顯 可建在工廠附近。第5頁,共97頁。1、基本特點(c)發電效率高,蒸汽循環40%左右,氦氣循環48%左右。模塊式高溫堆建造周期可縮短到2-3年,并可降低建造成本和電價:1500美元/千瓦,3.3

3、美分/度。大型堆發展停滯,經濟性有待證明模塊堆發展有前景 日、中、南非、美、俄。第6頁,共97頁。2、應用前景高溫堆安全、經濟好,廣泛用途高溫堆出口溫度950,是現有各類反應堆中溫度最高的堆型,使用氦氣透平直接發電,效率可達43-47%,比普通核電站高.開采稠油和煉制石油,生產各類化工產品,使煤氣化、液化,制造潔凈的燃料氫氣、甲醇等等第7頁,共97頁。3、高溫堆發展簡史-四個階段(1)早期氣冷堆(Magnox) 石墨為慢化劑,CO2氣體為冷卻劑,金屬天然鈾為燃料,鎂諾克斯(Magnox)合金為燃料棒的包殼材料。 1956年英國建成50MWe氣冷堆電站,商用化。 70年代初期,在英、法、意、日和

4、西班牙等國建造36座,總裝機容量達到8.2 GW(電)第8頁,共97頁。3、高溫堆發展簡史-四個階段(2)改進型氣冷堆(AGR)包殼:鎂諾克斯 不銹鋼,燃料:天然 2%鈾, CO2 溫度400 670。 1963年英國建造32MWe原型堆, 1976-1988年,運行的AGR共有14座,8.9GW。 盡管AGR在性能上比Magnox堆有了很大改進,但由于受到CO2與不銹鋼元件包殼材料化學相容性的限制(690 ),使出口溫度難以進一步提高,再加上功率密度低、燃耗低的限制,使其仍難以和壓水堆在經濟上競爭 。 第9頁,共97頁。3、高溫堆發展簡史-四個階段 (3)高溫氣冷堆(HTGR) 高溫氣冷堆是

5、改進型氣冷堆的進一步發展。由于CO2氣體與元件包殼材料不銹鋼化學相容性的限制,改進型氣冷堆出口CO2溫度也受限制,不能超過690高溫氣冷堆采用化學惰性和熱工性能好的氦氣為冷卻劑,以全陶瓷型包覆顆粒為燃料元件,用耐高溫的石墨作為慢化劑和堆芯結構材料,使堆芯出口氦氣溫度可達到950甚至更高。 第10頁,共97頁。高 溫 氣 冷 堆 設計 概念 的提出1944 / USA Daniels SECRET REPORTon anHTR PEBBLE PILE第11頁,共97頁。高 溫 氣 冷 堆-關 鍵 技 術 的 突 破1960 / UKHUDDLEPATENT:TRISO COATEDPARTICL

6、E第12頁,共97頁。TRISO 燃 料 元 件不易破損耐高溫核心包覆顆粒燃料元件第13頁,共97頁。3、高溫堆發展簡史-四個階段 (3)高溫氣冷堆(HTGR)英國1960年建造20MWth試驗堆“龍堆”(Dragon)。美國1967年建成40MWe桃花谷(Peach Bottom)實驗堆。德國1967年建成15MWe的球床高溫氣冷堆(AVR),并發展了具有自己特色的球形燃料元件和球床高溫堆。這三座實驗堆的成功運行,證明了高溫氣冷堆在技術上是可行的。第14頁,共97頁。龍堆(Dragon) 英國從1956年起開始研究發展高溫氣冷堆技術,1962年與西歐共同體合作開始建造熱工率為20MW的高溫氣

7、冷實驗堆龍堆(Dragon)1964年8月首次臨界,1966年4月達到滿功率運行。1976年完成了原先制定的運行和試驗計劃。England - Dragon -1964 to 1976 This helium-cooled test reactor provided early successful demonstration of the high temp. gas-cooled reactor and water-particle fuel. 第15頁,共97頁。桃花谷(Peach Bottom)美國1967年建成并運行了電功率為40MW的桃花谷(Peach Bottom)實驗高溫氣冷堆

8、核電廠,1974年10月按計劃完成了試驗任務后停堆退役U.S. - Peach Bottom - 1967 to 1974 This prototype helium reactor achieved a remarkable 86% availability during the electricity production phase. 第16頁,共97頁。AVR 德國1967年建成了電功率為15MW的球床實驗高溫氣冷堆核電廠(AVR)1974年將該堆的一回路氦氣溫度提高到950,成為世界上運行溫度最高的核堆,1988年退役。一體化布置,蒸發器在堆芯上方。Germany - The AVR

9、-15MWe in Jlich during 1966 to 1988 operation This prototype helium reactor operated successfully for over 20 years and provided demonstration of 950 gas outlet temp. and key safety features, including safe shutdown with total loss of coolant circulation and without control rod insertion. 第17頁,共97頁。

10、3、高溫堆發展簡史-四個階段 (3)高溫氣冷堆(HTGR)美國1968年建造330MWe圣符倫堡(Fort Stvrain)電站,1976年并網。德國1971年 建造300MWe 釷高溫球床堆THTR-300, 1985年并網運行。 高溫氣冷堆在設計、燃料和材料的發展、建造和運行方面都積累了成功的經驗,開始進入發電和工業應用的商用化階段。第18頁,共97頁。圣符倫堡(美國1967年后高溫堆進入原型堆電廠建造運行階段,315MWe圣符倫堡(柱形堆于1967年達到臨界,1979年并網運行。1989年退役預應力混凝土容器,一體化布置,蒸發器在堆芯下方。U.S. - Fort St. Vrain -

11、330 Mwe, 1979 to 1989 This reactor used water-lubricated circulator bearings which resulted in frequent water ingress into the reactor system and caused significant down time. In spite of a poor operating record, the Fort St. Vrain coated-particle fuel and reactor core worked extremely well. Because

12、 of the non-corrosive nature of helium, workers were exposed to radiation doses only about 1% that of average water reactors. Fort St. Vrain generated about 5 billion kWh第19頁,共97頁。THTR300 德國1971年開始建造電功率為300MW的釷高溫氣冷堆球床堆(THTR300)。1985年9月建成達到臨界。1986年滿功率1988年退役 Germany - The THTR-300 reactor in Hamm-Uen

13、trop 1985 to 1988 This helium-cooled nuclear power plant generated about 3 billion kWh. Political resistance in the post-Chernobyl era precipitated early shutdown第20頁,共97頁。氣體透平德國1975年開始建造電功率為50MW的空氣透平采用緊湊式換熱器,向氦氣透平發展1987年退役 Germany - Oberhausen 2 - 1975 to 1987 This 50 MWe plant represented the evol

14、utionary step from fossil-fired gas turbines with air as the working fluid towards the realization of nuclear powered helium gas turbines. Helium was used as the working fluid in a closed-cycle process for electricity and heat production. The plant incorporated heat exchangers (recuperator, precoole

15、r, intercooler) of comparable size to those required for a 600 MW thermal GT-MHR. 第21頁,共97頁。3、高溫堆發展簡史-四個階段(4)模塊式高溫氣冷堆(HTGR) 客觀要求 美國三里島事故發生后,人們設法實現核反應堆的“絕對安全”。 希望在任何事故情況下都不會發生大的核泄漏,不會危及公眾與周圍環境的安全,也就是人們常說的實現反應堆的固有安全性。 概念提出 模塊式高溫氣冷堆就是在這樣的背景下發展起來的一種新堆型。1981年德國電站聯盟(KWU)首先提出球床模塊式高溫氣冷堆的概念。 1984年美國(GA)提出模塊式

16、柱狀方案第22頁,共97頁。3、高溫堆發展簡史-四個階段(4)模塊式高溫氣冷堆(HTGR)近幾年來,人們對核安全性、經濟性更為重視。高溫堆又引起了關注。南非ESKOM電力公司經過綜合研究決定選擇模塊式高溫氣冷堆作為今后發展的堆型。ESKOM公司選擇的高溫氣冷堆采用氦氣循環發電技術,效率達44%;用模塊化方式建造,周期縮短。發電成本可和煤相比。美、俄合作模塊高溫堆燒毀軍用钚的研究,二回路采用氦氣透平循環方案,其最終目標是用于商業化發電。法馬通和日本富士電機也加入 第23頁,共97頁。3、高溫堆發展簡史-四個階段(4)模塊式高溫氣冷堆(HTGR)小型化具有固有安全特性技術上:安全停堆,燃料溫度16

17、00以下;經濟上:以模塊式組合、標準化生產、建造時 間短、投資風險小。 可與其他堆型核電站相競爭。 近20年來,模塊式高溫氣冷堆由于安全性好,能夠適應廣大能源市場(供電、供熱)的需要,已成為國際高溫氣冷堆技術發展的主要方向,重新引起國際核能界和工業界的重視。第24頁,共97頁。兩個模塊式高溫堆柱狀 &球形中國HTR10日本HTTR30第25頁,共97頁。二、中國高溫堆1、我國高溫堆發展戰略2、三個高溫堆項目第26頁,共97頁。863:10MW高溫氣冷堆20萬千瓦級示范電站:標準反應堆模塊+蒸汽輪機成本12001300USD/kK, 經濟上和脫硫燃煤電廠相當高溫氣冷堆電站:標準反應堆模塊氦氣直接

18、 循環發電裝置成本1000USD/kw,經濟上 比脫硫燃煤電廠有優勢2000200520102020十五“863”高溫氦透平發電:10兆瓦高溫堆+氦透平 “十一”五863高溫堆制氫:10兆瓦高溫氣冷堆制氫 裝置核能制氫:標準反應堆模塊 制氫發電不排放此此CO2和化石能制氫相競爭1、我國高溫堆發展思路第27頁,共97頁。2、三個高溫堆項目 HTR-10 863計劃(跟蹤技術) HTR-10GT 863計劃(跨越發展) HTR-PM 重大專項(自主創新)第28頁,共97頁。(1)863計劃HTR-1010MWth,250/700C 氦氣肩并肩布置,數字化 I&C研發1986,設計 1992,建造

19、1995,臨界 2000FP 運行2003第29頁,共97頁。HTR研發回顧我國自70年代開始研制高溫氣冷堆。 以熱功率100MW鈾釷熱增殖堆為目標 進行了單項關鍵技術研究以及工程實驗。80年代初和德國研究單位和公司合作進行了模塊式高溫氣冷堆在我國應用技術與經濟可行性研究。 1986年以后高溫氣冷堆作為能源領域的一個專題列入我國“863”高技術發展計劃。1995年經國務院批準開始在清華大學核能技術設計研究院建造10MW高溫氣冷實驗堆(HTR-10)2000年底臨界,2002年底3MWt并網成功,2003年初滿功率。第30頁,共97頁。 HTR-10的建造目的是:掌握高溫氣冷堆在設計建造和運行方

20、面的技術提供一個燃料元件和材料的輻照實驗基地進行發電和區域供熱實驗驗證模塊式高溫氣冷堆的發展的非能動安全性開展高溫堆工藝熱的應用HTR 研發回顧第31頁,共97頁。HTR-10技術特點(1)Reactor thermal powerMW10Active core volumem3 5Average power densityMW/m3 2Primary helium pressureMPa 3Helium inlet temperatureoC 250/300Helium outlet temperatureoC 700/900Helium mass flow rateKg/s4.3/3.2F

21、uelUO2 U-235 enrichment of fresh fuel elements%17Diameter of spherical fuel elementsMm60Number of spherical fuel elements27000Refueling mode在線Average discharge burnupMWd/tU80,000第32頁,共97頁。氦氣循環流程第33頁,共97頁。HTR-10技術特點(2)反應堆和蒸汽發生器、氦風機分別布置在反應堆壓力殼和蒸汽發生器壓力殼內,中間由熱氣導管和熱氣導管壓力殼聯接在一起。形成“肩并肩”的布置。250的氦氣經主循環風機升壓后,

22、經熱氣導管外的環管進入堆芯石墨側反射層下部,通過側反射層塊內的孔道自下而上進入堆芯頂部空腔,再自上而下流過堆芯球床被加熱后進入堆底部的熱氣聯箱。堆芯球床出來的熱氦氣流在熱氣聯箱中充分混合后平均溫度為700,流出反應堆壓力殼,并通過熱氣導管進入蒸汽發生器氦氣把熱量傳給蒸汽發生器二次側的水并產生蒸汽,同時使氦氣溫度降到250再回到循環風機的入口,構成一回路的氦氣閉合循環。第34頁,共97頁。HTR-10技術特點(3)反應堆堆芯區是一個由石墨反射層圍成、內裝燃料元件約27000個其活性區體積約5m3,直徑為180cm。在反應堆底部由氣動脈沖式單列器將燃料元件逐一卸出,經碎球分離器后篩選出尺寸不符合要

23、求的元件通過燃耗測量裝置將未達到設計燃耗值的燃料元件重新裝入堆芯再循環達到燃耗值的燃料元件排到乏燃料儲罐第35頁,共97頁。 HTR-10技術特點(4)HTR-10反應堆設置有控制棒系統和吸收小球系統,對反應堆實施功率調節和停堆。控制棒系統由設置在側反射層孔道內的10根吸收棒組成。控制棒系統的反應性當量能滿足功率的調節,熱停堆和長期冷停堆的要求。吸收小球裝置是第二停堆系統,在控制棒系統發生全部失效事故時,依靠吸收球系統可以使反應堆由熱態最終達到冷態次臨界狀態。第36頁,共97頁。反應堆壓力殼與蒸發器壓力殼肩并肩布置第37頁,共97頁。石墨堆芯截面第38頁,共97頁。燃料元件(1)UO2 核心

24、第39頁,共97頁。燃料元件(2)燃料球第40頁,共97頁。燃料元件(3)第41頁,共97頁。 3、燃料元件(4)第42頁,共97頁。 3、燃料元件(5)第43頁,共97頁。加裝第一個燃料球第44頁,共97頁。關鍵實驗失去氦風機后的功率瞬態 控制棒拔出后功率瞬態第45頁,共97頁。一期工程透平發電系統(2)十五863項目 HTR-10GT氦氣透平電磁軸承( 15000 r/min轉子動平衡兩階彎曲臨界研發2002 2007年第46頁,共97頁。HTR-10GT流程圖反應堆堆芯發電機透平間冷器預冷器回熱器控制閥高壓壓氣機低壓壓氣機12a2b2346第47頁,共97頁。(3)示范電站HTRPM 球

25、床,環形堆芯 (中心石墨柱)458MWth / 195MWe蒸汽透平60 年壽期燃料富集度: 9.45%失壓失冷( DLOFC): 1465 C 1600 C第48頁,共97頁。多用途高效發電 制氫熱利用 煤的氣化, 稠油熱采固有安全 被動余熱排出 燃料溫度 1600CTRISO fuel, 包容裂變產物 under 1600C Melt-free coreHTRPM 特點第49頁,共97頁。HTRPM 特點經濟競爭 - 模塊大 458MW per module 250MW *2標準設計與示范電站并行基于廠址參數的標準設計標準核島與氣體透平連接標準核島與制氫系統連接成熟技術(Proven te

26、chnology)HTR-10 的經驗采用成熟蒸汽透平國際合作與設備采購第50頁,共97頁。HTRPM 特點商業運行方式關鍵技術研發:INETBased on the success of HTR-10工程設計:INET中核能源(Chinergy): joint venture between CNECC and Tsinghua University業主(Utility Company)聯合公司: 華能, 中核建,清華大學,當地合伙公司第51頁,共97頁。HTRPM 主要技術參數 熱功率 : 458MWt 功率密度 : 4.75 MW/m3 最大功率密度 : 12.65 MW/m3燃料球數

27、: 520,000 平均功率 per FE : 0.865 kW 最大功率 per FE : 3.29 kW 單球過堆芯次 : 6 次 每天乏球數 : 818 每天循環球數 : 4908 富集度 : 9.45 %平均燃耗 : 80 GWD/tU第52頁,共97頁。HTRPM 主要技術參數RPV 內徑/高: 6.7m / 25.7m,重: 950 tonsSGPV內徑/高: 4.4m / 23.77m,重: 410 tons熱氣導管內徑/高: 2m / 3.67m,重: 28.9 tons氦氣壓力 : 7MPa堆芯溫度 inlet/oulet : 250/750C第53頁,共97頁。HTR-PM

28、 計劃概念設計(2002 2004)標準設計( 2004 2006)示范電站( 2004 2010), 選址,工程設計, 建造, 元件制造 (2004 2008), 基于 HTR-10 技術商用電站 ( 2013 第54頁,共97頁。第55頁,共97頁。HTRPM 發展思考 經濟競爭性- 簡單安全系統 批量建設(1300$/kW) 提高單機功率 (458MW),還能大嗎? 250MW*2 固有安全性事故最高燃料溫度 1600C,被動安全, 在高單機功率時還能體現嗎?采用雙區(中心石墨球/柱) 成熟技術HTR-10 經驗,燃料元件采用成熟蒸汽透平經驗 商業運作方式 華能集團,中核建,清華大學聯合

29、公司地方 推進HTRPM項目第56頁,共97頁。三、日本高溫堆(HTGR) 30MWt ,柱狀堆芯高溫堆 98年底建成,臨界 01年3月滿功率, 850 C, 11月950 C 用途:高溫工藝熱,制氫。 費用:8.5 億 美元; (HTR-10: 2.5億RMB)第57頁,共97頁。第58頁,共97頁。第59頁,共97頁。第60頁,共97頁。Specification of TTTR第61頁,共97頁。第62頁,共97頁。Uranium OxycarbidePorous Carbon BufferSilicon CarbidePyrolytic CarbonPARTICLESCOMPACTSF

30、UEL ELEMENTSTRISO Coated fuel particles (left) are formed into fuel compacts (center) and inserted into graphite fuel elements (right).第63頁,共97頁。第64頁,共97頁。The Reactor Cooling System of the HTTR is composed of a main cooling system (MCS) , an auxiliary cooling system (ACS) and a vessel cooling system

31、 (VCS). The MCS is consists of a primary cooling system (PCS), a secondary helium cooling system (SHCS) and a pressurized water cooling system (PWCS), schematically.Under the normal condition the heat of 30 MW generated in the reactor core is removed by the MCS.第65頁,共97頁。第66頁,共97頁。The PCS is mainly

32、composed of two heat exchangers such as a helium-helium, intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) and a primary pressurized water cooler (PPWC), four gas circulators (PGCs) and a co-axial double tube.The HTTR has two operation modes. One is a parallel loaded operation in which the IHX and the PPWC. The amo

33、unt of heat removal is 10 and 20 MW, respectively. The other is a single loaded operation in which the reactor is cooled only by the PPWC of 30MW.The IHX is operated at the highest temperature in the world. The heat exchanger tubes of the IHX are made of Hastelloy XR, newly developed by JAERI. 第67頁,

34、共97頁。The SHCS composed of the secondary pressurized water cooler (SPWC) and a gas circulator. The SCHS transfers the heat of 10MW from the primary helium gas through the IHX to the pressurized water. 第68頁,共97頁。The PWCS consists of an air cooler, a pressurized and two water pumps. The air cooler cool

35、s the pressurized water for both the PPWC and the SPWC, and releases the heat of 30MW from the reactor core in the air. 第69頁,共97頁。The VCS has two lines, each of which is mainly composed of cooling panels around the RPV, a heat exchanger and two pumps. Two lines operate during normal operation to coo

36、l the biological shielding concrete around RPV and are used as a emergency cooling system under such condition as the primary pipe rupture accident. 第70頁,共97頁。The ACS consists mainly of the auxiliary heat exchanger (AHX), auxiliary gas circulators (AGCs) and air cooler. The ACS automatically starts

37、up to remove the decay heat of the reactor core when the reactor is scrammed and the MCS is stopped by accident. The ACS consists of redundant dynamic components such as gas circulators, watered pumps and valves, which are also operated with emergency power supply. The ACS has heat transfer capacity

38、 of about 3.5MW.第71頁,共97頁。第72頁,共97頁。四、其它高溫堆1、南非高溫堆PBMR 球床堆,德國技術 氦氣透平直接循環110MWe,10個模塊堆組成核電站2、俄美高溫堆GT-MHR 銷毀俄武器級钚 高效發電3、關于建 PBMR 的不同觀點第73頁,共97頁。1、南非高溫堆PBMR球床堆,氦氣冷卻,氣體透平,燃料球1600C固有安全性第74頁,共97頁。PBMR(c)If the unit is kept below a certain size ( 100 MW), the Tlimitation cannot exceed,and the fuel damage a

39、nd radioactive release could not occur, even without external cooling. The plant is considered inherently or walk away safe. This limits the plant size , but avoids the need for highly reliable, diverse and redundant safety systems.第75頁,共97頁。PBMR main power system pressure boundaryMaximum power outp

40、ut 120 MWTin / Tout 500 C/900 C Pressure 8.4MPaContinuous stable power range 0% to 100% Load rejection without trip 100% Cost US$1 300/kWeConstruction time 24 months Overheads costs, maintenance and fuel costs US$10 to US$11/MWh Emergency planning zone 400 m Plant operating lifetime 40 years 第76頁,共9

41、7頁。Brayton Cycle第77頁,共97頁。PBMR 氦氣流程Helium enters the reactor at 500 C and 8.4 MPa moves downward between the hot fuel spheres. It picks up the heat from the fuel spheres which have been heated by the nuclear reaction. The helium then leaves the reactor at a 900 C. then expands in the H-P Turbine. Th

42、is turbine is part of the H-P Turbo,which drives H-P Compressor. Next, flows through the L-P Turbine, which is part of the L-P Turbo , which drives the L-P Compressor. The helium then expands in the Power Turbine. This turbine drives the generator. At this point, the helium is still at a high temper

43、ature. 第78頁,共97頁。PBMR 氦氣流程(c)It then flows through the primary side of the recuperator where it transfers heat to the low temperature gas returning to the reactor (refer also to the last step). then cooled by means of a pre-cooler. This increases the , and improves the of the compressor. The helium

44、is then compressed by the L-P Compressor. then cooled in the inter-cooler. This process increases the , and improves the of the compressor. The H-P Compressor then compresses the helium to 8.5 MPa. The cold, high-pressure helium flows through the recuperator where it is pre-heated, after which it re

45、turns to the reactor.第79頁,共97頁。俄美高溫堆GT-MHRHigh-efficiency gas turbines developed for the airline and the utility industries; Plate-fin heat exchanger technology; Frictionless magnetic bearings. Safety through the laws of natureMeltdown-proof Gas Turbine MHR第80頁,共97頁。 In 1993, Russian Federation Mini

46、stry for Atomic Energy (MINATOM), General Atomics (GA) initiated a joint cooperative program to develop (GT-MHR). In 1994, the primary emphasis of the program was refocused on development of the GT-MHR for disposition of surplus Russian weapons-grade plutonium. In 1996 and 1997, Framatome and Fuji E

47、lectric, joined in. The scope of the program includes construction of a GT-MHR plant to destroy a portion of the Russian inventory of surplus plutonium and to produce electricity for the surrounding region. Conceptual design was completed in 1997. Funding for the conceptual design phase was provided

48、 by MINATOM, GA, Framatome and Fuji Electric.第81頁,共97頁。PLANT DESCRIPTION two interconnected pressure vessels below-ground concrete containment structure. One vessel contains the reactor system The second vessel contains the entire power conversion system. The turbo-machine consists of a generator, t

49、urbine and two compressor sections single shaft rotating magnetic bearings. active magnetic bearings control . The vessel also contains three compact heat exchangers: (recuperator = 95%) from 34% to 48%. To=850c, N=600MWt consume weapons-grade or reactor-grade pu as fuel.第82頁,共97頁。Framaton GT-MHR第83

50、頁,共97頁。GT-MHR-featuresSimplified power cycle with very high efficiency and reliability, and low power cost. Current reactors produce 50% more high-level waste per kWh of electricity than the GT-MHR. No CO2, no acid rain, a hundred thousand times less waste volume than coal, conservation of limited n

51、atural resources. Safety through the laws of nature. Meltdown-proof Gas Turbine MHR第84頁,共97頁。GT-MHR-ECONOMICSlow power costs, even competing with those of natural gas-fired, combined-cycle systems Fewer systems and fewer parts significantly reduce the complexities of conventional reactor systems. Mo

52、dularized, factory-controlled, serial production Simple systems based on passive and inherent safety characteristics and slow transient responses mean simpler licensing and reduced staffing needs.第85頁,共97頁。GT-MHR-CONSERVATIONNuclear-generated electricity saves fossil fuels. High temperature characte

53、ristics make the MHR ideal for supplying high-grade thermal energy for oil and gas-intensive industrial processes. Waste heat is at the ideal temperature for use in district heating. Inexpensive electricity can be used to charge electric vehicles, further saving gas and oil. Ultimately, the MHRs hig

54、h temperature capability will make hydrogen and methanol economically attractive for transportation uses. 第86頁,共97頁。GT-MHR - ENVIRONMENTThe GT-MHR is free of the emissions associated with burning fossil fuels. Radioactive emissions from helium-cooled reactor plants are lower than those from comparab

55、ly sized coal-fired plants. Worker radiation doses are significantly less than those from todays nuclear power plants. MHR thermal discharge to the environment is low, due to the systems high efficiency.第87頁,共97頁。3、關于建 PBMR 的不同觀點技術(Technology)電力市場解除管制( Electricity Liberalization)核電站的經濟性(Economics of

56、 nuclear plant )世界市場( world market)廢物處置(Waste disposal)第88頁,共97頁。(1)The TechnologyThe HTR has major intrinsic safety advantages. ButToday, the USA, Germany, the UK and France have now abandoned all interest in HTRs, while Japan has no plans to build commercial power plants. The USA and Germany both

57、built a commercial scale plant subsidized by tax-payers. Neither of these plants worked satisfactorily and were closed because of economic, technical and safety problems. The history of nuclear power development has been one of unfulfilled promises and unexpected technical difficulties.第89頁,共97頁。The

58、 Technology Nuclear costs have consistently gone up. Governments are no longer willing to invest more tax-payers money.There is still talk about new nuclear technologies, but little money is spent. No facilities exist to manufacture the nuclear fuel and these would have to be set up in South Africa.

59、Even the conventional part of the plant, the gas turbine, would be a new product developed at Eskoms expense. 第90頁,共97頁。 (2)Electricity LiberalizationLiberalization seems unstoppable and, Eskom will also give up its monopoly status and run under competitive pressures. In a monopoly situation, the ri

60、sk of building new power plants falls on the consumer. In a competitive situation, if utilities make mistakes, they will either lose market share because their plant is too expensive, or they will have to sell at a loss, and the costs will fall on share-holders. 第91頁,共97頁。 Electricity Liberalization

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